5.

Secondary Economic Activities

Observe the pictures given in figure 5.1. Identify the activities with which these figures are
associated and complete the table 5.1

A) B)

C) D)

E) F)

G) H)

Fig. 5.1

42
• Table. 5.1
Figure Name of Raw Finished Characteristics of raw Characteristics of finished
the materials products material (weight, durability, products (weight, durability,
activity required obtained procurement, cost price) production, selling price)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

and a manufactured finished product is prepared

Geographical explanation
to sell it to the consumers. Secondary activities
In the previous chapter, we have learnt add value to natural resources by transforming
about the primary activities, where the product is raw materials into valuable products.
directly obtained from the nature. Some products Secondary activities, therefore include
obtained through primary activities are utilised manufacturing, processing and construction
directly, while some are processed and made into (infrastructure) industries. The place where
a more durable product. The products obtained conversion of products obtained from primary
from the primary economic activities are used as activities into final products takes place, is
raw material in secondary economic activities. called ‘factory’.
Further, processing of these materials takes place

Try this.
SOLAPUR DISTRICT
MAJOR SUGAR INDUSTRIES
1) Look at the map of
Solapur district in Bhilarwadi Index

fig. 5.2. It shows Sugar Mill

the location of some

sugar industries. Pimpalner Vairag
Shamrao is a farmer A
at location A. He Akluj

has just harvested

his sugarcane crop. Bhalwani
Takli SOLAPUR
Study the map and Waki Shivne
Sikandar

tell where should Dahitane

Mangalvedha
he send his crop? North

What factors will

Shamrao consider
0 10 20
for this? Kilometres
Fig. 5.2 : Map of Solapur

43
 2) Firoz's son has done an advanced course
in Bakery Management from the nearby Always remember
city. He wants his son to start a bakery in Weight-losing industries are industries
their village but his son says it should be where the raw materials are relatively bulky,
in the city, which is around 20 kms from but the resulting product is relatively lighter.
their village. Who is correct? Firoz or his On the other hand, weight-gaining
son? Why? industries are industries whose raw materials
3) Shantaram is a young boy from a tribal are lighter but finished products are heavier
area in Maharashtra. He wants to start a and bulky. Weight-losing industries will be
honey processing unit as he has access to located near the raw material while weight-
good honeycombs in the forest. The city gaining will be located near the market. In
is around 35 kms away. He has his own earlier times, transportation costs increased
land in the village and is also getting land with distance and weight.
in the city. Where should he establish the
honey factory? In the village or in the Physical Factors :
city? Why? 1) Climate : Harsh climate is not much suitable
for the establishment of industries. There
Geographical explanation may not be any industrial development in
extremely hot, humid, dry or cold climate.
While studying all these examples, you For example, the extreme type of climate
will understand that location of an industry is of North-West India or extreme North India
dependent on many factors. hinders the development of industries there.
To set up an industry, one needs raw material Change in climatic conditions, for example,
and that has to be transported from somewhere. may also affect industries. For example,
We know that the raw material for industry is chronic droughts.
the final product of the primary activities. The In contrast to this, the moderate climate
characteristics of the raw material and also the of western coastal area is quite congenial
finished product affect the location of industries. to the development of industries. Earlier,
For example, sugar industries need sugarcane. when artificial threads and mechanization
Sugarcane loses weight and amount of sugar were not used for making textiles, cotton
after harvesting as time after harvest increases. thread-making required humid climate
This affects their effective use for producing because thread breaks in dry climate.
sugar. Thus, sugarcane needs to be sent to nearby Consequently, majority of cotton textile
factories as soon as possible. Sugar industries mills were concentrated in coastal parts
are, therefore, located near the production of of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Artificial
raw material. On the other hand, in bakery humidifiers are used in dry areas these
industries, the final output, say cake, has higher days, but it increases the cost of production.
weight than raw materials. This will be costlier 2) Availability of raw material : Raw
to transport, as transport cost will increase with materials used in industries mainly come
weight. Therefore, bakery industries are located from farms, mines, forests, fisheries etc.
near the markets. Let us, look at the factors Thus, location of industries is dependent
which affect the location of industries. on the nature of raw material. Industries
dependent on perishable, heavy, bulky

