th

Class 10
Social
Science
Geography|Minerals
and Energy
Resources
Crafted with love
By Digraj Singh Rajput
 Key Words
Geography|Minerals and
Energy Resources
Mineral : Minerals is a homogeneous, naturally occurring
substance found in the crust of the earth, that has a definable Placer deposits : Placer deposits are minerals found in the sand
internal structure. of valley floors or at the base of hills, where they have been
naturally deposited by water. These minerals, like gold, silver, tin,
Rat Hole Mining: It is a type of Mining that is done by digging and platinum, don't corrode easily in water.
long, narrow tunnels to reach the coal deposits under the
ground. It is practiced in jowai and cherrapunji. Ferrous minerals : Ferrous minerals are metals that contain iron
and make up about three-fourths of the total value of metallic
mineral production. They are important for building the
Ore : An ore is a natural material that contains a valuable mineral metallurgical (metal-processing) industries. India produces
mixed with other substances. The mineral is present in a high enough ferrous minerals to meet its needs and also exports a
enough amount that it is worth extracting for commercial large amount. Example: Iron and Manganese.
use. How easy or difficult it is to mine depends on the structure
of the ore and how it was formed.
Magnetite : Magnetite is the best quality iron ore, containing
up to 70% iron, and has strong magnetic properties, making it
Veins and lodes : Veins and lodes are places where minerals are useful in the electrical industry.
found in cracks or openings in rocks. Veins are smaller, and lodes
are larger. These minerals form when hot, liquid, or gas minerals Haematite : Hematite, though slightly lower in iron content (50-
move upward through the cracks and harden as they cool. 60%), is the most commonly used iron ore in industry due to its
Important metals like tin, copper, zinc, and lead come from veins abundance. Both are key resources for
and lodes. industrial development.
 Key Words
Geography|Minerals and
Non-Ferrous Minerals :Non-ferrous minerals are minerals that
Energy Resources
do not contain iron. They include minerals like copper, bauxite,
lead, zinc, and gold. These minerals are important because they Nuclear or atomic energy: It is generated by changing the
play a vital role in various industries, such as structure of atoms. When atoms are altered, a large amount of
metallurgical, engineering, and electrical industries. heat energy is released, which is then used to produce electricity.
However, in India, the reserves and production of non- In India, uranium and thorium—found in places like Jharkhand,
ferrous minerals are not very satisfactory. the Aravalli ranges in Rajasthan, and the monazite sands of
Conventional sources of energy: Conventional sources of energy Kerala—are the main materials used to generate nuclear power.
are traditional, widely-used energy sources that have
been in use for a long time. They are typically non-renewable and Gobar gas plants : Gobar gas plants are biogas plants that use
include fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. These cattle dung along with other organic materials like shrubs, farm
sources are finite and can cause environmental issues such as waste, and human waste to produce biogas for domestic use in
pollution. rural areas. Through the decomposition of this organic matter,
the plants generate gas that is more efficient for cooking and
Non-conventional sources : Non-conventional sources of energy
are renewable energy sources that are heating than traditional fuels like kerosene, dung cakes, and
charcoal.
environmentally friendly and can be replenished naturally.
These plants benefit farmers by providing a source of energy
These include solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy,
and enhancing the quality of manure, while also reducing the
biomass, and energy from waste materials. Unlike fossil
need to burn fuel wood and cow dung cakes, which helps
fuels, they don’t run out and help reduce pollution. India has
conserve trees.
abundant resources like sunlight, water, and wind, making it ideal
for using these clean energy sources.
 MuST Know Geogra|Minerals and Energy
Question phy Resources
Describe the importance of minerals in human life.

