INTRODUCTION CHАPТER 1

Forest area is the second biggest land use framework after agriculture. Local rural people rely
upon the timberland/forest resources for their sustenance and occupation. The rural populace
depends exclusively on fuel wood to satisfy their day to day residential domestic energy vitality
needs (Kanagawa and Nakata, 2008). Extraction and sustainable utilization of Non-Timber
Forest Products (NTFPS) augment the country earnings, and energizes the cooperation of the
nearby networks for e.g. self-help groups in the preservation of the biodiversity. India is rich in
biodiversity and is among one of the 12 mega-diversity nations in the world. India is a
developing country and most of its people live in the rural zones thus the forest resources assume
a significant role in the rural economy.

In India around 27% of the entire populations depend generally on extraction of NTFPS for cash
asset and their sustenance (Pandey et al. 2016). As per ISFR 2017 the entire timberland and tree
spread is around 24.39% of total geological locale of the nation. In forested areas, trees and
woodland resources are the major source of livelihood out there for the inhabitants. They offer
various resources like feed, food, medicines, bamboos & canes, orchids, flowers, nuts, and
timbers and valuable source of ecological services. NTFPS satisfy different numerous capacities
in supporting the livelihoods of rural individuals and society over the globe. In India NTFPS are
major source of income and key drivers in socio-cultural development for rural people especially
peoples living in and around forests (Rasul et al. 2008).

The geographical area of the North-East India is 2, 62, 191 sq. km, which is just 7.98 % of the
total geographical area of the country. The present financial situation of the North-eastern region
is generally poor when compared with different states in India. It is essentially an immature and
lopsided agrarian economy with feeble mechanical part. There are wide contrasts among the
conditions of this area regarding assets -and the industrialization. The North-East Indian
economy is fundamentally an agrarian and majority of farming communities still follows shifting
cultivation locally known Jhum cultivation in which the production of crop declines with year as
their no provision for soil fertility management and overall yield rate is low. Because of absence
of the required infrastructures and marketing avenues, other financial exercises couldn't occur,
especially in the rural zones where individuals still live and stay underneath the poverty line.
The total geographical area of Nagaland is 16,579 sq.km which is 0.50% of the total
geographical region of the country and it represents 6.32% of the North-Eastern India. The
forested area of Nagaland is 12,489 sq.km which is 75.33% of the state's complete geographical
zone. Nagaland is honoured with a rich biodiversity with bounteous flora and fauna. Agriculture
and agribusiness is one of the significant part of economy and forest based items are the
fundamental wellspring of their vocation for their survival. Different, particular clans manage the
forest assets as indicated by their own particular regulatory and institutional structures.
Nonetheless, as of late with the acknowledgment of the significance of woods assets there has
been a progressive move in the job of community participation in forest management.

George and Yhome, (2008) Nagaland, an ancestral state situated in the North-Eastern piece of
the nation India which is made out of 18 ethnic clans and numerous other minor clans where
practically 80% of the normal assets are under their very own control. It has a rich biodiversity
with copious woodland assets. Agribusiness has been the foundation of economy and woodland
the essential wellspring of business. The distinctive Naga people group as per their own
particular managerial and institutional structures deal with these assets. Not at all like different
districts of the nation the regulatory control of the timberland in North-Eastern India is
dominatingly by the neighbourhood networks with a great part of the woods recorded as
“unclassified". 66% of the forest and forest resources are overseen and constrained by the rural
Individuals. There are in excess of 32 tribes in Nagaland with their particular customary
traditions and land residencies. The centrality of NTFPS is by and large colossally and
progressively acknowledged with time with the better comprehension of its incentive in the
economy, social and to nature. The expanding request and pattern of market inclination for
woods based regular assets and the consistently expanding accentuation on the manageable and
proficient utilization of minor forest produce based common assets have additionally helped the
rustic populace to understand the potential utilization of woodland assets.