44
 and weight-losing raw materials, such as items can be brought from far distances
sugarcane, are located near the raw material through cheaper transportation like
area. (as in example 1 in Try this). The jute waterways. Such industries may be located
mills, sugar mills, are mostly concentrated near the ports or rivers. For example, cotton
close to the sources of raw materials for this textiles or pulpwood.
very reason. Similarly, industries processing 6) Site or availability of land : Site
local fruits are found near Mahabaleshwar requirements for industrial development
and Nagpur. Perishable fruits need to be are of considerable significance. Location
processed soon and hence, they are located should be generally flat and well served by
near these cities. adequate transport facilities. Large areas
3) Water and power supply : Almost all the are required to build factories. Earlier,
industries require plenty of water for various industries were concentrated near urban
processes like cooling, smelting, washing areas but now because of non-availability
etc. Thus, such industries are located near of land and high prices, there is a tendency
the banks of rivers or near lakes. Coal, to set up industries in rural areas. For
oil, electricity are indispensable energy example, Lote Parshuram industrial area in
resources in running any type of industry. Chiplun and Chakan in Pune.
Coal is heavy and bulky. Thus, industries Economic Factors :
dependent on coal as energy resource are 1) Proximity to Market : The entire process
located near the mining area. Electricity of manufacturing is futile until the finished
and oil can be supplied through wires and goods reach the market. Nearness to
pipelines easily over long distances. Hence, market is essential for quick disposal of
industries dependent on it, need not be manufactured goods. It helps in reducing
located near their source region. the transport cost and enables the consumer
4) Labour : Different types of industries to get things at cheaper rates. Ready market
require different types of labour. For is most essential for perishable and heavy
example, construction, mining industries commodities. Sometimes, during the process
or textile industries require semi-skilled of production, products become bulky and
labourers, where as food-processing delicate. For such final products, industries
industries, ornament-making industries are located towards markets. For example,
require skilled labourers. In spite of cake as a final product is heavier than raw
increasing mechanisation, some industries materials. That is why, such industries are
still require a large number of workers. located near markets i.e. cities.
Hence, we find that labour colonies are
Can you tell ?
found near large industries.
5) Transportation : The cost of transportation Find examples of market-oriented
and time required to carry goods is industries.
known as economic distance. Low cost 2) Capital : Capital or huge investment is
of transportation is the key factor in the needed for the establishment of industries.
location of industries. Cost of transportation Industries are located in those areas where
will be more for heavy, bulky, perishable banking and financial facilities are easily
raw materials and for longer distances. available. As a matter of fact, capital is
For example, transportation of coal. On the attracted to those areas where industries
other hand, light-weight and non-perishable
45
 are localised which, in turn, attract more for reducing transport costs. In mobile
industries. Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and industries and automobile industries,
Delhi being the centres of industry have various parts of a commodity are made in
better banking and financial facilities than different areas and assembled at one place.
other cities. Now, with an expansion of better Splitting of the production of a commodity
banking facilities in rural areas, industries at different places reduces costs.
can also be located there. 2) Economies of scale or agglomeration :
Political Factors : Availability of various facilities lead to
1) Government policies : The government establishment of industries in a region. By
may give boost to industries producing using the available opportunities according
certain goods by giving several incentives. It to ‘economies of scale’, the region attracts
may provide finance, land, water, transport more industries with time. Consequently,
and communication facilities at subsidised concentration or agglomeration of industries
rates. It may promote industrialisation in occurs in this region. As a result of this, the
economically backward regions with a view above-mentioned physical and economic
of developing these regions. It also provides factors have no influence on location. A
tax concession, marketing consultancy, special characteristic of such a region is that
export and import facilities to industrialists industries that are mutually complementary
and entrepreneurs, who establish industries to each other are established here. For
in such regions. For example, the 'D and example, all over the world, places where
beyond' categories of Government of iron and steel industries were located,
Maharashtra's industrial policy. saw the development of industries which
 At the same time, government may use steel as raw material, viz. utensils,
also discourage location of industries in a automobile accessories, locomotives, etc.
particular area like coastal zones or eco- This in turn led to establishment of car-
sensitive areas. manufacturing units, packaging industries,
railway engine manufacturing industries,
2) Setting up of SEZs : Many governments
etc.
support establishing such zones or regions
which are specially developed for industrial Due to such agglomerations, new
production. In India, they are called Special industries get more profit as compared to
Economic Zones (SEZs). They are specially low investment due to ‘economies of scale’.
earmarked geographical zones, which can Footloose industries :
be developed by private sector or public A footloose industry does not have a strong
sector or in a public-private-partnership locational preference because the resources,
(PPP) model. These are mainly developed production skills, and consumers on which it
to boost export–quality production in the depends can be found in numerous places. Such
country. Such SEZs attract many industries a company may relocate anytime, hence the
to be set up there. For example, SEEPZ near term footloose. The Internet and other forms of
Santa Cruz. advanced communication technology have made
Other Factors : location completely detached from both resource
1) Split location : Sometimes, the different and market considerations. Some prominent
stages of production are decentralized and examples of footloose industry are watch-making,
production is organized at different places diamond cutting, etc. Like the inputs, the output is

