2021-2022

namma kalvi

SALIENT FEATURES
MAIN BOOK FREE EXERCISE BOOK
1. Based on the New syllabus 1. Book Back Questions
2. Answers based on 2. Additional GMQ, PTA & Govt.
Govt. Key Questions
3. Included Additional Questions, 3. Unit Tests
GMQ, PTA & Govt.
4. Included practicals 4. One Mark Questions
5. Model Question Paper
(1-2-3)
6. Parents Teachers Association
(Model Question Paper 1-6)
7. Govt. Model Question
8. Label the parts in the diagram
9. Practical Exercises

290/-
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola Govt Exam - September 2020 EC – 10th Science

10th - Science
[Time Allowed : 3.00 Hours ] [Maximum Marks : 75]

Instructions : 1) C heck the question paper for fairness of printing. If there is any lack of fairness, inform the Hall
Supervisor immediately.
2) U
 se Blue or Black ink to write and underline and pencil to draw diagrams.

PART - I 12×1=12
Note : (i) Answer all the questions.
(ii) Choose the most appropriate answer from the given four alternatives and write the option code and the
corresponding answer.

1. The eye defect ‘Presbyopia’ can be corrected by :

a) Convex lens b) Concave lens
c) Convex mirror d) Bifocal lenses
2. The value of Avogadro number is ______ / mol.
a) 6.023×10-23 b) 6.024×1024
c) 6.023×1023 d) 6.024×10-24
3. Identify the non-aqueous solution.
a) Sodium chloride in water b) Glucose in water
c) Copper sulphate in water d) Sulphur in carbon disulphide
4. An electric heater of resistance 5 Ω is connected to an electric source. If a current of 6 A flows
through the heater, find the amount of heat produced in 5 minutes.
a) 48000 J b) 54000 J
c) 45000 J d) 84000 J
5. C2H5OH +3O2 2CO2+3H2O is :
a) Reduction of ethanol b) Combustion of ethanol
c) Oxidation of ethanoic acid d) Oxidation of ethanal
6. Which is formed during anaerobic respiration ?
a) Carbohydrate b) Ethyl Alcohol
c) Acetyl CoA d) Pyruvate
7. Who is regarded as the “Father of Modem Physiology” ?
a) His-Atrio b) William Harvey
c) Karl Landsteiner d) Edward C. Kendal
8. Node of Ranvier is found in__________.
a) muscles b) axons
c) dendrites d) cyton
9. ___is found abundantly in liquid endosperm of coconut.
a) Auxin b) Cytokinin
c) Gibberellins d) Ethylene

1
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

10. We can cut the DNA with the help of :

a) Scissors b) Restriction enzymes
c) Knife d) DNA ligases
11. Match the following :
1) Polyvinyl chloride (i) Affects brain development in children
2) Cadmium ii) Affects the growth of reproductive system
3) Lead iii) Asthmatic bronchitis
4) Chromium iv) Neural damage
a) (l)-(i), (2)-(iii), (3)-(iv), (4)-(ii)
b) (l)-(ii), (2)-(i), (3)-(iii), (4)-(iv)
c) (l)-(iii), (2)-(ii), (3)-(iv), (4)-(i)
d) (l)-(ii), (2)-(iv), (3)-(i), (4)-(iii)
12. Find the correct pair.
a) Acrocentric - The centromere is found near the centre of the chromosome with two unequal arms.

b) Submetacentric - The centromere is found on the proximal end.

c) Metacentric - The centromere occurs in the centre of the chromosome and forms two equal arms.

d) Telocentric - The centromere is found at one end with a short arm and a long arm.

PART - II 7×2=14

Note : A
 nswer any seven questions. Question No. 22 is compulsory P.No L.No Q.No

13. Write short notes on gears. 13 1 3

14. Mention two cases in which there is no Doppler effect in sound. 63 5 5

15. Define co-efficient of real expansion and mention its unit. 35 3 7

16. Write a reaction which is used for the identification of alcohol. 148 11 4

17. Name the three types of neurons and find its location. 200 15 2

18. Identify the parts A, B, C and D in the given figure. 212 16 4

A

B
D

19. How can you determine the age of fossils ? 246 19 4

2
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

20. State the applications of DNA fingerprinting technique. 258 20 5

21. What is “Stage” in Scratch editor ? 292 23 3

22.  beam of light passing through a diverging lens of focal length 0.3 m appears to
A 27 2 2
be focused at a distance 0.2 m behind the lens. Find the position of the object.

PART - III 7×4=28

Note : Answer any seven questions. Question No. 32 is compulsory. P.No. L.No Q.No

23. Describe rocket propulsion. 11 1 5

24. What are the uses of Simple microscope? 26 2 4

25. (a) W
 hat do you understand by the term ‘Ultrasonic waves’ ? 66 5 3

(b) W
 hat are the medical applications of echo ? 65 5 4.b

26. What are the methods of preventing Corrosion ? 110 8 2

27. Differentiate soaps and detergents. 145 11 5

28. Differentiate between Monocot root and Dicot root. 160 12 1.a

29. Draw the external structure of human heart and label the parts. 186 14 1

30. Define Ethnobotany and write its importance. 246 19 3

31. Explain about Gene Therapy. 261 20 1

32. a) A
 solution was prepared by dissolving 25 g of sugar in 100 g of water. 123 9 3
Calculate the mass percentage of solute.

b) T rue or false (If false give the correct statement). 122 9 II-
(i) 
In our daily life, solution of syrups, mouth wash, antiseptic solution, (i)
household disinfectants etc., the concentration of ingredients of solution is
expressed as w/w.

ii) I n Oinments, antacids, soaps etc., the concentration of solution is expressed 122 9 II-
as v/v. (ii)

PART - IV 3×7=21

Answer all the questions. Draw diagrams wherever necessary. L.No P.No Q.No

33. a) Explain about domestic electric circuits. 48 4 4

(OR)

b) C
 ompare the properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations. 80 6 2

3
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

34. a) i) G
 ive the salient features of “Modern atomic theory”. 95 7 4

ii) W
 rite any two applications of “Avogadro’s Law”. 97 7 1
(OR)

b) i) E
 xplain single displacement reaction with examples. 137 10 6

ii) E
 xplain the types of double displacement reactions with examples. 132 10 2

35. a) i) W
 hy are the rings of cartilage found in trachea of rabbit ? 171 13 1

ii) Write a note on UTI. 223 17 1

b) i) What is the biological significance of DNA ? 236 18 2

ii) W
 hat precautions can be taken for preventing heart diseases ? 271 21 5

iii) M
 ention any two approaches for protection of an Abused child. 274 21 1

☺☺☺☺☺

4
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

UNIT
LAWS OF MOTION
1
Important Formula Unit
mass x velocity
1 Momentum Kg ms-1
P=m v
Force x Perpendicular distance between
the fixed point and the line of action of the
2 Torque Nm
force
τ =F d
Force x Perpendicular distance between the
3 Moment of a couple line of action of forces. Nm
M=F S
Moment in clockwise Moment in anti-
direction = clockwise moments
4 Principle of moments
F1 d1 = F2 d2

Mass x acceleration N (or)

5 Force
F=m a Kg ms-2

Kg ms-1 (or)
6 Impulse J=F t
Ns
2
7 Mass of the earth M = gR -
G
Newton's Universal law of GMm
8 F= -
gravitation R2

