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Operating System _lecture_me_(2)

The document outlines key terms and functions related to operating systems, including algorithms, processes, and various management functions such as memory, processor, device, and information management. It also discusses operating modes, concurrency, and the role of interrupts in coordinating operations. Additionally, it highlights the importance of resource sharing, protection, and performance in operating systems.

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saifgoran037
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3 views

Operating System _lecture_me_(2)

The document outlines key terms and functions related to operating systems, including algorithms, processes, and various management functions such as memory, processor, device, and information management. It also discusses operating modes, concurrency, and the role of interrupts in coordinating operations. Additionally, it highlights the importance of resource sharing, protection, and performance in operating systems.

Uploaded by

saifgoran037
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Some terms related with operating system:

 Algorithm (‫)خوارزمية‬: It is the logical procedure to solve a certain problem.


 Program (‫)برنامج‬: Set of instructions specifying the activities necessary to accomplish a task.
 Process (‫)عملية قيد المعالجة‬: An instance of a program that given a set of inputs values,
produces a set of outputs. (Or, a process is sequence of actions like computation that must
be done concurrently with other computation).
 Application (‫ )تطبيق‬: Program used for a specific task.
 Job (‫اكب من المهمة‬
‫)عمل ر‬: Is a collection of activities needed to do the work required. A job
may be divided into several steps (Job Steps).
 Job step: is the unit of work that must be done sequentially e.g. compiling, loading, execu ting.
 Task (‫)مهمة‬: Unit of work from the user’s perspective in a timesharing or multitasking system.
 Thread ( ‫)اصغر رسالة او اصغر مهمة‬: Smallest dispatchable unit in the operating system. Several
threads are usually grouped into a process, and cooperate on task.

 Structure ( ‫) رالبكيب او الهيكلية‬: How is an operating system organized?


 Sharing (‫)المشاركة‬: How are resources shared among users?
 Naming (‫)التسمية‬: How are resources named (By users and by program)?
 Protection (‫)الحماية‬: How are users/ Programs protected from each other?
 Security (‫)االمنية‬: How can information access/ flow be restricted?
 Communication (): How to exchange data?
 Reliability and fault tolerance (‫)الموثوقية مع امكانية اخفاء او تجاوز الخطأ‬: How to mask failures ?
 Exten si bility (‫)التوسع‬: How to add new features?
‫) ر ز‬: How to control parallel activities?
 Concu rr en cy (‫البامن‬

 Perfo rm an ce (‫)األداء‬: How to make efficient use of resources?

 Scale and Growth (‫)القياس والنمو‬: How to handle increased demand?

 Com p atibility (‫) التوافق‬: Can we over do anythin g new ?

 Distribu tion (‫)التوزي ع‬: How to coordinate remote operations?

 Acco u nta bility (‫)المسؤولية‬: How to charge for/ restrict use resources (‫?) تحديد أستخدام المصادر‬

Depar tm ent of Infor m ati on Technol ogy


Akre Techni c al institute
Duhok Polytec hnic Univer sity
 Interrupt Hardware:
Allows the operating system to coordinate operations going simultaneously. It also
allows the non-sequential flow of program. An interrupt is a mechanism by which a
processor is forced to take note of an event. ‫إجبار المعالج لمالحظة‬

 Concurrency:
It can be regarded as the activation of several processes (that is the execution of
several programs) at the same time. If there are fewer processors than processes,
then concurrency can be obtained by switching processors from one process to
another. If the switching is done at small intervals of time the system will give the
illusion of concurrency when viewed on a longer scale of time. ‫إذا كان عدد المعالجات أقل من‬
‫عدد العميات‬

Depar tm ent of Infor m ati on Technol ogy


Akre Techni c al institute
Duhok Polytec hnic Univer sity
Operation Modes of Operating System

 Supervisor Mode:
 All instruction is allowed
 Kernel routines execute in supervisor mode.
 The OS must access all feature of the system .

 User Mode:
 Not all in instructions are allowed.
 User program s execute in user mode.
 Some instruction cannot be executed (invoked) directly by
user programs.
 Switching:

 It is possible to switch from user mode to supervisor mode with


special instruction.

 I/O Operations:
 Phase 1: Prepare the device for the operation.
 Phase 2: Wait for the operation to be performed.
 Phase 3: Complete the operation.

Depar tm ent of Infor m ati on Technol ogy


Akre Techni c al institute
Duhok Polytec hnic Univer sity
Functions of Operating System
1- Memory Managem ent Functions.
2- Processor Managem ent Functions.
3- Device Management Functions.
4- Information Managem ent Functions.

1- Memory Managem ent Functions


1) Keep track of the resource (Memory), what parts are in use, and by whom?
what parts are not in use (Free).
2) If multiprogramming, decide which process gets memory, when it gets it, and
how much.
3) Allocate the resource (Memory) when the processes request it.
4) Reclaim the resource (Memory) when the process no longer needs it or has been
terminated.

P1
P4 P2
P3
..
…
…

Depar tm ent of Infor m ati on Technol ogy


Akre Techni c al institute
Duhok Polytec hnic Univer sity
2- Processor Managem ent Functions
1) Keep track of the resource (Processor and the status of processes). The
program that does this has been called the “Traffic Controller”.
2) Decide who will have a chance to use the processor, the “Job Scheduler”
chooses from all the jobs submitted to the system and decide which are will be
allowed in to the system.
3) Allocate the processor to a process by setting up necessary hardware registers,
this is often called “Dispatcher”.

4) Reclaim processor when process relinquishes processor usage, terminates or


exceeds allowed amount of usage.
“Wait for I/O” P1
“Wait for I/O” P2
RUN P3
P4

State of execution Ready P5


P6
…

3- Device Management Functions:


1) Keep track of the resource (Device, channels, and control units), it is typically
called “IO. Traffic Controller”.
2) Decide: what is an efficient way to allocate the resource (device), if it is to be
shared, then decide who gets in, and how much is to get, this is called “IO
Scheduling”.
3) Allocate the (device) and intimate the IO operation.
4) Reclaim resource (device), in most cases the IO. Terminates automatically.

Depar tm ent of Infor m ati on Technol ogy


Akre Techni c al institute
Duhok Polytec hnic Univer sity
The virtual device approach allows:
1) Dedicated (‫ )تخصيص‬devices to be shared.
2) More flexibility in job scheduling.
3) Better match of speed of device and speed of request of that device.

4- Information Managem ent Function:


1)Keep track of the resource (Information), it’s location, use, status, …., etc. These
collective facilities are often called the “File System.
2)Decide who gets use of the resource, enforce protection requirements, and provides
accessing routines.
3)Allocate the resource (Information), e.g. Open a file.
4)De-allocate the resources (information). e.g. close a file.

Depar tm ent of Infor m ati on Technol ogy


Akre Techni c al institute
Duhok Polytec hnic Univer sity

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