University of Zakho

Faculty of Science
Department of Chemistry
Second Stage – Fourth Semester

Physical Chemistry

Report Name: " Pollution "

Prepared by:

Supervisor: Dr. pemanos

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Contents
Introduction.........................................................................................................1

Types of Pollution ..............................................................................................2

Environmental pollution: Causes ,effect? ..........................................................3

Air pollution ......................................................................................................3

Water pollution..................................................................................................4

Land pollution ..................................................................................................5

Noise pollution .................................................................................................5

Light pollution...................................................................................................6

Plastic pollution.................................................................................................6

Pollution control...............................................................................................7

Conclusion........................................................................................................8

Reference...........................................................................................................9
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Introduction
Pollution has significant impacts on human health, the environment, and even
on how some of the Earth’s systems, such as the climate, are functioning.
Pollution touches all parts of the planet. It is affecting our health through the
food we eat, the water we drink and the air we breathe. Approximately 19
million premature deaths are estimated to occur annually as a result of the way
we use natural resources to support global production and consumption and
which impact the environment. Pollution touches all parts of the planet. It is
affecting our health through the food we eat, the water we drink and the air we
breathe. Approximately 19 million premature deaths are estimated to occur
annually as a result of the way we use natural resources and impact the
environment to support global production and consumption. The 2030 Agenda
for Sustainable Development adopted by the United Nations in 2015 commits to
“ensure that all human beings can enjoy prosperous and fulfilling lives and that
economic, social and technological progress occurs in harmony with nature.
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Types of Pollution
A number of substances including nutrients, bacteria, oxygen demanding
wastes, metals, and toxic substances, cause water pollution. Sources of these
pollution causing substances are divided into two broad categories:

1_point sources 2_non_point sources

Point and nonpoint sources of pollution are described as follows:

1_Point source :of pollution refers to discharges that enter surface waters
through a pipe, ditch or other well defined point of discharge. The term applies
to wastewater and stormwater discharges from a variety of sources. Wastewater
point source discharges include municipal (city and county) and industrial
wastewater treatment plants and small domestic wastewater treatment systems
that may serve schools, commercial offices, residential subdivisions and
individual homes. Stormwater point source discharges include stormwater
discharges associated with industrial activities and stormwater discharges from
municipal separate storm sewer (MS4s) systems for municipalities that meet the
requirements of 327 IAC 5-13.

The primary pollutants associated with point source discharges are oxygen
demanding wastes, nutrients, sediment, color and toxic substances including
chlorine, ammonia and metals. Point source dischargers in Indiana must apply
for and obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permit from the state. Discharge permits are issued under the NPDES program
(See Section III), which is delegated to Indiana by the US Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA).

2_Non_point :source pollution refers to runoff that enters surface waters

through stormwater runoff, contaminated ground water, snowmelt or
atmospheric deposition. There are many types of land use activities that can
serve as sources of nonpoint source pollution including land development,
construction, mining operations, crop production, animal feeding lots, timber
harvesting, failing septic systems, landfills, roads and paved areas, and wildlife.
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Environmental pollution: Causes, effect?

Environmental pollution is caused when contaminants enter the natural
environment and cause adverse changes. Pollution can be of different types,
such as air pollution, soil pollution and water pollution, among others.
Combustion, mining, warfare, construction and agriculture are the
anthropogenic contributors of air pollution. Other sources and activities that
prove hazardous to the environment include nuclear waste disposal, coal
powered petrochemical plants, heavy industries, burning of natural vegetation,
use of pesticides and herbicides, etc. Pollution affects human health
significantly and can lead to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases,
neurological problems, birth defects and cancers, besides others. The
environmental effects of pollution include ocean acidification,
biomagnification, occurrence of acid rain, global warming, biodiversity
reduction, etc.

The major kinds of pollution?

1.air pollution

2.water pollution

3.land pollution.

Modern society is also concerned about specific types of pollutants, such as

noise pollution, light pollution, and plastic pollution.

Air pollution

Air pollution: is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. Car emissions,
chemicals from factories, dust, pollen and mold spores may be suspended as
particles. Ozone, a gas, is a major part of air pollution in cities. When ozone
forms air pollution, it's also called smog. Some air pollutants are poisonous.
Inhaling them can increase the chance you'll have health problems. People with
heart or lung disease, older adults and children are at greater risk from air
pollution. Air pollution isn't just outside - the air inside buildings can also be
polluted and affect your health.
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Water pollution
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of
human activities. Water bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans,
aquifers and groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants are
introduced into the natural environment. For example, releasing inadequately
treated wastewater into natural water bodies can lead to degradation of aquatic
ecosystems. In turn, this can lead to public health problems for people living
downstream. They may use the same polluted river water for drinking or
bathing or irrigation. Water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of death
and disease, e.g. due to water-borne diseases
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Land pollution
Land pollution: the deposition of solid or liquid waste materials on land or
underground in a manner that can contaminate the soil and groundwater,
threaten public health, and cause unsightly conditions and nuisances.