9 Acceleration due to gravity g= GM -

R2
mass x acceleration due to gravity
10 Weight N
W=m g

11 Acceleration v-u ms-2

a= t
Resultant force, Fnet = F1 + F2
12 -
(Parallel forces acting in the same direction)
Resultant force, Fnet = F1 – F2 (If F1 > F2)
13 Fnet = F2 – F1 (If F2 > F1) -
(Parallel unequal forces acting in the opposite direction)

Law of conservation of
14 m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1u1 + m2 u2 -
linear momentum

5 Physics / Unit - 1
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

PART - I TEXTBOOK EVALUATION

I. Choose the correct answer.
1. Inertia of a body depends on
a) weight of the object b) acceleration due to gravity of the planet
c) mass of the object d) Both a & b Ans: c) mass of the object
2. Impulse is equals to PTA-1
a) rate of change of momentum b) rate of force and time
c) change of momentum d) rate of change of mass
Ans: c) change of momentum
3. Newton’s III law is applicable
a) for a body is at rest b) for a body in motion
c) both a & b d) only for bodies with equal masses
Ans: c) both a & b
4. Plotting a graph for momentum on the Y-axis and time on X-axis. Slope of momentum- time
graph gives
a) Impulsive force b) Acceleration c) Force d) Rate of force
Ans: c) Force
5. In which of the following sport the turning of effect of force is used
a) swimming b) tennis c) cycling d) hockey Ans: c) cycling
6. The unit of ‘g’ is ms–2. It can be also expressed as
a) cms–1 b) Nkg–1 c) Nm2 kg–1 d) cm2 s–2 Ans: b) Nkg–1
7. One kilogram force equals to
a) 9.8 dyne b) 9.8 × 104 N c) 98 × 104 dyne d) 980 dyne
Ans: c) 98 × 104 dyne
8. The mass of a body is measured on planet Earth as M kg. When it is taken to a planet of radius
half that of the Earth then its value will be ______ kg
a) 4 M b) 2 M c) M/4 d) M Ans: d) M
9. If the Earth shrinks to 50% of its real radius its mass remaining the same, the weight of a body
on the Earth will
a) decrease by 50% b) increase by 50% c) decrease by 25% d) increase by 300%
Ans: d) increase by 300%
GM g' - g
Solution: Acceleration due to gravity= = x 100
R 2 g
if earth shrink to 50% of Real radius
R 4g - g
R' = = x 100
2 g
GM 4 GM 3g
g' = = = x 100
(R/2)2 R2 g
g' = 4g
% change of weight of the object % increase of weight = 300%
mg' - mg
= x 100
mg

Physics / Unit - 1 6
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

10. To project the rockets which of the following principle(s) is /(are) required? GMQ
a) Newton’s third law of motion b) Newton’s law of gravitation
c) law of conservation of linear momentum d) both a and c Ans: d) both a and c
II. Fill in the blanks. Answers
1. To produce a displacement _______ is required force
2. Passengers lean forward when sudden brake is applied in a moving vehicle. inertia of
This can be explained by _______ motion
3. By convention, the clockwise moments are taken as _______ and the anticlockwise negative,
moments are taken as _______. positive
4. ________ is used to change the speed of car. Gear
5. A man of mass 100 kg has a weight of_______ at the surface of the Earth. 980 N
Solution: Weight of the man of the surface W = mg ; W = 100 x 9.8 ; W = 980N
III. State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the statement if it is false
1. The linear momentum of a system of particles is always conserved.
Ans: False - In the absence of external force, the linear momentum of a system of particle is
always conserved
2. Apparent weight of a person is always equal to his actual weight.
Ans: False - Apparent weight of a person is not equal to his actual weight.
3. Weight of a body is greater at the equator and less at the polar region.
Ans: False - Weight of a body is less at the equator and greater at the polar region.
4. Turning a nut with a spanner having a short handle is so easy than one with a long handle.
Ans: False - T
 urning a nut with a spanner long handle is so easy than one with a short handle.
5. There is no gravity in the orbiting space station around the Earth. So the astronauts feel
weightlessness.
Ans: False - The space station and astronauts have equal acceleration, they are under free fall
condition, So the astronaut and space station are in the state of weightlessness.
IV. Match the Following PTA-1

Column - I Column - II Answers

a Newton’s I law Propulsion of a rocketStable equilibrium of a body
b Newton’s II law Stable equilibrium of a body Law of force
c Newton’s III law Law of force Flying nature of bird
d Law of conservation of Linear Flying nature of bird Propulsion of a rocket
momentum
V. Assertion & Reasoning
Mark the correct choice as
a) If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
b) If both the assertion and the reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation
of the assertion.
c) Assertion is true, but the reason is false.
d) Assertion is false, but the reason is true.
7 Physics / Unit - 1
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

1. Assertion : The sum of the clockwise moments is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments.
Reason :  The principle of conservation of momentum is valid if the external force on the
system is zero.
Ans : b) If both the assertion and the reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation
of the assertion.
2. Assertion : The value of ‘g’ decreases as height and depth increases from the surface of
the Earth.
Reason : ‘g’ depends on the mass of the object and the Earth.
Ans : c) Assertion is true, but the reason is false.
VI. Answer briefly
1. Define inertia. Give its classification.
The inherent property of a body to resist any change in its state of rest or the state of uniform
motion, unless it is influenced upon by an external unbalanced force is called inertia.
Types of inertia : a) Inertia of rest b) Inertia of motion c) Inertia of direction
2. Classify the types of force based on their application.
Based on the direction force can be classified into two types as :
a) Like parallel forces b) Unlike parallel forces.
3. If a 5 N and a 15 N forces are acting opposite to one another. Find the resultant force and the
direction of action of the resultant force
F1 = 5N, F2 = 15N
Resultant force F = F2 – F1 F 2 > F1
= 15 – 5
= 10 N
The direction of resultant force act along the direction of force 15N
4. Differentiate mass and weight.
S.No. Mass Weight
1 The quantity of matter contained in the The gravitational force exerted on it due to
body. earth’s gravity.
2 SI unit is kilogram (Kg) SI unit is newton (N)
5. Define moment of a couple.
1. The Rotating effect of a couple is known as moment of a couple.
2. Moment of a couple (M) = Force (F) × Perpendicular distance between the line of action of
forces (S). M = F × S Unit: Nm
6. State the principle of moments.
 When a number of like or unlike parallel forces act on a rigid body which is in equilibrium,
then the algebraic sum of the moments in the clockwise direction is equal to the algebraic
sum of the moments in the anticlockwise direction.
 Moment in clockwise direction = moment in anticlockwise direction . F1 × d1 = F2 × d2
7. State Newton’s second law. GMQ
 The force acting on a body is directly proportional to the rate of change of linear momentum
of the body.
 The change in momentum takes place in the direction of force. F = m × a
8. Why a spanner with a long handle is preferred to tighten screws in heavy vehicles?
 A spanner with a long handle give high torque with less force. =F×d
Physics / Unit - 1 8
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