Importance of minerals in human life-

● Minerals are an indispensable part of human life. Almost all things we use are made
of minerals.
● Human beings use minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and
ceremonial rites.
● Buildings, ships, railway lines, cars, buses, aeroplanes, various implements etc. are
manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived from the earth.
● Our food too contains minerals. Life processes cannot occur without minerals. In
toothpaste, fluoride which is used to reduce cavities, comes from a mineral fluorite.
 MuST Know Question Geography|Minerals and Energy
Resources

How do minerals occur? Explain with examples.

Minerals occur in different forms depending on how they are formed and the type of rocks they are associated with. Here
are the main ways minerals occur.
● In the Form of Veins and Loads : In Cracks of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks minerals can be found in cracks or
gaps in rocks. When hot, melted minerals rise through these cracks and cool down, they harden into solid minerals.
Examples are tin, copper, zinc, and lead.
● In the Form of Beds and Layers : In Layers of Sedimentary Rocks some minerals form in layers in sedimentary rocks
over long periods of time. They occur in horizontal strata, examples include coal and iron ore. Other minerals, like
gypsum and salt, form when water evaporates in dry areas.
● In the Form of residual mass of weathered material : When rocks on the surface break down over time, some parts
are washed away, leaving the residual part of weathered material behind. Bauxite, used to make aluminum, is
formed this way.
● In the Form of Placer deposits: Minerals like gold, silver, tin, and platinum can be found in the sand of riverbeds or
at the base of hills. These minerals don’t easily wear away in water.
● In Oceans: Oceans have a lot of minerals, but they are usually spread out. However, some useful minerals like salt,
magnesium, and bromine are taken from ocean water. The ocean floor also has manganese nodules.
 MuST Know Geogra|Minerals and Energy
Question phy Resources
What are the major iron ore belts in India?

The major iron ore belts in India are:

● Odisha-Jharkhand Belt: High-quality iron ore is found in Odisha's Badampahar mines
and Jharkhand's Gua and Noamundi areas.
● Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt: This belt is in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. The
Bailadila hills in Chhattisgarh have very high-grade iron ore, which is exported to
Japan and South Korea.
● Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru Located
: in Karnataka, this belt has
large iron ore reserves. Kudremukh mines are one of the biggest and the iron ore is
exported via a pipeline to Mangaluru port.
● Maharashtra-Goa Belt: Found in Goa and Ratnagiri district, the iron ore here is of
lower quality but is still mined and exported through Marmagao port.
 MuST Know Geogra|Minerals and Energy
Question phy Resources

What are the impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment?

● Health of Miners:Miners are vulnerable to pulmonary diseases due to inhaling dust

and toxic fumes, and they face risks like collapsing mine roofs, floods, and fires.
● Environmental Impact: Mining contaminates water sources, degrades land, and
increases pollution in streams and rivers due to the dumping of waste and slurry.
● Need for Regulation:
Stricter safety measures and environmental laws are essential to
prevent mining from causing severe harm to both miners and the environment.
 MuST Know Geogra
|Minerals and Energy
Question phy Resources

Why is Conservation of mineral resources essential? Explain any three methods

them. to conserve

Conservation of mineral resources is essential because these resources are finite, non-renewable, and take millions of years to form.
As we continue to consume them at a rapid pace, the depletion of these resources could severely impact industries and agriculture,
which are highly dependent on them.

Three methods to conserve them.

i) Technological Improvements:
Advancing technology allows for the use of low-grade ores at lower costs, which
efficient
means more
extraction processes and better utilization of available mineral resources.

ii) Recycling of Metals:

By recycling and reusing metals, the need for fresh extraction is reduced, conserving existing mineral deposits.

iii) Use of Substitutes:

Finding alternative materials to replace minerals in certain applications reduces the pressure on finite
resources. For example, using synthetic materials in place of metal components where possible helps conserve minerals.
 MuST Know Geogra
|Minerals and Energy
Question phy Resources

What are the four main types of coal found in India?