46
lightweight and can be easily transported to the not the same everywhere. Industries tend to
markets. Most of the footloose industries produce concentrate in a few pockets because of earlier
low volume and high-value outputs. mentioned favourable factors. The pockets
In example 3, in ‘Try this’, honey industry is having high concentration of industries are
a footloose industry as its location is not related known as ‘industrial regions’.
to weight of raw material or finished product. Study the given map in Fig. 5.3 and answer
the following questions :
Use your brain power ! 1) In which hemisphere do you find more
concentration of industries?
Following is a list of few industries. 2) In which part of North America has the
Think about the factors of location of industrial region been mainly developed?
these industries and tell whether they are
3) In which parts of Europe is concentration of
footloose industries or not. Complete the
industries mainly found?
table accordingly in your notebook.
4) Why is less industrial development found in
1) Cotton textile industries
the other parts of African continent except
2) Cement industries
coastal areas?
3) Diamond cutting industries
5) In which part of India do you find
4) Mobile manufacturing units
concentration of industries?
5) Paper industry
6) Why do you think coastal areas have higher
6) Sugar industry
concentration of industries?
7) Food processing industry
7) Write a concluding paragraph on latitudinal
8) IT (Hardware) industry
distribution of industries in the world.
9) Oil refinery
10) Hairpins industry Geographical explanation
Raw Factor
Name of Finished Major Industrial regions of the world :
materials affecting
Industry products
required location Industrial regions are those areas, where
concentration of industries has occurred due to
favourable geo–economic conditions. These are
the areas within which manufacturing industry is
carried out on a relatively large scale employing
large proportion of working population.
Some of the characteristic features of
industrial regions are :
1) Agglomeration of industries.
2) Dense population growth, large labour force.
3) Employment to large working populations.
4) Large banking and credit facilities.
Industrial Regions :
Industries are unevenly distributed because 5) A large network of transportation.
the factors affecting industrial location are 6) Excellent communication facilities.

47
 Make friends with maps!

48
Fig. 5.3
 Continent-wise distribution of industrial regions is as follows :
Major industrial regions in the Physical factors affecting Human factors affecting Major industries
continent localisation localisation
North America : • Varied range of relief and climate • Availability of huge capital Food and beverages, automobiles, aircraft, metal
United States of America and region • Location of North America and Europe • Good communication fabrication, petrochemical, steel, telecommunications,
adjoining Canada. The New England facing each other across Atlantic ocean • Export facilities chemicals, electronics, consumer goods, wooden
Region, New York, Mid-Atlantic • Rich reserves of mineral resources • Cheap and skilled labour industry and heavy chemicals etc.
Region, Mid-Western Region, North- • Agricultural products used as raw • Vast market
Eastern Region, Southern Region, materials • Development of inland water,
Western Region. • Large rivers and the Great Lakes rail transport and ports.
• Broken coastline
Europe : • River Rhine • Skilled labour Ferrous and non-ferrous metal production and
i) Western Europe : • Climate supporting fishing and dairy • Large market processing, petroleum, coal, cement, chemicals,
• Ruhr region in Germany and France, products • Port facilities pharmaceuticals, aerospace, rail transportation
parts of Great Britain and Italy. • Large coal and iron reserves • Huge demand equipment, passenger and commercial vehicles,
• Pastures and meadows • Development of rail and road construction equipment, industrial equipment,
• Natural harbour transport shipbuilding, electrical power equipment, machine
• Mechanisation tools, electronics and telecommunications equipment,
fishing, food and beverages, furniture, paper, textiles.
ii) European Russia : • Location near oilfields • High Population Machine tools, refineries, textile, electrical,
• Moscow-Tula-Vladimir triangle • Location near coalfields and iron ore • Good communication facility automobile etc.
• Ural and Volga regions mines • Railway Agricultural machinery, chemicals
• Climate
• Volga river
iii) Other regions : • Climate Iron and steel, chemicals, textiles and zinc/lead refining,
• Scandinavian countries, Switzerland • Broken coastlines and rivers flowing • Limitations in agriculture dairy, watches and other electronics
and Poland. into it. • Advanced technology
• Low temperatures • Less Population
• Coniferous forests
Asia : • Rich in iron and coal • Development of ports facility Cotton textile mills, shipyards, oil refineries, flour
i) China : • Coalfields • Availability of cheap labour mills, steel plants, metal works and a great variety of
• Manchuria • Broken coastline • Government policies light industrial products, lubricating oil, machinery