 So tighten screws in heavy vehicles is easy with using long handle spanner.
9. While catching a cricket ball the fielder lowers his hands backwards. Why?
 L
onger interval of time to catch the ball.
 R
esulting is a lesser impulse on his hands.
10. How does an astronaut float in a space shuttle?
 An astronaut is falling freely around earth due to their huge orbital velocity.
 The space shuttle and the astronaut have equal acceleration.
 They are under free fall condition.
 So they are in the state of weightlessness.
VII. Solve the given problems
1. Two bodies have a mass ratio of 3:4 The Length of spanner one (l1) = 40 cm = 0.4m
force applied on the bigger mass produces Length of spanner two (l2) = ?
an acceleration of 12 ms–2.What could be When Equating the torque in both the cases,
the acceleration of the other body, if the the length of spanner two will be F1l1 = F2l2
same force acts on it. 140 × 0.4 = 40×l2
Sol : m1 : m2 = 3 : 4, Take m1 = 3 m , m2 = 4 m
l2 = 140×04
a2 = 12 ms–2, a1 = ? 40
Force F = ma 56
Here m1 a1 = m2a2 =
40
3ma1 = 4m × 12 l2 = 1.4m
4 × 12
a1 =
3 The length of the spanner two (l2) = 1.4m
a1 = 16 ms–2
4. The ratio of masses of two planets is 2:3
2.A ball of mass 1 kg moving with a speed and the ratio of their radii is 4:7 Find the
of 10 ms–1 rebounds after a perfect elastic ratio of their accelerations due to gravity.
collision with the floor. Calculate the Sol : Mass ratio M1 : M2 = 2 : 3,
change in linear momentum of the ball. radii ratio R1 : R2 = 4 : 7, ratio of g = ?
Sol : Mass = 1 kg, u = 10 ms–1 , v = –10 ms–1 GM1 GM2
Initial momentum = mu g1 = ; g =
R12 2 R22
= 1×10 = 10 kg ms–1
Final momentum = mv G M 1 GM 2
g1 : g 2 = ÷
= 1×(–10)= – 10kg ms–1 R 12 R22
Change in momentum = p = mv – mu M1 R 2
2

= –10 –10 g1 : g2 =
M2 R 1 2
p = – 20 kg ms–1 2 × (7 ) 2
=
3. A mechanic unscrew a nut by applying 3 × (4) 2
a force of 140 N with a spanner of length 2 × 49
40 cm. What should be the length of the =
3 × 16
spanner if a force of 40 N is applied to
98 49
unscrew the same nut? = =
Sol : Force to unscrew nut one (F1) = 140 N 48 24
Force to unscrew nut two (F2) = 40N The ratio of g1 : g2 = 49 : 24

9 Physics / Unit - 1
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

VIII. Answer in detail.

1. What are the types of inertia? Give an example for each type. PTA-3
1. Inertia of rest :
 T he resistance of a body to change its state of rest is called inertia of rest.
 ( Eg.) When you vigorously shake the branches of a tree some leaves and fruits are detached
and fall down.
2. Inertia of motion :
 T he resistance of a body to change its state of motion.
 ( Eg.) An athlete runs some distance before jumping. This will help him jump longer and
higher.
3. Inertia of direction :
 T he resistance of a body to change its direction of motion.
 ( Eg.) When you make sharp turn while driving a car you tend to lean side ways.
2. State Newton’s laws of motion?
1. First law : Every body continuous to be in its state of rest or state of uniform motion along a
straight line unless it is acted upon by some external force.
2. Second law :
 T he force acting on a body is directly proportional to the rate of change of linear momentum
of the body.
 C hange in momentum takes place in the direction of the force. F = ma
3. Third law : For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. They always act on two
different bodies. FA = -FB
3. Deduce the equation of a force using Newton’s second law of motion.
 The force is directly proportional to rate Change in momentum
of change of momentum. F
time
 It is also called law of force.
F mv − mu
Mass of moving body = m
Initial speed = u km(v − u) t
F =
Final speed = v t
Interval of time = t ( k – proportionality constant, k = 1 for all system)
 Initial momentum of the body Pi = mu m(v − u) (v − u)
F = =a
 Final momentum of the body Pf = mv t t
 Change in momentum p = Pf – Pi (v − u)
Since acceleration a =
p = mv – mu F = m × a t
 By Newton’s Second Law of motion. Force = mass × acceleration
4. State and prove the law of conservation of linear momentum. GMQ
Law : There is no change in the linear momentum of a system of bodies as long as no net external
force acts on them.
u1 u2 FA FB v1 v2

m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 m2
A B A B A B
Conservation of linear momentum

Proof :
 Let two bodies A and B have mass m1 and m2 with initial velocity u1 and u2 and u1 > u2
Physics / Unit - 1 10
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

  During interval of time t, they tend to have collision final velocity will be v1 and v2.
By Newton's Second Law :
(v 2 − u 2 )
Force on body B due to A FB = m 2

t
(v − u 1 )
Force on body B due to A FA = m 1 1
t
By Newton’s Third Law : FA = – FB
(v1 − u 1 ) (v 2 − u 2 )
m1 = – m2
t t
m1v1 – m1u1 = – m2v2 + m2u2
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1u1 + m2u2
In absence of an external force, the algebraic sum of the momentum after collision is
 
numerically equal to algebraic sum of the momentum before collision.
5. Describe rocket propulsion. PTA-4 Sep-2020
Rocket propulsion :

a) Propulsion of rockets is based on the Law of conservation of linear momentum and Newton's
III law of motion.
b) Rockets are filled with a fuel in the propellant tank.
c) When the rocket is fired, the fuel is burnt and a hot gas is ejected with a high speed from the
nozzle of the rocket.
d) An equal and opposite reaction force is produced in the combustion chamber, which makes
the rocket project forward.
e) In motion, the mass of the rocket slowly decreases, until the fuel is completely burnt out.
f) There is no net external force acting on it, so the linear momentum of the system is conserved.
g) The mass of the rocket decreases with altitude, It results in a slow increase in velocity of the
rocket.
h) It reaches a velocity, which is just enough to escape from the gravitational pull of the Earth.
This velocity is called escape velocity.
6. State the universal law of gravitation and derive its mathematical expression
Newton's universal law of gravitation states that,
 E very particle of matter in this universe attracts every other particle with a force.
 T his force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional
to the square of distance between the centers of these masses.
 T he direction of force acts along the line joining the masses.
1. Force between the masses is always attractive. It does not depend on the medium where they
are placed.
F1 F2
A m1 m2 B

r
Gravitational force between masses
2. Let m1 and m2 be the masses of A and B placed r at metre in space
 Force F m1 × m2

11 Physics / Unit - 1
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

F
1
r2
 On combining above two expression.
m1 × m2
F
r2
Gm 1 m 2
F=
r2
 G is the universal gravitational constant. It’s value in SI unit is 6.674 × 10–11Nm2kg–2

7. Give the applications of universal law gravitation.
Dimensions of heavenly bodies can be measured using gravitation law. i.e Mass of earth,
 
radius of earth, acceleration due to gravity etc. can be calculated accurately.
Helps in discovering new stars and planets.
 
Irregularity in the motion of star “wobble” leads disturbance in the motion of planet nearby.
 
In this condition mass of star can be calculated.
Helps to explain germination of roots due to the property of geotropism.
 
Helps to predict the path of the astronomical bodies.
 