The studied villages lie a long way from the standard existence of all the improvement exercises
however in spite of living in detachment, the general population lives in concordance and in a
nearby connection with the timberland for their sustenance since days of yore. Practically every
family depends on the backwoods items as a noteworthy wellspring of their occupations.
Anyway, the absence of handling aptitudes and absence of market openness and channels are the
major constraint for potential utilization of woodland. Non-Timber Woodland Items can be
gathered into various classes dependent on its uses, for example, nourishment, fuel wood,
medicines, cultivating executes and family unit utensils and the pieces of reaped plant materials,
for example, leaf, root, stem and leafy foods dimensions of its uses, for example, self-supporting
or potentially for commercial purposes at local level by rural people. The rustic innate
individuals of the locale vigorously rely upon woods for moving development, nourishment
gathering, building material and work. Other than the ecological viewpoint they are fundamental
in gathering the human necessity for sustenance, grain, fuel, timber, cover and other financial
and socio social qualities. It is no big surprise that regardless of such an immediate association
with human life, the woods of the world keep on being portrayed both quantitatively and
subjectively, at consistently expanding rates

1.1. Objectives-
 To know the Socio economic status of two villages of Tuensang District in
Nagaland, 1.e. Tuensang village and Yali village.-
 To study the level of dependence of the people on forest resources-
 To find out the consumption pattern of important fuelwood species and their
preference of different species.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE CHAPTER 2

This chapter is intended to report the findings and understandings of past research studies
conducted by various research specialists as well as their views and opinions about different
aspects study in the light of the objectives set forth. This would facilitate the present research of
study to use meaningful information and subject them to sound reasoning and strong
interpretation.

Scherr et al., (2003) concluded that about 1 billion of the world's poor legitimately rely upon the
forest resources for their sustenance and livelihoods. As livelihood security is subject to two
related elements- one, the entrance to assets to meet the most fundamental needs of the
community and, second the state approaches in such manner that height of the common society
are reflected in the state strategies. There is a many-sided connection between business quest for
innate networks and encompassing regular assets like woodland, land, water-bodies and other
flora and fauna. The basic harmony between the two is exceptionally basic for feasible
occupations of forest fringe inhabitants on the planet.

A great many country and urban individuals around the globe rely upon the items from the
timberland for their day to day subsistence (Vedeld et al. 2007). Some researchers contended that
the woods notwithstanding giving a methods for money to the rural family units, they
additionally provide a security nets for the general population in the season of shortage or crisis
(Neumann and Hirsch, 2000). It is been regularly reported that the rustic family units rely upon
the wild common assets to meet the present utilization needs and to give a security net in the
season of scarcity. Woods related incomes was of essential significance to the family units at all.
An income generated from the woodland is the primary wellspring of pay when the agriculture
fails.

Timko et al., (2010) NTFP variety Either for the subsistence or as a partner pay. Regularity
creating action - it is a crucial method by which ruined conditions for the farming family units
might be increasingly improved. Be that as it may, the financial commitments of the NTFPS to
the farming occupations are covered with an extravagant methods and approaches to the
interfacing factors together with access to the woodland and in this way the market, riches status,
sexual orientation, training likewise the regularity.
Huber et al, (2010) concluded that in Shaxi valley in china, while agriculture is the imperative
establishment for the business, NTFP gathering and the compensation work represent the greater
part of the money pay in. Subsistence cultivating meets the most fundamental needs of the
everyday diet and furthermore give extra money earnings, where the accumulation of NTFPS,
particularly the wild mushrooms assumes a significant job in verifying the jobs. The occupants
of the Shaxi valley keep on having a wide scope of money pay sources.

NTFPS has a significant impact in family unit wages, the potential commitment of the NTFPS in
neediness easing procedures and recognize the preservation needs of the nearby networks require
strategies and the administration frameworks concentrated on the economical frameworks of
work benefits instead of protectionist ways to deal with zones generally. Livelihood expansion
far from characteristic asset-based exercises introduced a way to expand employment security by
diminishing affectability to change, with a dependence on homestead-based pay giving a level of
occupation strength Ambrose (2003).