49
• Northern end of the North China Plain, • Natural harbour • Large markets and tools, chemicals, etc.
along the east coast and extending
Westward upto Beijing.
• Lower Yangtze industrial region
including Shanghai
 Major industrial regions in the Physical factors affecting Human factors affecting Major industries
continent localisation localisation
ii) Japan : • Coastal plains • Abundant supply of cheap Electrical engineering such as transistors, radio
• Tokyo, Kawasaki and Yokohama • Rich natural resources regions labour television sets, washing machines, refrigerators and
• Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto region • Availability of hydro power • Relatively developed computers, steel mills, machines and tools, chemicals,

50
• Nagoya and the Northern Kyushu • Broken coastline infrastructure refineries, shipbuilding, airplane, factories of consumer
region • Fast-flowing rivers. • Market availability goods, electrical machinery, textile and canning
• Efficient transportation system industries, Cotton industry, Shipbuilding, oil refining,
• Availability of port facilities and petrochemical industries including synthetic textile
E.g. Port city of Yokohama and rubber manufacture
facilitates trade
iii) India : • Rich mineral resources • Large market Textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel,
• Chhota Nagpur Plateau, Mumbai-Pune • Port facilities available • Huge supply of labour transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum,
corridor, Delhi region, Coimbatore- • Hot climate • Excellent rail network machinery, software, pharmaceutical
Bengaluru, Ahmedabad-Vadodara • Port facility
region, etc.
iv) Russia : • Nearness to coal fields • Government support Production and transmission (by means of pipelines) of
• Siberia and the North Caucasus • Large forest reserve • Despite inhospitable climate oil and gas, Chemicals, food processing, petrochemicals,
Industrial Region • Natural harbour developed port facilities iron ore, and machinery, Gold, diamonds, tin, and
• Vladivostok (Far East) Industrial Region • Railway transport system mercury, wood and wood products
v) East Asia • Broken coastline • Huge population base Textile, electronic, Oil and petrochemicals
• South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, • Natural harbour • Vast Market
Malaysia, Taiwan • Climate • Port facilities
• Agricultural base • Cheap labour availability
South America : • Fertile plain • Availability of low cost labour Foodstuffs and beverages, metallurgy and mechanical
• Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela and Chile • Coastal region • Government promotions industries, chemicals and petroleum refining, textiles,
• Grazing grounds • Port and dockyard facilities footwear and apparel, pig iron, automobiles and
• Favourable climate household appliances,Textile industry
• Availability of mineral oil
Africa : • A variety of minerals • Market oriented production • Diamonds, gold, forest products
• Witwatersrand in southern region • 75% of the gold in the world is found • Demand
• Kimberley, Congo, Ghana, Zambia in this continent • Large investments
• Vast land available
• Forests
Australia : • Climate favourable • Availability of labour • Food, beverages, Textile and footwear, Wood and
• Eastern part • Coastal area • Port facilities, good connectivity paper products, Petroleum, coal and chemical products,
• Perth in the West • Market metallic industries, Machinery and equipment,
New Zealand : • Climate favourable for agricuture • Mechanisation •Meat and meat products, Dairy products, Woolen
• Auckland and Waikato • Coastal area • Port facilities, good products, beverages, canned fruits, timber.
• Canterbury • Large coniferous forests connectivity
 Classification based on the source of raw
Use your brain power ! materials :
• Agro - based industries : Agricultural
• Refer to the lumbering map of the world produce is processed in this sector. For
in fig. 4.1 and 5.1, tell which industries example, sugar mills, cotton textile mills,
will be located in Northernmost island of food processing units.
Japan? • Marine-based industries : These refer to all
• How have the Great Lakes been units involved in the processing and canning of
instrumental in development of industrial fish, fish products and other marine produces.
region in the USA? For example, fish oil, ornamental objects,
• How has the Trans-Siberian Railway sea-shells, etc.
contributed to development of industries in • Forest-based industries : Products from
Russia? the forests are processed in this sector.
Wood is made into paper or provides
Do you know ? timber for various uses. The manufacturing
of resins, gums, colours, dyes, fragrant oils
   Industrial/Economic corridors are and turpentine is forest – based.
special areas along the main transport
• Mineral-based industries : They involve
routes which have been selected to
industries where manufacturing is based on
give thrust to industrial/economic
mineral wealth, obtained through mining.
development in the country. The corridors
Examples are petrochemicals, iron and
involve multiple development projects
steel, aluminium units, etc.
including development in transport, urban
development, environmental management, • Pastoral-based industries : These indusries
etc. This has been done to increase exports, depend upon animals for their raw material.
growth in employment opportunities and Hide, bone, horn, shoes, dairy, etc. are
revolutionise the industrial growth. some of the pastoral-based industries. For
Currently, the following four industrial/ example, leather bags, chappals, shoes, etc.
economic corridors are proposed to be are made from leather while cheese, curd,
developed : sweets are made from milk. Silk clothes,
1) Delhi – Mumbai Industrial Corridor woollen clothes, jackets, etc. are produced
(DMIC) in these industries.
2) Amritsar – Delhi – Kolkata Industrial On the basis of capital investment :
Corridor (ADKIC) In India, classification of industries on the
3) Chennai – Bengaluru Industrial Corridor basis of amount of capital investment, can be
(CBIC) done as follows :
4) Bengaluru – Mumbai Industrial Corridor • Large-scale industries : They require huge
(BMIC) amount of capital, equipment and other
Classification of industries : infrastructure.
Manufacturing industries are broadly  In India, the industries requiring an
classified on the basis of size, source of raw investment of more than `10 crores are
materials, nature of products and ownership. large-scale. Iron and steel, power, cotton