IX. HOT Questions
1. Two blocks of masses 8 kg and 2 kg 1 1
respectively lie on a smooth horizontal mtvt2 = mbvb2
2 2
surface in contact with one other. They are
pushed by a horizontally applied force of vt2 mb
15 N. Calculate the force exerted on the 2 kg =
vb2 mt
mass.
m1 = 8kg; m2 = 2kg; total mass m = m1 + m2 [ mt = 4mb]
mb 1
m = 10kg = =
F1 = 15 N, F2 = ? 4mb 4
m2F1 2×15 vt 1 1
Sol: F2 = = = 30/10 = =
m1+ m2 8+2 vb 4 2
F2 = 3N Ratio of the momenta
Pt = mtvt
2. A heavy truck and bike are moving with
Pb = mbvb
the same kinetic energy. If the mass of the
truck is four times that of the bike, then Pt 4 m vt
= b
calculate the ratio of their momenta. m v
Pb b b
(Ratio of momenta = 2 : 1)
1
Sol: Kinetic energy of the heavy truck = 4×
2
1
K.Et = mtvt2 Pt 2
2 =
Kenetic energy of the bike Pb 1
1 Pt : Pb = 2 : 1
K.Eb = mbvb2
2

Physics / Unit - 1 12
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

3. “Wearing helmet and fastening the seat belt is highly recommended for safe journey” Justify
your answer using Newton’s laws of motion.
 Wearing helmet and fastening the seat belt is highly recommended for safe journey.
 When vehicle is moving we are in state of motion. If the vehicle stops suddenly we lean
forward. Here Newton’s Law of inertia takes place.
 The resistance of body to change its state of motion. This is inertia of motion.
 To avoid physical cause we wear helmet and fastening seat belt.

PART II - PTA, GMQ & GOVT. ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

I. One Mark Questions
1. F be the force between the two bodies placed at a certain distance. If the distance between
them is doubled then the gravitational force F will be ____ PTA-5
a) 2F b) F/2 c) F/4 d) 4F Ans: c) F/4
2. The force required to produce an acceleration of 1cms-2 on a body of mass 1g is PTA-6
a) 1N b) 10N c) 102 dyne d) 1 dyne Ans: d) 1 dyne
II. Assertion and Reason
a) Both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b) Both the assertion and the reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
c) Assertion is true but the reason is false. d) Both the assertion and the reason are false.
1. Assertion : When a person swims he pushes the water using the hands backwards and the
water pushes the person in the forward direction.
Reason : For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. PTA-3
Ans : a) B
 oth assertion and the reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
III. Short Answer questions (2 Marks)
1. Use the analogy to fill the blank. PTA-4
a) Opening a door : Moment of force, opening a water tap : Moment of a couple
b) Pushing a bus by a group of people : Like parallel forces, Tug of war : unlike parallel forces.
2. Why do the apples weigh more at poles than at equator? PTA-3
 Weight of a body varies from one place to another place on the earth.
 Since it depends on the acceleration due to gravity of the earth (g), weight of a body is more
at the poles than at the equatorial region.
 So the apples weigh more at poles than at equator.
3. Write short notes on gears. Sep-2020
 A gear is a circular wheel with teeth around its rim.
 It helps to change the speed of rotation of a wheel by changing the torque and helps to
transmit power
IV. Answer in detail (4 Marks)
1. i) Shock absorbers are used in luxury buses. i) For the comfort purpose, shock absorbers
Why? are used to absorb or damp the shocks or
ii) A weight of a man is 686N on the surface unwanted oscillations of the bus due to
of the earth. Calculate the weight of the damaged roads.
same person on moon ('g' value of a i) W = mg = 686 N
moon is 1.625 ms-2) m = w = 686
iii) Name the law of motion used in flying g 9.8
of birds. Give another example for the m = 70 kg
same law. PTA-2 W = mg
13 Physics / Unit - 1
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

= 70×1.625 The acceleration due to gravity at that height,

W = 113.75N g' = g/4
iii) Newtons III law of motion Formula : g = GM/R2, g' = GM/R'2
For every action, there is an equal and g R' 2 R+h 2 h 2
opposite reaction. Another example is = = = 1+
Rocket propulsion. g' R R R
h 2
2. A body of mass m is initially moving with a 4= 1+
velocity U. When a force F acts on the body R
it picks up velocity V in t second so that the h
2= 1+ or h = R. R' = 2R
acceleration a is produced. Using this data R
derive the relation between the force, mass From the center of the Earth, the object is
and acceleration. PTA-5 placed at twice the radius of the Earth.
According to Newton second law, " the force
acting on a body is directly proportional V. Problems (2 Marks)
to the rate of change of linear momentum
1. A lift is moving downwards with an
of the body and the change in momentum
acceleration of 1.8ms-2. What is apparent
takes place in the direction of the force.
weight realised by a man of mass 50kg?
It is also called as 'law of force'
 PTA-1
Let 'm' be the mass of a moving body, moving -2
Acceleration (a) = 1.8ms
along a straight line with an initial speed 'u'
After a time interval of 't', the velocity of the mass (m) = 50kg
body changes to 'v' due to the impact of an If lift is moving with an acceleration 'a' then
unbalanced external force F. the apparent weight is given by,
 Initial momentum of the body Pi = mu R = m(g-a)
 Final momentum of the body Pf = mv = 50 (9.8 - 1.8)
 Change in momentum p = Pf – Pi R = 50× 8 = 400N
p = mv – mu Apparent weight, R = 400N
 By Newton’s Second Law of motion. 2. A force of 5N applied on a body produces
Change in momentum and acceleration 5cms-2. Calculate the mass
F
time of the body. PTA-5
mv − mu F = 5N
F
t a = 5cms-2 = 0.05 ms-2
km(v − u) F = ma ;
F=
t m = F/a
( k – proportionality constant, k = 1 for all system) = 5/0.05 ;
m(v − u) (v − u) m = 100 kg
F= =a
t t 3. Calculate the velocity of a moving body of
(v − u)
Since acceleration a = mass 5kg Whose linear momentum is 2kg
F = m × a t ms-1. GMQ
Force = mass × acceleration Solution:
Linear momentum = 2 Kg ms-1
3. At what height from the centre of the earth Mass = 5 kg
surface, the acceleration due to gravity will Linear momentum = mass x velocity
be 1/4th of its value on the surface of the
Velocity = linear momentum
earth. PTA-6 mass
Data : Height from the centre of the Earth, v = 2/5
R' = R + h = 0.4 ms-1
Physics / Unit - 1 14
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

PART III - ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

I. One Mark Questions Answers
1. A body needs a _______ to move, or bring to rest or change its velocity. push or pull
2. _________ deals with the effort of force on bodies. Mechanics
3. Two branches of mechanics are ______ and ______ statics, dynamics
4. ____ deals with the bodies, which are at rest under the action of force. Statics
5. The study of moving bodies under the action of forces is _______ dynamics
6. ________ deals with the motion of bodies without considering the case Kinematics
of motion.
7. ____ deals with the motion of bodies considering the cause of motion. Kinetics
8. The motion body naturally comes to rest without any external influence natural motion
of force is ______
9. Violent force is ________ force dependent
10. In vacuum 2kg mass and a small coin dropped from same height and same time
they reach the ground at ______
11. Any body would like to continue to be in its state of rest or the state of inertia
motion is called ______
12. The resistance of body to change its state of rest is called _______ inertia of rest
13. The resistance of body to change its state of motion is called ______ inertia of motion
14. The resistance of body to change its direction of motion is called _____ inertia of direction
15. The linear momentum measures _______ on a body impact of force
16. ________ helps to measure the magnitude of force. Linear momentum
17. Unit of linear momentum in CGS system is ________ gcms–1
18. ________ law gives the definition of force and inertia. Newton’s First Law
19. Force is _________ quantity. vector
20. _______ stops or tries to stop a moving body. Force
21. _______ forces are acting in the same direction. Parallel
22. _______ forces are acting in opposite directions. Parallel unequal
23. The example of unlike parallel forces is _______ Tug of war
24. If the resultant force is not equal to zero, then it causes the motion of the unbalanced force
body due to ______
25. Force on a weight balance is an example for ______ balanced force
26. The axis of the fixed edge about which the door is rotated is called as __ axis of rotation
27. Rotating effect of a couple is known as _______ moment of couple
28. Turning a tap, winding or unwinding a screw spinning of a top are couple
examples for ______
29. If SI unit of moment of couple is Nm, in CGS system ___________ dyne cm
30. Gears in vehicles, see saw and steering wheel are the applications of ___ torque
31. __________ law is called as law of force. Newton’s Second
Law
15 Physics / Unit - 1
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

