s

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

NAME: REF: 2024-25/ CHEM/STD 9/ HO_1

CLASS: SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

DATE: TOPIC: MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDING

CONTENTS
 Matter
 Change of state of matter
 Effect of temperature change
 Effect of pressure change
 Latent Heat
 Sublimation
 Evaporation
 Diffusion

➢ Matter

• Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter.

• Food, water, air, clothes, table, chair, plants and trees.
• Indian philosophers said that all the matter living or non-living, was made up of
five basic elements air, earth, fire, sky and water
• On the basis of its physical properties and on the basis of its chemical
properties.
• On the basis of chemical properties, the matter is classified as elements,
compounds and mixtures.
• Everything around us is made of tiny pieces or particles. The particles make up
matter are atoms or molecules.
➢ Characteristics of particles of matter:
• The particles of matter are very, very small
• The particles of matter have spaces between them
• The particles of matter are constantly moving
• The particles of matter attract each other

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 ➢ Classification of matter
Based on physical states, all the matter can be classified into threegroups.
1. Solids 2. Liquid 3. Gases
➢ Properties of solids
1. Solids have a fixed shape and a fixed volume
2. Solids are incompressible.
3. Solids have high densities. They are heavy
4. Solids do not fill their container completely.
5. Solids do not flow.
6. Rigidity-When external force is applied and there is no change in shape.
7. Elasticity- When external force is applied and there is change in shape but
regains its original shape when force is removed.
8. Plasticity- When external force is applied and there is change in shape but it
cannot regain its original shape when force is removed.
Ex. Ice, wood, coal, stone, iron, brick
➢ Properties of liquid
1. Liquids have a fixed volume but they have no fixed shape. Liquids take the
shape of the vessel in which they are placed.
2. Liquids are slightly compressible.
3. Liquids have moderate to high densities. They are usually less dense than
solids.
4. Liquids do not fill their container completely.
5. Liquids generally flow easily.
6. Vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor at a given
temperature in a closed system.
7. Surface tension is the energy, or work, required to increase the surface area
of a liquid due to intermolecular forces. Surface tension decreases when
temperature increases

Ex. Water, milk, fruit juice, ink, groundnut oil, kerosene etc.
➢ Properties of gases
1. Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume. Gases acquire the shape
and volume of the vessel in which they are kept.
2. Gases are highly incompressible.
3. Gases have very low densities. They are very light.
4. Gases fill their container completely.
5. Gases flow easily.
Ex. Air, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

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 ➢ Comparison of characteristic properties of solids, liquids and
gases
Property Solids Liquids Gases
1 Shape Definite Take the shape of Take the shape of
the container, but the container by
do not necessarily occupying whole of
occupy all of it. the space available
to them.
2 Volume Definite Definite Take the volume of
the container.
3 Compressibility Almost nil Almost nil Very large
4 Fluidity or Rigid Fluid Fluid
Rigidity
5 Density Large Large Very small
6 Diffusion Generally do Diffuse slowly Diffuse rapidly
not diffuse
7 Free surfaces Any number of Only one free No free surface.
free surfaces surface

• A substance may exist in any of the three states of matter (i.e. solid, liquid or
gas) depending upon the conditions of temperature and pressure.
• By changing the conditions of temperature and pressure, a substance can be
made to exist as solid, liquid or a gas.
• A solid on heating usually changes into a liquid which on further heating
changes into gas. Similarly, a gas on cooling condenses into a liquid which on
further cooling changes into a solid.

The most familiar and common example is water. It exists in all the three states:
(a) Solid: ice
(b) Liquid: water and
(c) Gas: water vapour.
Ice is a solid state and melted to form water (Liquid) which on furtherheating
changes into steam (gas). These changes can be reversed by cooling.

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 By increasing the temperature (by heating), a solid can be converted into liquid
state; and the liquid can be converted into gaseous state (or vapour state). And
by decreasing the temperature (by cooling), a gas can be converted into liquid
state; and a liquid can be converted into solid state.
➢ Solid to liquid change: Melting