51
 textiles, etc. are large-scale industries. blacksmiths, carpenters and craftspersons
(fig.5.4) are some of the major groups engaged in
a cottage industry. These industries require
good skills. Their importance has increased
in the present times. Some of these products
have great demand abroad. Hence, they are
exported. For example, Paithani Sarees,
Indian quilts, etc.

Fig. 5.4 : Large scale industry

• Micro, Small and Medium Industries : In

India, the definition of MSME industries is
as follows : (fig. 5.5)
Industries Investment Investment Examples
in plant and in
machinery equipments Fig. 5.6 Cottage industry (cane work)
Micro Does not Does not Pens,
exceed ` 25 exceed ` 10
dairy Classification based on nature of output :
lakh lakh products The nature of the product determines the
etc.
type of industry.
Small More than More than Bottles,
` 25 lakhs ` 10 lakhs small • Basic industries or Heavy industries :
but does not but does not toys, These are industries that produce material,
exceed ` 5 exceed ` 2 papers,
crores crores etc. which is in turn used for other industries.
Medium More than ` 5 More than Cycle, The iron and steel industry, for example,
crores but does ` 2 crores T.V., makes steel for further use in the automobile,
not exceed but ` 5 Radio,
`10 crore crores etc. heavy machinery and other industries.
• Consumer goods or Light industries :
These industries manufacture goods that
are ready for direct consumption. Watch-
making, electronic goods, textile mills and
pharmaceutical plants are examples.
• Ancillary industries : The industries which
manufacture parts and components to be
used by other industries for manufacturing
Fig. 5.5 : Small scale industry heavy articles like trucks, buses, railway
• Cottage or Household industry : It is engines, tractors, etc. The final product of
the most basic type of manufacturing these industries is the raw material for other
characterised by manual production, using industries. For example, nails, tyres, iron
locally available raw materials at a very sills, iron sheets, etc.
small scale or at home. The goods are
generally produced for consumption and for Classification based on ownership :
sale in the local markets. Little capital and This classification is based on who owns
transport cost is involved. Potters, weavers, the means of production.