32. In circulation motion, the acceleration produced along the radius is centripetal
called _________ acceleration
33. One Newton (1N) is equal to _______ dynes. 105
34. A large force acting for very short interval of time is called ______ impulsive force
35. Magnitude of change in momentum is _______ impulse
36. ________ law act on two different bodies only Newton’s Third Law
37. The algebraic sum of momentum after collision is equal to algebraic external force
sum of momentum before the collision in the absence of _______
38. Every particle of matter in the universe ______every other particles. attracts
Gm1 m2
39. Newton’s law of gravitation is ____________ F=
r2
40. The value of ‘g’ ______ at all points on the surface of earth. varies
41. The radius of earth is _________ km 6378
42. The value of ‘g’ is _____ in polar region and ____ at the equatorial region. maximum,
minimum
43. The reaction force R exerted by lift’s surface is known as ________ apparent weight
44. When lift moves upwards the _______ is greater. apparent weight
45. When lift moves upwards ______ weight is greater. actual
46. The condition (a=g) for lift falling down freely is ______ apparent weight is
zero (R = 0)
47. _______ law helps in discovering new stars and planets. Newton’s law of
gravitation
48. One of the irregularities in motion of stars is called ______ wobble
49. To predict the path of the astronomical bodies ________ law is used. law of gravitation
50. Rocket works on the principle of conservation of ________. momentum
II. True or False (If false, give the correct statement)
1. When the lift is falling down freely the apparent weight is equal to actual weight. Ans: False
When the lift is falling down freely the apparent weight is less than the actual weight.
2. Astronauts in space station do not experience any gravitational force.  Ans: False
Astronauts will experience very less gravitational force.
3. The algebraic sum of moments in clockwise direction is equal to algebraic sum of moments in
anti clock wise direction. Ans: True
_2
4. The value of gravitational constant is 9.8 ms . Ans: False
_11 2 _2
The value of gravitational constant is 6.674 x 10 Nm kg
5. The product of force and time is impulse. Ans: True
III. Assertion and Reason
Mark the correct choice as
a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b) If both assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
c) Assertion is true but the reason is false.
d) Assertion is false but the reason is true.
Physics / Unit - 1 16
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

1. Assertion : The impact of a force is more if the velocity and mass of the body is more.
Reason : The product of mass and velocity is linear momentum.
Ans : a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
2. Assertion : Propulsion of rocket is based on escape velocity.
Reason : Sufficient velocity to escape from earth’s gravity is called escape velocity.
Ans : d) Assertion is false but the reason is true.
3. Assertion : Gravitational force exerted on a body is called weight.
Reason : Acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 ms–2.
Ans : b) If both assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
IV. Match the following
1. Column A Column B Answers
1 Push or pull a Dynamics d force
2 Bodies at rest b Newton’s Third Law c Statics
3 Moving bodies c Statics a Dynamics
4 Bullet firing d force b Newton’s Third Law

2. Column A Column B Answers

1 Impulse a ms–2 c Ns
2 Gravity b Nm a ms–2
3 Linear momentum c Ns d Kgms–1
4 Torque d Kgms–1 b Nm

V. Short Answer questions

1. Define mechanics. 5. What is moment of force or torque ?
Mechanics is the branch of physics that The rotating or turning effect of a force about
deals with the effect of force on bodies. The a fixed point or fixed axis is called moment
two branches of mechanics are statics and of the force about that point or torque.
dynamics. =F×d
2. What is violent motion ? 6. Define one newton?
A force (push or pull) is needed to make The amount of force required for a body of
the bodies to move from their natural state mass 1 kg produces an acceleration of 1ms–2
(rest) and behave contrary to their own is called one newton. 1 N = 1 kg ms–2
natural state called as violent motion (Force 7. What is called unit force ?
dependent) The amount of force required to produce an
acceleration of 1ms–2 in a body of mass 1 kg is
3. Define linear momentum. called ‘Unit force’.
The product of mass and velocity of a
moving body give the magnitude of linear 8. What is called impulsive force ?
momentum A large force acting for a very short interval of
p = mv time is called as impulsive force.

4. What is resultant force? 9. What is escape velocity ?

When several forces act simultaneously on The velocity of an object, which is sufficient to
the same body, then the combined effect of escape from the gravitational pull of earth is
the multiple forces can be represented by a called escape velocity.
single force that is called 'resultant force'.
17 Physics / Unit - 1
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

10. Define acceleration due to gravity ? 11. What is apparent weight?

The acceleration of the body due to the earth’s The weight of the body acquired due to the
gravitational force is called acceleration due action of gravity and other external forces on
to gravity of earth. the body is known as apparent weight.
The value of g is 9.8 ms–2.

12. Differentiate balanced force and unbalanced force.

Balanced force Unbalanced force
If resultant force of all forces acting on a body is equal If the resultant force is not equal to
to zero, the body will be in equilibrium. Such forces zero, then it causes the motion of the
are called balanced forces. body is unbalanced force.
VI. Long answer questions.
1. What is mechanics? Explain its branches.
 Mechanics is the branch of physics deals with the effect of force on bodies. It is divided into
statics and dynamics.
 Statics : It deals with the bodies which are at rest under the action of forces.
 Dynamics : Study of moving bodies under the action of forces. It is divided into two as follows.
 Kinematics : Deals with motion of bodies without considering cause of motion.
 Kinetics : Deals with motion of bodies considering cause of motion.
2. What are the proposals of Galileo about force, motion and inertia of bodies.
 Natural state of all earth bodies is either state of rest or state of uniform motion.
Body in motion will continue to be in same state of motion as long as no external force is applied.
 