The four main types of coal found in India are:

Peat:This is the first stage of coal formation with low carbon content, high moisture, and low heating capacity.
Ligniteis a low-grade, soft, brown coal with high moisture content and low heating capacity.
forIt is mainly used
generating electricity, with significant reserves in Neyveli, Tamil Nadu.
Bituminous coalis a higher-quality coal formed from deeper burial and higher temperatures. It is the most
commonly used coal for commercial purposes. A special type of bituminous coal, metallurgical coal, is valuable
for smelting iron in blast furnaces.
Anthracite
is the highest quality, hard coal, known for its high carbon content and excellent heating efficiency.
 MuST Know Geogra
|Minerals and Energy
Question phy Resources

Why is there a pressing need to use non-conventional energy resources? Explain.

There is a pressing need to use non-conventional energy resources for the following reasons:
i) Limited Fossil Fuels:
India relies heavily on fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas, but these
resources are finite and could face shortages, threatening the country’s energy security.
ii) Rising Costs:
The increasing prices of oil and gas make it expensive to rely on these fuels,
which can harm the economy by raising production and transportation costs.
iii) Environmental Impact:
Fossil fuel use causes significant environmental problems, such as
pollution and climate change. Shifting to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and
biomass helps reduce this damage.
 MuST Know Geogra
|Minerals and Energy
Question phy Resources
Why is energy conservation important for India, and what measures can be taken to
conserve energy?

Energy conservation is crucial for India because energy is essential for all sectors of the economy, including
agriculture, industry, transport, commercial, and domestic uses.
To conserve energy, India must focus on:
Promoting energy conservation:
This includes reducing unnecessary energy use by switching off electrical
devices when not in use, using energy-efficient appliances, and adopting power-saving technologies.
Increasing the use of renewable energy sources:
Shifting towards non-conventional energy sources like solar,
wind, and biomass can reduce dependence on fossil fuels and help achieve long-term energy security.
Encouraging public transport:
Citizens can contribute by using public transport instead of personal vehicles to
reduce fuel consumption and promote efficient energy use.
 MuST Know Question Geography|Minerals and Energy
Resources

How is energy a basic requirement for economic development ? Explain with examples.

Energy is a basic requirement for economic development because every part of the economy depends on it.
● Agriculture: Energy is needed to power machines like tractors and pumps for irrigation, which help
increase agricultural production.
● Industry: Factories and manufacturing units need a lot of energy to run machines and produce goods.
Without energy, industrial activities would come to a halt, slowing economic growth.
● Transport: The movement of goods and people, essential for trade and daily activities, relies on
energy in the form of fuel for vehicles like cars, trucks, and trains.
● Commercial and Domestic Use: Businesses and households need energy for lighting, heating, cooling,
and running electrical appliances. This supports daily life and economic activities.
● Sustainable Growth: As energy demand rises, using renewable energy sources and conserving energy
are necessary to support long-term economic development without depleting resources.
 Previous year
Geogra
|Minerals and Energy
questions 2020 phy Resources
CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/1/1]

In which of the following States is Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant located? 1

A. Gujarat
B. Odisha
C. Kerala
D. Tamil Nadu
CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/2/1]

In which of the following states Kaiga Nuclear Power plant is located? 1

(a) Karnataka
(b) Kerala
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Telangana
 Previous year
Geogra|Minerals and Energy
questions 2020 phy Resources
CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/4/1]

In which of the following States is Narora Nuclear Power Plant located? 1

(A) Karnataka Kerala
(B) Kerala
(C) Tamil Nadu
(D) Uttar Pradesh
CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/2/1]

Choose correct option from Column A and Column B. 1

Column - B
Column - A
(i) Gujarat
(a) Mayurbhanj Iron Ore Mines
(ii) Jharkhand
(b) Chandrapura Thermal Power Plant
(iii) Odisha
(c) Bauxite Mines
(iv) Amarkantak
(d) Kalol Oil Fields
 Previous year
Geogra|Minerals and Energy
questions 2020 phy Resources
CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/4/1]