52
• Public sector : Public sector industries are headquarters in the main country where
owned by the State. The government makes they are registered. For example, Hindustan
all investments and the marketing of the Lever in private-sector has it's headquarters
goods produced is through government in London. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
agencies. Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited (ONGC) in public-sector has headquarters
(BHEL) is an example. in Dehradun. Factors like cheap labour,
• Private sector : Private sector enterprise is technical skills, lower cost of production,
owned by a private individual or a partnership availability of market in other countries
of private individuals. Profits derived from lead to establishment of such industries.
the sale of output belong to the individual,
who owns the manufacturing unit and who Give it a try.
makes all the capital investments in it. The
Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) is the
example of private sector.
• Joint sector : This involves an industry
owned and managed jointly by the
government and an individual or individuals
or between two and more governments. • Look at the given logo. Find out more
The amount of investment and share of the information about it and write a short note
profits depends on the level of involvement on it.
of both sides example. For example, MNGL • Find at least 2 examples of each of the
(Maharashtra Natural Gas Limited). types of industries from India and write in
• Cooperative sector : A group of individuals your notebook.
pool resources to set up and manage an
industrial venture on a cooperative basis.
Try this.
All profits and losses are shared among
the members of the cooperative unit. Many   Now you know the factors affecting
textile, sugar and milk units function as location of industries. You also know the
cooperatives. Example, AMUL. classification of industries. Assume you
• MNCs : When operations of a privately want to set up an industry in future. Think
owned industry or public-owned industry about what will be the product produced in
extend to more than one country, such your industry? Which geographical region
industries are called multi-national will you choose to set up your industry?
corporation (MNCs). They have Why? Discuss in class and share your ideas.

TYPES OF INDUSTRIES

Capital Investment Ownership Source of Raw Material Nature of Output

Cottage Medium and Agro-based Pastoral-based Marine-based

Small Scale
Large Scale Micro Scale Mineral-based Forest-based Consumer/ Basic/
Light Heavy
Private Sector Public Sector Joint Sector Co-operative Sector Multi- National Ancillary
Fig. 5.7

53
 Exercise

Q. 1) Complete the chain : Q. 3) Give geographical reasons :

A B C 1) Distribution of industries is uneven.
1) Small- 1) Manual 1) Ceramics 2) Iron and steel industries are found in mineral
scale manufacturing rich area of Dhanbad.
industries
3) Fruit-processing industries are found in
2) Cottage 2) Skilled crafts 2) Tata Iron and
industries person Steel company Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts of Konkan
3) Consumer 3) Individual 3) Potters region.
goods ownership 4) Industrial growth in southern America is
4) Private 4)Ready for 4) Pharmaceutical limited.
sector direct
consumption Q. 4) Short notes :
1) Footloose industries.
Q. 2) Identify the correct correlation :
2) Public sector industries.
A : Assertion; R : Reasoning
3) Economies of scale.
1) A : The humid climate of Mumbai offered great
4) Role of transportation in industries.
scope for the development of cotton textile
industries. Q. 5) Differentiate between :
1) Weight-losing and Weight-gaining industries.
R : Industries require ample amount of water.
2) Primary and Secondary activities.
1) Only A is correct
3) Basic industries and Consumer industries.
2) Only R is correct
Q. 6) Answer the following :
3) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct
1) Explain the physical factors affecting location
explanation of A
of industries.
4) Both A and R are correct but R is not the
2) Explain the factors affecting location of sugar
correct explanation of A
industries.
2) A : In India, industries are found concentrated
3) Describe the factors that are responsible for
in few areas are available.
less developement of industries in central
R : India is predominantly agrarian country. Australia.
1) Only A is correct
Q. 7) Show the following on a map of the world
2) Only R is correct with suitable index :
3) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct 1) Ruhr industrial region
explanation of A 2) An industrial region in Japan
4) Both A and R are correct but R is not the 3) An industrial region in South Africa
correct explanation of A 4) An industrial region in Australia
5) Industrial region near Great Lakes



54