 When force is applied the bodies resist any change in their state. That is called inertia.
 Bodies of different size, shape and mass dropped from a height in vacuum, they fall at
same rate and reach the ground at same time.
3.
State newton’s third law of motion and explain with examples.
 Law : For every action there is equal  When a person swims :
and opposite reaction. Push the water using hands backwards –Action
 They always act on two different Water pushes the swimmer forward – Reaction
bodies. FB = –FA  When firing bullet :
Examples :  Gun recoils backward and bullet is moving
 When birds fly : Push the air forward –Action
downwards with wings –Action Gun equals this forward action by moving
Air push the bird upwards – Reaction backward – Reaction
4.Find the relation between g (acceleration due to gravity) and G (gravitational constant).
 Let mass of earth M, mass of the body is m and radius of earth R = 6378 km.
GMm
 By Newton’s Law of gravitation F = _____________ 
R2
Here radius of body is negligible.
F m
 Acceleration of body under gravity a = g
R
 By Newton’s Second Law F = ma = mg Object
F = weight = mg _____________ ‚ M
 Comparing and ‚
GMm Earth
mg =
R2

Physics / Unit - 1 18
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

Acceleration due to gravity

GM
g= _____________ƒ
R2
VII. Numerical Problems
1. Calculate the linear momentum of body of mass
Mgm = 4 M x ge
2 Kg moving with velocity of 0.5 ms-1.
9
p = m×v
Mass m = 2 Kg Wm = 4 x 90 x 9.8 = 392N
Velocity v = 0.5 ms-1 9
i) Mass of the man in moon (Mm) = 90 kg
p = m×v (mass is constant)
= 2 × 0.5 ii) weight of the man in moon (Wm) = 392N.
Linear momentum = 1.0 Kgms-1

4. A 75 kg man stands on a scale in an elevator.
2.
If the mass of moving object is 50 kg, what When the elevator begins to rise, the scale
force will be required to speed up the reads 100 kg. What was the acceleration in
object at a rate of 2 ms-2?. factors of g?.
Acceleration (a) = 2 ms-2 The Scale is reading the normal force.
Mass (m) = 50 Kg Nup = mg + ma = 100 Kg
Force F = m × a At rest normal force
= 50 × 2 Nrest = mg = 75 Kg
= 100 kgms-2 Nup 100 kg m (g + a)
Required force is 100 kgms-2 or 100 N = =
Nrest 75 kg mg
3. A mass of the body 90 kg on the surface of 4 g+a
earth. How much will it weight and mass =
3 g
on the surface of moon whose mass is 1/9
and radius is ½ of that of earth?. 4 a
= 1+
Mass of a man in earth (Me) = 90Kg 3 g
Mm = Me/9 4 a
gm = GMm –1 =
Rm = Re/2
Rm2 3 g
GMe Re 2 1 a
gm = / =
9 2 3 g
GMe 1
ge = a = ×g
Re2 3
GMe Re2 The
 acceleration of the elevator is one third
gm / 1/ of gravity, Acceleration is positive and
= 9 4 = 9 direction is up.
ge 1/4
GMe / Re2
gm = 4 ☼ (((( ☺ )))) ☼
ge 9

g = 4 x ge
m
9
Multiplied by M on both sides
19 Physics / Unit - 1
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

UNIT
7 ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Important Formula

1 Relative Atomic mass Average mass of the isotopes of the element

Ar =
1/12th of the mass of one carbon - 12 atom
Mass
= Atomic mass
Mass
= Molecular mass

2 Number of moles Number of atoms

=
6.023 x 1023

Number of molecules
=
6.023 x 1023

3 Relative molecular mass 2 x Vapour density

Mass of a given volume of gas (or) vapour at STP
4 Vapour Density (V.D) Mass of the same volume of hydrogen
Molecular mass
5 Atomicity Atomic mass

PART I - TEXTBOOK EVALUATION

I. Choose the best answer.
1. Which of the following has the smallest mass?
a) 6.023 x 1023 atoms of He b) 1 atom of He
c) 2 g of He d) 1 mole atoms of He Ans. b) 1 atom of He
2. Which of the following is a triatomic molecule? PTA-1 & GMQ
a) Glucose b) Helium c) Carbon dioxide d) Hydrogen
 Ans: c) Carbon dioxide
3. The volume occupied by 4.4 g of CO2 at S.T.P
a) 22.4 litre b) 2.24 litre c) 0.24 litre d) 0.1 litre
 Ans: b) 2.24 litre
4. Mass of 1 mole of Nitrogen atom is
a) 28 amu b) 14 amu c) 28 g d) 14 g Ans: d) 14g
5. Which of the following represents 1 amu?
a) Mass of a C - 12 atom b) Mass of a hydrogen atom
c) 1/12th of the mass of a C - 12 atom d) Mass of O - 16 atom
 Ans: c) 1/12th of the mass of a C - 12 atom
6. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
a) 12 gram of C - 12 contains Avogadro’s number of atoms
Chemistry / Unit - 7 90
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

b) One mole of oxygen gas contains Avogadro’s number of molecules

c) One mole of hydrogen gas contains Avogadro’s number of atoms
d) One mole of electrons stands for 6.023 x 1023 electrons.
Ans: c) One mole of hydrogen gas contains Avogadro’s number of atoms
7. The volume occupied by 1 mole of a diatomic gas at S.T.P is
a) 11.2 litre b) 5.6 litre c) 22.4 litre d) 44.8 litre
Ans: c) 22.4 litre
8. In the nucleus of 20Ca40 ,there are
a) 20 protons and 40 neutrons b) 20 protons and 20 neutrons
c) 20 protons and 40 electrons d) 40 protons and 20 electrons
Ans: b) 20 protons and 20 neutrons
9. The gram molecular mass of oxygen molecule is
a) 16g b) 18g c) 32g d) 17g Ans: c) 32g
10. 1 mole of any substance contains ________ molecules.
a) 6.023 x 1023 b) 6.023 x 10-23
c) 3.0115 x 1023 d) 12.046 x 1023 Ans: a) 6.023 x 1023
SOLUTION - I. Choose the best answer.
4
1. a) 6.023 x 1023 atoms of the He = 4 g b) 1 atom of He = 6.023 x 1023 g
c) 2g of He = 2g d) 1 mole atoms of He = 4g Ans: b) 1 atom of He
2. a) Glucose = C6H12O6 = Poly atomic b) Helium = He=mono atomic
c) Carbondioxide = CO2 = triatomic d) Hydrogen = H2= diatomic.
Ans: c) Carbon dioxide
3 44 g CO2 occupies 22.4.lit
22.4
4.4 g CO2 occupies x 4.4 = 2.24 lit Ans: b) 2.24 litre
44
4. Mass of 1 mole of Nitrogen atom = gram atomic mass of nitrogen
= 14 g Ans: d) 14g
5. Ans. c) 1/12th of the mass of a C - 12 atom = 1 amu
6. Correct Statement.
a) One gram atom of C - 12 contains Avogadro’s number of atoms
c) One mole of hydrogen gas contains Avogadro’s number of molecules. Ans: both (a) & (c)
mole
7. Volume occupied by 1 mole of any gas at STP = = 22.4 litre. Ans: c) 22.4 litre
molar volume
8. Atomic number = No of protons = 20
Mass number - Atomic number = No of neutrons = 40 - 20 = 20
Ans: b) 20 protons and 20 neutrons
9. gram molecular mass of oxygen molecule (O2) = 2 x Atomic mass of oxygen = 2 x 16 = 32g.
Ans: c) 32g
10. 1 mole of any substance = Avogadro number of molecules = 6.023 × 1023 Ans: a) 6.023 × 1023