Farmers with an increasingly specific business methodology in regard to NTFP generation are
overwhelmingly occupied with timberland espresso or nectar creation, potentially joined with
cultivating; they procure a medium salary. The information demonstrates that in mountain
backwoods territories the NTFP-based salaries might be as significant as livelihoods gotten from
yield and creature generation Chilalo and Wiersum, (2011). The woods in the Congo Basin are
misused by country networks and the backwoods contributes in a few different ways to rustic
vocations. These woodlands are critical to neighbourhood economies, giving occupations, pay,
wellbeing and natural administrations. In this manner, the prosperity of the rustic individuals is
straightforwardly connected to all types of the improvement that affect the timberland Ndoye and
Tieguhong, (2004).

The woodland periphery networks don't simply gather the timberland items for their own
utilization yet additionally for the business deal which get the general population some salary.
The income from the closeout of the items got from the woodland for the family units living in
and around the backwoods comprises 40-60% of their all-out pay. NTFPS are viewed as vital for
continuing provincial employments, lessening the country destitution, biodiversity protection and
encouraging the rustic financial development (Belcher et al. 2005).
Ros-Tonen and Wiersum, (2003). NTFPS can assume a crucial job in the rustic work procedures
and give subsistence products like nourishment, meds and building materials and structure a
security pad in the seasons of financial hardship. The expanding consolidations of the provincial
regions into the outer business systems which imply that there is a degree for improving the jobs
based on NTFPS generation. Such alternatives appear to be a promising, specifically in regions
where timberland performs fundamental ecological capacities and the farmers create
multifunctional generation frameworks.

India has an extremely gigantic populaces living near the backwoods with their fundamental
work basically connected to the woods biological system. There are around 1.73 lakhs villages
situated in and around the woods as per the (MOEF, 2006) Though there is no official Census
information figures for the timberland ward individuals in the nation, various evaluations puts
the figures from 275 million (World Bank, 2006) to 350-400 million (MOEF, 2009).

Hegde et al., (1996) continued extraction and handling of the NTFPS by the provincial
individuals can upgrade their money earnings and give an option in contrast to the tropical
deforestation. Extraction of NTFPS gives around the greater part of the yearly income showing
that the gathering of NTFPS comprises the most dependable wellspring of salary. Non-timber
woods items give significant and basic commitments. Conventional people group living at
timberland edges utilize woods assets in different ways. As far as timberland-based job
techniques of the neighbourhood networks, domesticated animals rearing and accumulation of
NTFPs have all the earmarks of being increasingly significant.

The occupations among the ancestral networks in India is exceptionally perplexing, dynamic and
multi-dimensional wonder, the impression of which changes with the geographic area, kind of
network, age, sexual orientation, instruction, vacillations in assets, administrations and the
framework and social, monetary, social, natural and the political determinants (Kumar et
al.2009). Innate poor is in constant decrease in view of the present by and large blessings of the
creation, circulation of profitable resources and beneficial capacities are out of the arrangement
with what is required. (Maske et al. 2011).

A portion of the significant trees of the examination territories incorporate Alnus nepalensis,
Bahunia variegata, Betula alnoides, Castanopsis indica, Juglans regia, Michelia champaca,
Phoebe goalpareagesis and Schima wallichii, Chase and Singh, (2012).
Barik and Mishra, (2008) the natural and the financial advantages of the enormous biodiversity
rich territories of timberland of the North-Eastern India are tremendous and are depended by the
general population for their livelihood. The unwavering quality of the general population on the
woods for their subsistence like the remainder of the nation and furthermore for the business
purposes as there are enormous pieces of the populace that promptly possesses a timberland and
assets. In this manner the whole 32 million populace of the North eastern district are
straightforwardly or by implication subject to the woodland for their jobs, the societal, monetary
and the ecological advantages of the backwoods in these locale that have been acknowledged are
maybe the most elevated in the nation in view of the area's high reliance on the timberland assets
for the employment, a reliance that occasionally achieve 100%.