Choose the correctly matched pair from the following: 1

(A) Kalol Oil-fields – Gujarat
(B) Bauxite Mines – Maharashtra
(C) Chandrapur Thermal Power Plant – Odisha
(D) Mayurbhanj Iron Ore Mines – Jharkhand

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/2/1]

Fill in the blank: 1

______________ is well known for effective use of wind energy in Rajasthan.
 Previous year
Geogra|Minerals and Energy
questions 2020 phy Resources
CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/5/1]

"Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives." Support this statement with examples.3
CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/5/1]

"Minerals occur in various forms." Support this statement with examples. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/3/1]

"A concerted effort has to be made in order to use mineral resources in a planned
sustainable
and
manner." Suggest and explain any three measures. 3
 Previous year
Geogra|Minerals and Energy
questions 2023 phy Resources
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/4/1]

Which one of the following is an example of the Ferrous Metal ? 1

(a) Copper
(c) Bauxite
(b) Tin
(d) Nickel
 Previous year
Geogra|Minerals and Energy
questions 2023 phy Resources
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]

Why is there a pressing need to use non-conventional energy resources? Explain. 2

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]

'Energy saved is energy produced.' Support the statement. 2

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/2/1]

"Energy is required for all activities." Explain the statement with examples. 3
 Geography|Minerals and Energy Resources
Previous year questions 2023

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]

35. Read the given case and answer the questions that follow: 4 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES
Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the national economy agriculture,
industry, transport, commercial and domestic needs inputs of energy. The economic development plans
implemented since independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As
a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. In this background,
there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development. Promotion of energy
conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy. India is
presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. We have to adopt a cautious approach for the
judicious use of our limited energy resources. For example, as concerned citizens we can do our bit by using
public transport systems instead of individual vehicles; switching off electricity when not in use, using power-
saving devices and using non- conventional sources of energy. At last "Energy Saved is energy produced"
(35.1) Why is sustainable energy a key to sustainable development ? 1 (35.2) Why is consumption of
energy rising in all over India? 1 (35.3) Explain 'Energy saved is energy produced'. 2
 Previous year
Geogra
|Minerals and Energy
questions 2024 phy Resources
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/3]

Choose the correctly matched pair. 1

(a) Ferrous - Natural Gas
(b) Non-Ferrous - Nickel
(c) Non-Metallic Minerals - Limestone
(d) Energy Minerals - Cobalt
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]

Choose the correct option for the following States' share (in percentage) in the production of
'manganese' in India from the highest to the lowest order. 1
(A) Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Odisha
(B) Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Karnataka
(C) Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha
(D) Maharashtra, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka
 Previous year
Geogra|Minerals and Energy
questions 2024 phy Resources
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/2/2]
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/2/2]

Match Column-I with Column-II and choose the

Choose the correct option to fill the blank.
correct option.
Non Metallic Mineral: Column-I Column-II
Mica
(Minerals) (Examples)

Energy Mineral: I. Ferrous a. Coal

…………….. b. Granite
II. Non-Ferrous
III. Non-Metallic c. Bauxite
(A) Natural Gas IV. Energy d. Cobalt

Options:
(B) Bauxite
I II III IV
(C) Manganese (A) b d c a
(B) d c b a
(D) Platinum (C) a b d c
(D) c d b a
 Previous year
Geogra|Minerals and Energy
questions 2024 phy Resources
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/3]

(B) 'Minerals generally occur in different rocks. Examine the statement. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/2/2]

How do minerals occur? Explain with examples. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/3]

Analyse the advantages of Natural Gas as a source of energy. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/2/2]

How is energy a basic requirement for economic development ? Explain with examples.5
 Previous year
Geogra
|Minerals and Energy
questions 2024 phy Resources
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/2]

"Minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks." Explain the statement with example. 2

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/2]

"The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerais." Explain the statement with example. 2
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]

How is energy a basic requirement for economic development of a country ? Explain with
examples. 2