91 Chemistry / Unit - 7
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

II.Fill in the blanks Answers

1. Atoms of different elements having ____ mass number, but ____ same, different
atomic numbers are called isobars.
2. Atoms of different elements having same number of _____ are neutrons
called isotones. PTA-4
3. Atoms of one element can be transmuted into atoms of other artificial transmutation
element by _____.
4. The sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons of an atom is mass number
called its ______
5. Relative atomic mass is otherwise known as _____ Standard atomic weight
6. The average atomic mass of hydrogen is ______ amu. 1.008 amu
7. If a molecule is made of similar kind of atoms, then it is called homo
______ atomic molecule.
8. The number of atoms present in a molecule is called its ___. PTA-4 atomicity
9. One mole of any gas occupies _______ ml at S.T.P. 22,400
10. Atomicity of phosphorous is _____. 4
III. Match the following Answers
1. 1 8 g of O2 a 4 moles b 0.25 moles
2 4 g of H2 b 0.25 moles c 2 moles
3 52 g of He c 2 moles e 13 moles
4 112 g of N2 d 0.5 moles a 4 moles
5 35.5 g of Cl2 e 13 moles d 0.5 moles

SOLUTION - Match the following

mass
Number of moles =
atomic mass or molecular mass
8 4
1. 8 g of O2 = = 0.25 mole 2. 4 g of H2 = = 2 moles
32 2
52 112
3. 52 g of He = = 13 moles 4. 112 g of N2 = = 4 moles
4 28
35.5
5. 35.5 g of Cl2 = = 0.5 mole
71
IV. True or False : (If false give the correct statement)
1. Two elements sometimes can form more than one compound. Ans : True
2. Noble gases are Diatomic Ans : False - Noble gases are mono atomic
3. The gram atomic mass of an element has no unit.
Ans : False - The gram atomic mass of an element has unit (gram)
4. 1 mole of Gold and Silver contain same number of atoms. Ans : True
5. Molar mass of CO2 is 42g Ans: False - Molar mass of CO2 is 44g (CO2= 12 + 2 × 16 = 44g)

Chemistry / Unit - 7 92
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

V. Assertion and Reason

Answer the following questions using the data given below:
i) A and R are correct, R explains the A. ii) A is correct, R is wrong.
iii) A is wrong, R is correct. iv) A and R are correct, R doesn’t explains A.
1. Assertion : The Relative Atomic mass of aluminium is 27
Reason : An atom of aluminium is 27 times heavier than 1/12th of the mass of the C-12 atom.
 Ans: i) A and R are correct, R explains the A
2. Assertion : The Relative Molecular Mass of Chlorine is 35.5 amu. PTA-3
Reason : The natural abundance of Chlorine isotopes are not equal.
Correct Assertion : The Relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5 amu.
Ans: (iii) A is wrong, R is correct
VI. Short answer questions
1. Define : Relative atomic mass. PTA-3
 Relative atomic mass of an element is the ratio between the average mass of its isotopes
to 1 part of the mass of a carbon - 12 atom.
12th
Average mass of the isotopes of the element
Ar =
1 of the mass of one Carbon - 12 atom
12th
2. Write the different types of isotopes of oxygen and its percentage abundance.
Isotopes of oxygen.
Isotope Mass number (amu) % abundance
16
8O 16 99.757
17
8O 17 0.038
18
8O 18 0.205
3. Define : Atomicity
The number of atoms present in one molecule is called its atomicity.
eg: Atomicity of hydrogen in H2 molecule is 2.
4. Give any two examples for heterodiatomic molecules.
Example for heterodiatomic molecules are (1)HCl (2) NaBr
5. What is molar volume of a gas?
The volume occupied by one mole of any gas at STP is called as molar volume.
It’s value is 22.4 litre or 22,400 ml at STP
6. Find the percentage of nitrogen in ammonia. PTA-1
Molecular formula of ammonia = NH3
Molar mass of ammonia = 14 + (3 × 1) = 17
14
Percentage of nitrogen in ammonia = x 100= 82.35%
17
Total mass of the element in the compound
[ Percentage of any element in a compound = Molar mass of the compound × 100]

93 Chemistry / Unit - 7
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

VII. Long Answer Questions.

1. Calculate the number of water molecule present in one drop of water which weighs 0.18 g.
➢ Avogadro number = 6.023 × 1023
➢ Given Mass = 0.18g
➢ Molecular weight of water (H2O) = (2×atomic number of H) + (1×atomic number of 0)
= (2× 1) + (1×16) = 2+16
= 18g
Avogadro number × given mass
Number of molecules =
Gram molecular mass
6.023×1023 × 0.18
Number of molecules in one drop of water =
18
= 6.023 × 1023 × 0.01
= 0.06023 × 1023
2. N2+3H2→ 2NH3
(The atomic mass of nitrogen is 14, and that of hydrogen is 1)
1 mole of nitrogen (...... g) + 3 moles of hydrogen (....... g) → 2 moles of ammonia (...... g)
➢ 1 mole of nitrogen = 1×14g (Atomic number of nitrogen = 14
➢ 3 moles of hydrogen = 3×1g (Atomic number of hydrogen = 1)
➢ 2 moles of ammonia 2NH3 = 2 × 14 + 2 (1×3)
= 28 + 2 × 3 = 28 + 6
= 34g
So, the equation is N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
(14)2 + (3)2 → 34
28g + 6g → 34g
1 mole of nitrogen (28g) + 3 moles of hydrogen (6g) → 2 moles of ammonia (34g)
3. Calculate the number of moles in PTA-5
i) 27g of Al ii) 1.51x1023 molecules of NH4 Cl
Mass
i) Number of moles = Atomic mass(or)Molar mass
27
=
27
= 1 mole of aluminium
number of molecules in NH4 Cl
(ii) number of moles =
Avogadro number
1.51 × 1023 1
NH4Cl =
6.023×1023 4
= 0.25 mole NH4Cl

Chemistry / Unit - 7 94
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

4. Give the salient features of “ Modern atomic theory”. PTA-5 Sep-2020

1. An atom is no longer indivisible.
2. Atoms of the same element may have different atomic mass (Isotopes).
3. Atoms of different elements may have same atomic masses (Isobars).
4.  Atoms of one element can be transmuted into atoms of other elements by artificial
transmutation ie. atoms is no longer indestructible.
5. Atoms may not always combine in a simple whole number ratio.
6. Atom is the smallest particle that takes part in a chemical reaction.
7. The mass of an atom can be converted into energy. (E= mc2).
5. Derive the relationship between Relative molecular mass and Vapour density. PTA-6, GMQ
Mass of one molecule of the gas or vapour
Relative molecular mass of a gas or vapour = →(1)
Mass of 1 atom of hydrogen.
Mass of a given volume of gas or vapour at STP
(V.D) Vapour density of a gas or vapour =
Mass of same volume of hydrogen
According to Avogadro’s law, equal volume of all gases contain equal number of molecules.
Let the number of molecules in one volume = n
Mass of n molecules of a gas or vapour at STP
B V.D at STP =
Mass of n molecule of hydrogen
cancelling n which is common
Mass of 1 molecule of a gas or vapour at STP
V.D =
Mass of 1 molecule of hydrogen
since hydrogen is diatomic.
Mass of 1 molecule of a gas or vapour at STP
V.D =
Mass of 2 atoms of hydrogen
Mass of 1 molecule of a gas or vapour at STP
V.D = → (2)
2xMass of 1 atom of hydrogen
Substituting equation (1) in equation (2)
Relative molecular mass of a gas or vapour
V.D =
2
B 2xV.D = Relative molecular mass of a gas or vapour. (or)
Relative molecular mass of a gas or vapour = 2 x Vapour density of a ga.
VIII. Hot question
1. Calcium carbonate is decomposed on heating in the following reaction.
CaCO3→CaO+CO2
i) How many moles of Calcium carbonate are involved in this reaction?
ii) Calculate the gram molecular mass of calcium carbonate involved in this reaction.
iii) How many moles of CO2 are there in this equation?
Ans : (i) Only one mole of calcium carbonate is involved in this reaction.
(ii) Molar mass = Sum of atomic masses of all the elements in the compound.
gram molecular mass of CaCO3 = Atomic mass of Ca + Atomic mass of C+ 3 x Atomic mass of O
= 40 + 12 + (3 x 16) 40 + 12 + 48 = 100g
=100 g
(iii) There is only one mole of CO2 in this equation.