• Definition: The process in which a solid substance changes into a liquid on

heating, is called melting (or fusion).
• Melting point: The temperature at which a solid substance melts and changes
into a liquid at atmospheric pressure, is called melting point of the substance.
• Ice is a solid. In solids, the particles are tightly packed together. When we heat
a solid, its particles become more energetic and kinetic energy of the particles
increases. Due to the increase in kinetic energy, the particles start vibrating
more strongly with greater speed. The energy supplied by heat overcomes the
intermolecular forces of attraction between the particles. As a result, the
particles leave their mean position and break away from each other. When this
happens, the solid melts and a liquid is formed.
Ex. Melting point of ice = 0ºC
Melting point of wax = 63ºC
Melting point of iron = 1535ºC
The melting point of a solid is a measure of the force of attraction between its
particles. Higher the melting point of a solid substance, greater will be the force
of attraction between its particles.
➢ Liquid to gas change: Boiling (or vaporization)
• Definition: The process in which a liquid substance changes into a gas rapidly
on heating, is called boiling.
• Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid boils and changes rapidly into
a gas at atmospheric pressure, is called boiling point of the liquid.
• In a liquid most of the particles are close together. When we supply heat energy
to the liquid, the particles of water start vibrating even faster. Some of the
particles become so energetic that they can overcome the attractive forces of the
particles around them. Therefore, they become free to move and escape from
the liquid. When this happens, the liquid evaporates i.e., starts changing into gas.
Ex. Boiling point of water = 100ºC
Boiling point of alcohol = 78ºC
Boiling point of mercury = 357ºC
The boiling point of a liquid is a measure of the force of attraction between its
particles. Higher the boiling point of a liquid, greater will be the force of attraction
between its particles.

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 When a liquid is heated, the heat energy makes its particles move even faster.
At the boiling point the particles of a liquid have sufficient kinetic energy to
overcome the forces of attraction holding them together and separate into
individual particles. And the liquid boils to form a gas.
➢ Gas to liquid change: Condensation
The process of changing a gas to a liquid by cooling, is called condensation.
Condensation is the reverse of boiling.
➢ Liquid to solid change: Freezing
The process of changing a liquid into a solid by cooling, is called freezing.
Freezing means solidification. Freezing is the reverse of melting. So, the
freezing point of a liquid is the same as the melting point of its solid form.
Ex. Melting point of ice = 0ºC
Freezing point of water = 0ºC

• The three states of matter differ in the intermolecular forces and intermolecular
distances between the constituent particles.
• Gases are compressible because on applying pressure, the space between the
gaseous particles decreases. Therefore, gases can be compressed readily.
• When we apply pressure and reduce temperature the gases can be converted
into liquids i.e., gases will be liquefied.
• The process of conversion of a gas into a liquid by increasing pressure or
decreasing temperature is called liquefication.
A substance may exist in any of the three different states of matter depending
upon the conditions of temperature and pressure.
(1) If the melting point of a substance is above the room temperature at the
atmospheric pressure, it is said to be a solid.
(2) If the boiling point of a substance is above room temperature under atmospheric
pressure, it is classified as liquid.
(3) If the boiling point of the substance is below the room temperature at the
atmospheric pressure, it is called a gas.

• Definition: The heat energy which has to be supplied to change the state of a
substance is called its latent heat.

• Latent heat does not raise the temperature but latent heat has always to be supplied
to change the state of a substance. The word ‘latent’ means ‘hidden.

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 • Every substance has some forces of attraction between its particles which hold
them together. Now, if a substance has to change its state, then it is necessary
to break these forces of attraction between its particles. The latent heat does
not increase the kinetic energy of the particles of the substance, the
temperature of a substance does not rise during the change of state.
➢ Latent heat is of two types
Latent heat of fusion: The heat required to convert a solid into the liquid state
is called latent heat of fusion. In other words, ‘The latent heat of fusion of a solid
is the quantity of heat in joules required to convert 1 kilogram of the solid to
liquid, without any change in temperature.

Ex. The latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 × 105 J/kg

Latent heat of vaporization: The heat required to convert a liquid into the
vapour state is called latent heat of vaporization.
The other words ‘The latent heat of vaporization of a liquid is the quantity of
heat in joules required to convert 1 kilogram of the liquid to vapour or gas,
without any change in temperature.

Ex. Latent heat of vaporization of water = 22.5 × 105 J/kg

Sublimation

• Definition: The changing of a solid directly into vapours on heating is

known as sublimation.
• The process of changing/turning vapour(gas) directly into the solid is
called desublimation or deposition.
• Sublimation can be represented as:
Heating

Solid Cooling Vapour (or Gas)

• The solid substance which undergoes sublimation is said to ‘sublime’. the solid
obtained by cooling the vapours of the solid is called a ‘sublimate’.
Ex. When solid ammonium chloride is heated, it directly changes into ammonium
chloride vapour and when hot Ammonium chloride vapour is cooled, it directly
changes into solid ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloride, Iodine, Camphor,
Naphthalene and Anthracene.