Mishra, (2007) Agriculture keeps on being the real wellspring of job for most of the general
population in the North Eastern area producing at about half of their annual income. Woodland
has dependably been a noteworthy wellspring of sustenance in this locale.

Chawii, (2007). North-eastern India in spite of its different possibilities is the most
underestimated and the least investigated locales of the nation. As far as the normal assets, it is
recognized as one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, with the species rich tropical rainforest
supporting different greenery and is the focal point of the beginning of different species
including the citrus, grains, and orchids. Farming is the pillar of the economy of this district in
India where over 80% of the all-out populace is in rustic territories. Jhum development is the
most prominent land use framework in the upland zones of Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
Nagaland where 19 -45% of the timberland territory is under it.

An examination given by Saha and Sundriyal (2012) on the stretch out of the NTFPS use in
the10 North-eastern India recommends that the rural networks utilize 343 NTFPS for a different
purpose like therapeutic (163 species), palatable natural products (75 species) and vegetables (65
species). The reliance for fuelwood and family unit development materials is 100 % and NTFPs
contributed 19 - 32% of the complete family unit incomes for the networks. NTFPS play
significant subsistence and security net jobs in the country economy, yet just a little subset of
woodland items has potential for huge money income and employment avenue. In spite of the
globalization of the economy and the ensuing ascent of the businesses, NTFPs remains a
significant wellspring of some country jobs. NTFPS would seem to can possibly broaden the
provincial economy as the rustic economy is intensely dependent on arable yield harvests. The
vulnerability of a fruitful reap implies that there is dependably a component of steadiness in the
poor rustic economy. Hence broadening would thusly prompt expanded solidness. For some,
provincial poor this is their sole methods for money Poffenberger (2006).

From the above studies it is clear that NTFPS significantly contribute to the sustenance of
livelihood, income generation, poverty alleviation, and employment generation to the forest
fringes communities across the world. Forests are not the only source of subsistence incomes for
the millions of poor households but they also provide employment to the poor. This makes the
forest an important contributor to the rural economy in the forested landscapes of the country.
The lack of the sources of income and the widespread poverty often make these people resort to
the overexploitation of the forest resources. However, numerous other products have been
sustainably harvested by the local communities for many years and they remain a constant source
of income. Agriculture and livestock are the two main sources that contribute livelihoods in the
forest fringe villages which in turn depend extensively on the forest for several decades.
MATERIALS AND METHOD CHAPTER 3

3.1. Study area

Nagaland is a mountainous state located in the extreme North Eastern side of India with a
geographical area of 16,579 sq.km and shares the borders with Assam to the west, Arunachal
Pradesh and parts of Assam to the North, Myanmar to the East and Manipur to the South.
Nagaland has a largely monsoon climate with a very high humidity level. The climate of
Nagaland is a warm, subtropical in the foothills, moderate and sub-montane type in the mid-
slopes and lower ranges of the western side and a cool and temperate in the high hills. Annual
rainfall is 1800 - 2500 mm concentrated in the months of May to September. The temperature in
the hills varies from 5-25°C and in the foothills from 12-32°C.

The study was conducted in two villages namely, Tuensang village, and Yali village of Tuensang
District in Nagaland.

Study sites GPS Coordinates Short description

Yali village. 94°76 97.3 E It is located in Yali village of Tuensang
district in Nagaland, India. It is situated
26°35 09.0 N
42 km away From district headquarter
1410.0 masl Tuensang. The major occupation of the
population is Agricuture and NTFP
based

Tuensang village 94°53 29.5 E It is situated 4.5 km away from

Tuensang Town district headquarter
26°23 57.5 N
Tuensang and 227 km away from state
1466.0 masl capital Kohima. The main occupation of
the population is jhum cultivation and
rearing livestock.