Noise pollution
Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound pollution, is the
propagation of noise with ranging impacts on the activity of human or animal
life, most of them harmful to a degree. The source of outdoor noise worldwide
is mainly caused by machines, transport, and propagation systems. Poor urban
planning may give rise to noise disintegration or pollution, side-by-side
industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential
areas. Some of the main sources of noise in residential areas include loud music,
transportation (traffic, rail, airplanes, etc.), lawn care maintenance, construction,
electrical generators, explosions, and people.
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Light pollution
Light pollution: is the presence of anthropogenic and artificial light in the night
environment. It is exacerbated by excessive, misdirected or obtrusive use of
light, but even carefully used light fundamentally alters natural conditions. As a
major side-effect of urbanization, it is blamed for compromising health,

disrupting ecosystems and spoiling aesthetic environments.

Plastic pollution
Plastic pollution :is the accumulation of plastic objects and particles (e.g. plastic
bottles, bags and microbeads) in the Earth's environment that adversely affects
wildlife, wildlife habitat, and humans. Plastics that act as pollutants are
categorized into micro-, meso-, or macro debris, based on size. Plastics are
inexpensive and durable, and as a result levels of plastic production by humans
are high. However, the chemical structure of most plastics renders them
resistant to many natural processes of degradation and as a result they are slow
to degrade. Together, these two factors have led to a high prominence of plastic

pollution in the environment.

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Pollution control
In environmental engineering, any of a variety of means employed to limit
damage done to the environment by the discharge of harmful substances and
energies. Specific means of pollution control might include refuse disposal
systems such as sanitary landfills, emission control systems for automobiles,
sedimentation tanks in sewerage systems, the electrostatic precipitation of
impurities from industrial gas, or the practice of recycling. For full treatment of
major areas of pollution control, see air pollution control, wastewater treatment,
solid-waste management, and hazardous-waste management. Next to the
conservation of species from the loss of biological diversity, the control of
pollution is the conservation problem of greatest magnitude; it might even be
argued that pollution control is more urgent and important. Ultimately, the
control of pollution involves a number of social decisions: 1) not to allow the
escape into the environment of substances or forms of energy that are harmful
to life, 2) to contain and recycle those substances that could be harmful if
released into the environment in excessive quantities, and 3) not to release into
the environment substances that persist and are toxic to living things. The
knowledge and technology needed to put these decisions to work are now
available. Pollution control does not mean an abandonment of existing
productive human activities but their reordering so as to guarantee that their side
effects do not outweigh their advantages. However, for economic reasons, none
of these measures is applied universally, and political and social pressures have
not yet forced their application. Developing countries have expressed fear that
excessive concern over pollution could impede their economic development—
and indeed some of these countries have become sanctuaries for industries that
find it less expensive to operate there than in areas with more rigorous
standards. It is apparent that pollution control, regardless of the advanced state
of its technology, will become a reality only when people demand it and only
when nations are willing to agree on appropriate international standards.
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Conclusion
The nature of the growing industrial pollution is never limited to the industrial
nations. Industrialization contributes to a major part for the economic
development and prosperity of country. The emergence of great factories and
increase in consumption gave rise to unprecedented pollution and large volume
of industrial discharges adding to the growing load of factory pollution all over
the world. These aspects also highlights a growing issue that is the desire of the
development nation to achieve first class world standards of living and
production.
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References
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https://www.greenfacts.org/en/pollution-free-planet/l-2/index.htm
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99_chap_06-07.pdf
3. Randall, m. (2018). Environmental pollution.
4. Topics, H. (2021). Air Pollution: MedlinePlus. Retrieved 2 March 2021,
from https://medlineplus.gov/airpollution.html
5. Water pollution. (2021). Retrieved 2 March 2021, from
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution
6. Land pollution. (2021). Retrieved 2 March 2021, from
https://www.britannica.com/science/land-pollution
7. Noise pollution. (2021). Retrieved 2 March 2021, from
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution
8. Light pollution. (2021). Retrieved 2 March 2021, from
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollution
9. Plastic pollution. (2021). Retrieved 2 March 2021, from
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution
10.Pollution control. (2021). Retrieved 2 March 2021, from
https://www.britannica.com/technology/pollution-control
11.Peirce, J., & Weiner, R. (1998). Environmental pollution and control.
Boston: Butterman-Heinemann.