Evaporation

• Definition: The process of change of a liquid into vapour at any temperature

below its boiling point is called evaporation.
➢ Factors affecting evaporation: –

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 1. Temperature: Rate of evaporation increase with increase in temperature. This
is because with the increase in temperature more number of particles get
enough kinetic energy to go into the vapour state.
Ex. Drying of clothes take place rapidly in summer than in winter
2. Surface Area: The rate of evaporation increases on increasing the surface
area of the liquid
Ex.If the same liquid is kept in a test tube and in a china dish, then the liquid
kept in the china dish will evaporate more rapidly: Because more of its surface
area is exposed to air.
3. Humidity: Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. Air around us
cannot hold more than a definite quantity of water vapour at a given
temperature. If the amount of water vapour in air is already high i.e., humidity is
more,the rate of evaporation decreases. Thus, the rate of evaporation increases
with decrease in humidity in the atmosphere.
Ex. Drying of clothes takes time on a humid day

4. Wind speed: The rate of evaporation also increases with increase in speed of
the wind. This is because with increase in speed of wind, the particles of water
vapour move away with wind resulting decrease in the amount of vapour in the
atmosphere.
Ex. Clothes dry faster on a windy day.

Diffusion

• Definition: The spreading out and mixing of a substance with another

substance due to the motion of its particles is called diffusion.
• Diffusion is a property of matter which is based on the motion of its particles.
• Diffusion is fastest in gases because the particles in gases move very rapidly.
The diffusion is slowest in solids because the particles in solids do not move
much.
• The rate of diffusion increases on increasing the temperature of the diffusing
substance. This is because when the temperature of a substance is increased
by heating, its particles gain kinetic energy and move more rapidly and this
increase in the speed of the particles of a substance increases the rate of
diffusion.
➢ Diffusion in gases
Diffusion in gases is very fast. This is because the particles in gases move very
quickly in all directions.
Ex. When we light an incense stick in a corner of our room, its fragrance spreadsin
the whole room very quickly. The fragrance of burning incense stick spreadsall
around due to the diffusion of its smoke into the air.
Ex. When someone opens a bottle of perfume in one corner of a room, its smell
spreads in the whole room quickly. The smell of perfume spreads due to the
diffusion of perfume vapours into air.

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 ➢ Diffusion in liquids
Diffusion in liquids is slower than that in gases. This is because the particles in
liquids move slower as compared to the particles in gases.
Ex. The spreading of purple color of potassium permanganate into water, on its own,
is due to the diffusion of potassium permanganate particles into water
Ex. The spreading of blue color of copper sulphate into water, on its own, is due to
the diffusion of copper sulphate particles into water.
The rate of diffusion in liquids is much faster than that in solids because the
particles in a liquid move much more freely, and have greater spaces between
them as compared to particles in the solids.
➢ Diffusion in solids
Diffusion in solids in a very, very slow process.
Ex. If we write something on a blackboard and leave it uncleaned for a
considerable period of time we will find that it becomes quite difficult to clean
the blackboard afterwards. This is due to the fact that some of the particles of
chalk have diffused into the surface of blackboard.
Ex. If two metal blocks are bound together tightly and kept undisturbed for a few
years, then the particles of one metal are found to have diffused into the other
metal.

FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFUSION

Molecules are constantly moving around due to the amount of thermal energy they
have. This movement is affected by the size of the particle and the environment the
particle is in. Particles will always move around in a medium but the overall rate of
diffusion can be affected by many factors.

Concentration: Diffusion of molecules is entirely dependent on moving from an

area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. If the difference in
concentration is higher, then the molecules will move quickly.

Temperature: Particles move due to the kinetic energy. As temperature increases,

the kinetic energy also increases. As a result, particles will move faster. If they can
move faster, then they can also diffuse faster. Conversely, when the kinetic energy
decreases so does their movement. As a result, the rate of diffusion will be slower.

Mass of Particle: Heavier particles will move more slowly and so will have a
slower rate of diffusion. Smaller particles on the other hand will diffuse faster
because they can move faster.

Solvent Properties: Viscosity and density greatly affect diffusion. If the medium
that a given particle has to diffuse through is very dense or viscous, then the
particle will have a harder time diffusing through it. So the rate of diffusion will be
lower. If the medium is less dense or less viscous, then the particles will be able to
move more quickly and will diffuse faster.

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 HEATING AND COOLING CURVE

COOLING CURVE OF WATER

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