Table 1: Description of the study sites Short description

Map of Nagaland showing Kiphire district and study area.MON26
3.2. METHODOLOGY

3.2.1. Research approach

The survey was carried out in two selected villages in Tuensang district in Nagaland. These
villages were selected because of the rapid changes that occurred in the past few decades and
also simply because of the convenience of easy communication and access to these villages. For
the data collection these villages were visited from the month of December February. One third
of the household population in the villages was canvassed on a stratified random sampling
technique. All these studies were conducted by visiting the area and interaction with the
associated village communities.

The first step of the survey was to meet the head of the village council in all the villages for their
permission to pursue further. The local language of the specified area i.e., Chang naga was used
to conduct interviews with the head of the families and villagers for gathering the required
information. The data was collected from each household and also from the village council and
the student unions of the respective villages for the overall population of the village, area of the
village, literacy rate, and the facilities available in the village.

The data was collected through a prepared questionnaire. The questionnaire has open-ended
questions and was so designed to meet the objectives of the survey. The questionnaire includes
questions on household characteristics such as age, educational level, members of household,
land holding, occupation, monthly income, method of cultivation, housing pattern and materials
used in housing, number of livestock owned, materials (food, non-food, housing and marketable
items) collected from the neighbouring forests. Direct observations were made to assess the
current status of the forest and forest resource base in each study site.

Methods of Data collection-

 Primary data collection-questionnaire: House hold members and their occupation,

incomes, livestock or domestic animals in possession, types of agricultural practices, the
crops grown in their agricultural fields, the area of their cultivation, NTFP collection, use
of fuelwood and timber and their requirements, were collected from the respondents.
 Secondary data collection: Information regarding the area of the village, area of the
forest, Literacy rate, availability and source of drinking water, population of the villages,
 views regarding people's participation in forest extension activities were collected from
the Councils chairman and Village Development Board secretary.
 Structure of questionnaire: The questionnaire sought brief general information about
every household member in terms of their education and occupation. Detailed questions
of fuelwoods, their preference regarding the choice of timber species were included.

Socio-economic survey CHAPTER 5

The findings from the study related to socio-economic survey in the villages are as follows

Sex-ratio

Sales

Female Male

51.80% 48.20%

Fig 2. The overall sex-ratio of two villages

From one-third of the households surveyed in two villages, there were 190 males and 177
females. From the 32 households surveyed in Yali village, there were 81 males and 79 female
members. From the 30 households surveyed in Tuensang village there were 64 male and 67
female.
Occupational status

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%
Fig 3. Occupational status of the populations
10%

0%
govt.svt business Farmer student other

Majority of the population were unemployed mostly consisting of students and the rest were
farmers solely depending on Jhum cultivation as their main source of income and their daily
livelihood. The more educated section of the population were employed as Govt. servants in
Mid-low- and low-ranking post while the remaining population were either under-aged or
engaged in business sectors. Employment in private sector is rather less or merely non-existent in
these villages because of the lack of opportunities and proper infrastructure. From the data
obtained from the households, it was found that the students accounted for 45.8% followed by
the Govt. Servants and Farmers with 22.13% each. Members engaged in the business and other
activities were the least that accounted for 6.10% and 3.84%.

Sources of income

40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
ceral livestock business service in service in other
product govt. pvt.

Fig 3: Sources of incomes

The people are very well versed with the income generated from the livestock and therefore all
the unemployed see this as their only source of income and for the farmers as an additional
source of income apart from their agricultural products. Incomes from the govt. sector accounts
for 34.21% and from livestock 27.20% followed by the incomes generated from the cereal
grains, service in private sectors and others.

Livestock possession and Fuelwood Consumption

40%
35%
70% 30%
60% 25%
20%
50% 15%
40% 10%
5%
30% 0%
se k g on ge
20%
ou oc tin
m
h e st a roo rati rria
10% fo
r liv he of pa a
g f or ter n g pre a lm
i n g a i r v
0% ok in w ar
m ea sti
pig local pig chicken Mithun co ok w lb fe
improv co ca
lo

Fig 4: Livestock in possession Fig 5: Fuelwood Consumption

Adaptation to the altitudes and associated changes in major climatic elements in the region
greatly determine the type and breed of livestock, and various factors such as large diurnal
variations, higher rainfall etc. affect the livestock productivity. The people of this area depend
mostly on crop residue and forest to collect feed and fodder for the livestock. Chicken accounted
the maximum of all the domestic livestock reared followed by Pigs and Mithuns.

The people in these regions rely solely on firewood as it is their only source of domestic energy.
The firewood is collected from the nearby forest areas which leads to the deforestation of the
surrounding forest or from the Jhum sites where the brunt branches or boles are collected. The
livestock reared at any given household require more fuelwood consumption than any other as
they had to be fed daily by a cooked feed. The people also depend on fuelwoods to cook for
households. Any activities relating to the use of domestic energy are solely dependent on
fuelwood. Local beer preparation had been drastically reduced in these villages in the past few
years and also for the fuelwood consumption for this purpose.22Pig (Local)Chicken cooking for.

Timber and Non-Timber Forest Products

Table 2: The most prominent fuelwood species

Botanical name Local name

Lithocarpus pachphylla Mutong
Quercus lamellose Thulam sang
Almus nepalensis Ningsa
Bahunia variegate Thuvapin sang
Quercus griffithi Yulam
Rhus semialata Thumuh sang
Embilica officinalis Ngola sang
Oroxylum indicum molikim sang
Quercus griffithi Yulam sang
Ficus elastic rakrak sang
Ficus semicordata Khokeat sang
Spondais axillaris Nanok sang
Spondais mangifera Susang
Quercusr obur Yulam sang
Pinus spp. Tuka sangIn

In the surveyed villages almost, all of the plant species that have woody stems and branches are
used as fuelwood for domestic purposes. However, from all the fuelwood species or trees that are
available, the most desired fuelwood species are Lithocarpus spp, Bauhinia spp and Quercus spp.
The preference of these species over other species is because of the availability and its calorific
value. Rhus semialata and Spondias axillaris are preferred because of its brittle that can be split
and dried easily due to the presence of resin in the wood. The stem of Pinus spp are also chipped
into small pieces and used to light up kitchens in the absence of electricity.
2. Timber yielding species
Timber Species

Botanical name Local name

Terminalia myriocarpa Lakee
Duabanga grandiflora Waii
Pinus spp Tuka sang
Azadirachta indica Susang
Spondias axillaris Ala laken
Toona ciliate Saiyung
Albizia Procera Turusang
Schima wallichi hokbu

The villager's dependency on forest for timbers is as crucial as that of food and fodder for their
sustenance. They derive timbers from the natural forest or in a plantation in agricultural fallow
lands. Schima wallichi is most preferred for beams due to its high compression strength across
the grain. Terminalia myriocarpa and Dubanga grandiflora are preferred for its durability while
Spondias axillaris is preferred because of its straight bole and the easiness to convert into any
desirable sizes of timbers.

Crop calendar

Table 4: Crop calendar

Crop Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rice Sowing Weeding Harvesting
Maize Sowing Weeding Harvesting

Since the main stable food is rice and more than 60% of the total surveyed villages depend on
their agricultural cultivation to meet their household Rice and Maize demand for their
consumption and for livestock feed, the cultivation is done annually. Apart from rice and maize
they also cultivate Pearl millet in a smaller scale compared to rice and maize to substitute in
times of rice shortages for the families.

Useful NTFP species.

Table 5: NTFP species used for various traditional household equipment

Botanical name Habit Parts used Purpose

Curculigo capitulate Perennial Herb Leaf Locally called as kukhok”, he
leaves are used for wrappingfoods
Hodgsonia macrocarpa Creeping Herb Exocarp The seed and the inner layer of the
fruit is removed and is used for
storing household things
Pandanus fascicularis Gregarious Leaves and The local used the branched lon
steams leaves to make traditional umbrella
Caryota urens shrub Wood The wood is used to make weaving
Tree tools
Zanthoxylum oxyphylum Shrub Leaves and seed The leaves are edible and fruit it is
used as a spice
Zanthoxylumrihetza Tree Seed The fruit is used as spice and called
as Mongmong in local dialect
Schizophyllum maxima Mushroom The whole It is a mushroom species and is take
outgrowth as food
Thysolaena Maxima Grass Panicles It is used for making booms
Rhus japonica & Tree Wood The wood is used to make small
\Rhus semialata decorative tools due to its softness
and light texture.

Lantana camera Shrub Whole plant It is planted along the fencing to

prevent the animals from
encroaching

Euphorbia Royleana Shrub Whole plant It is planted along the fencing to

 prevent the animals from
encroaching
Hibiscus rosa senisis Shrub The whole plant It is planted along the fencing
Gererdinaparviflora Shrub Bark The bark of this plant is use for
making cross bow ropes

Erythrina stricta Tree Whole plant It is planted along the fencing

Berberis asiatiaca Shrub Whole plant It is planted along the farm to
prevent animals
Squash (sechium edule) Climber Leaves and fruit Both the leaves and fruit are used as
food and fodder
Orchids Herb Whole plant Orchids are used to grow as
ornamental plants

Availability of NTFPS across seasons

Table 6: NTFP availability with seasons

Product Time of availability and

Mushroom July-August
Bamboo September
Rattan Oct- January
Fruits Different season
Vegetables Different season
Honey September – October
Bees September -October
Larva July -August
Bamboo shoot July -August
Broom grass February- March

6. Timber and NTFPS choice of the villagers

Table 7: Timber and NTFPS Choice of the villagers

Species local preference Reasons

Pinus sppo Quality timber for building construction

Duabanga grandifloraoona Quality timber for building and related condtrucction

Terminalia myriocaarpa Quality timber for heavy construction

Toona cilata For poles for the construction of livestock shelter

Spondias axilaris Quality timber for livestock shelter construction

Luceanea leucocephala Quality timber

Albiza procera Quality timber

Bauhina spp Fodder and fuel wood

Alnus nepalensis For fuelwood and poles

Ficus spp Fruits and fuelwood

Quercus spp Best quality fuelwood

Lthocarpus pachphylla Bes quality fuelwood

Psidum guajava Fruits and fuelwood

Citrus spp Fruits and fuelwood

Thysanolena maximus For broom

Rhus semialata For fruit and fuelwood

Schima wallichina To obtained poles for beams for construction

Conclusion
The household survey result provides an overview of the current socio-economic status and
development. The data analysis shows that the current focus is on raising livestock and forest-
based activities like slash and burn/shifting/jhum and can be mismanaged that can lead to severe
environmental degradation. However, if there is properly designed and well-managed slash and
burn jhum, it can serve as a sustainable food production system and provide and additional in the
form of fuel, building materials like timer, poles and many great income sources. The low
profitability of agriculture presents an extraordinary test and open door for considerable upgrades
through improved water management and fundamental agriculture extension. Regarding forest-
based occupation systems of the villagers, domesticated animals raising and gathering of NWFP
give off an impression of being more important. The study uncovers that the rural villagers
utilize the forest-based assets in a much-fluctuated design, with NWFP contributing diversely to
different income groups. The people living in the surveyed villages utilize a wide variety of plant
species by inclination as firewood, fodder and Timber. The present study underpins the view that
individual knowledge in regards to fuelwood selection and determination depend more around
high combustion with high energy discharge and low fiery remains content, as uncovered.

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