95 Chemistry / Unit - 7
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

IX. Solve the following problems

1. How many grams are there in the following? PTA-4
i) 2 moles of hydrogen molecule H2 ii) 3 moles of chlorine molecule Cl2
iii) 5 moles of sulphur molecule S8 iv) 4 moles of phosphorous molecule P4
Mass = No.of moles x Atomic mass (or) Molar mass.
[ Molecular mass H2 = 2× 1=2; cl2 = 2×35.5 = 71; S8 = 8×32 = 256; P4 = 4×31 = 124 ]
i) Mass of 2 moles of H2 = 2 × 2 = 4g ii) Mass of 3 moles of Cl2 = 3 × 71 = 213g
iii) Mass of 5 moles of S8= 5 × 256 = 1280g iv) Mass of 4 moles of P4 = 4 × 124 = 496g

2. Calculate the % of each element in calcium carbonate. (Atomic mass: C-12, O-16, Ca-40) PTA-2
Molar mass = Sum of atomic masses of all the elements in the compound.
Molar mass of CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + (3 × 16) =100g
% of an element = Total mass of the element in the compound x 100
Molar mass of the compound
12
B % of carbon = x 100 = 12%
100
40
% of calcium = x 100 = 40%
100
40
% of Oxygen = x 100 = 48%
100
3. Calculate the % of Oxygen in Al2(SO4)3 (Atomic mass : Al-27, O-16,S-32) PTA-2
Molar mass = Sum of atomic masses of all the elements in the compound.
Molar mass of Al2(SO4)3
= (2 × 27) + (3 x 32) + (12 × 16)
= 54 + 96 + 192
= 342 g
% of an element
Total mass of the element in the compound
= ×100
Molar mass of the compound
192
= x 100
342
= 56.14%
4.Calculate the % relative abundance of B-10 and B-11, if its average atomic mass is 10.804 amu.
Let % relative abundance of B -10 = x
B % relative abundance of B -11 = (100-x)
Mass of 1st isotope. % abundance of 1st isotope +
Average atomic mass of B = Mass of 2nd isotope. % abundance of 2nd isotope
100
10 x x + 11 x (100 - x)
10.804 =
100
100 x + 1100 - 11x
10.804 =
100
10.804 × 100 = 1100 - x
1080.4 = 1100 - x
x = 1100-1080.4
Chemistry / Unit - 7 96
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

x = 19.6%
B % relative abundance of B -10 = x = 19.6%
% relative abundance of B -11 = (100 - x)
= 100-19.6 = 84.4%
PART II - PTA, GMQ & GOVT. ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
I. One Mark Questions.
1. If a molecule is made of similar kind of atoms, then it is called PTA-6
a) mono atomic molecule b) hetero atomic molecule
c) homo atomic molecule d) poly atomic molecule
Ans : c) homo atomic molecule
2. Analyse the following and choose the correct statement(s) PTA-4
i) An electron has considerable mass
ii) A hetero atomic molecule is formed from different kinds of atoms.
iii) Mass number and atomic mass of an element are same
a) i, ii and iii are correct b) i and iii are correct
c) only ii is correct d) only iii is correct Ans : c) only ii is correct
II. Answer in detail (4 Marks)
1. Write any two applications of “Avogadro’s law” Sep-2020
Write the applications of Avogadro’s hypothesis.
➢ It explains Gay - Lussac’s law.
➢ 
It helps in the determination of atomicity of gases.
➢ 
It helps to derive molecular formula of gases
➢ 
It determines the relationship between molecular mass and vapour density.
➢ 
It helps to determine gram molar volume of all gases (ie 22.4 litre at STP)
II. Problems (4 & 7 Marks)
1. The mass percentage of carbon is 27.28%
and the mass percentage of oxygen is = 12 × x ×100 -------------- (1)
27.28
72.73%. Calculate the molecular mass of that ➢ Mass percentage of oxygen
compound. PTA-4
= Mass of the oxygen in the compound ×100
Solution:
Molecular mass of the compound
i) Mass percentage of carbon = 27.28
Atomic mass of carbon = 12 ➢ Molecular mass of the compound
Mass percentage of oxygen = 72.73 = Mass of oxygen in the compound ×100
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 Mass percentage of oxygen
Molecular mass of the compound = ? ➢ Molecular mass of the compound
➢ Let the molecular formula of the compound = 16×x ×100 -------------- (2)
be CxOy 72.73
➢ Mass percentage of carbon Equating equation (1) and (2)
12 × x 16 × y
= Mass of carbon in the compound ×100 x 100 = x 100
27.28 72.73
Molecular mass of the compound
12 × x 16 . y
➢ Molecular mass of the compound =
27.28 72.73
= Mass of carbon in the compound ×100
Mass percentage of carbon 12 x 27.28
=
➢ Molecular mass of the compound 16y 72.73
97 Chemistry / Unit - 7
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

x 27.28 × 16
=
y 72.73 × 12
x 436.48
=
y 872.76
x 1
=
y 2
x:y=1:2
Molecular formula of the compound Cx Oy is C1O2 (or) CO2
Molecular formula of the compound 12 x 1 + 16 x 2 = 44
2. i) Calculate the mass of 1.51 x 1023 molecule of H2O.
ii) Calculate the moles of 46g sodium.
iii) Calculate the number of molecules present in the 36g water. GMQ
Solution:
i) 1.51 x 1023 molecules of water molecular mass of H2O = 18
Number of molecules of water
number of moles = Avogadro’s number
1.51 x 1023 1
= = = 0.25 mole
6.023 x 1023 4
mass
Number of moles =
molecular mass
= 0.25 = mass/18
Mass = 0.25 x 18
Mass = 4.5 g
mass of the element 46
ii) Number of moles = =
Atomic mass of the element 23
= 2 moles of sodium
iii) The molecular weight of H2O = 18.
Thus , 18 grams of H2O = 1 mole of H2O
36 grams of H2O = 2 mole of H2O ;
1 mole of H2O = 6.023 x 1023 molecules of H2O
= 1.204 x 1024 molecules of H2O
PART III - ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS.
I. One Mark Questions. Answers
1. All matter is made up of _________ atoms
2. First scientific theory of the atom was proposed by ______ John Dalton
3. According to modern atomic theory an atom is _________ divisible
4. An atom consists of _________ electron, proton and neutron
5. Isotopes differ in _________ atomic mass or number of
neutrons
6. Isobars differ in _________ atomic number or number of
protons and electrons
7. 35 37
17 Cl and 17Cl are _________ isotopes
8. 35 37
17 Cl and 17Cl differ in _______ number of neutrons.
9. 40 40
18 Ar and 20Ca are _______ isobars

Chemistry / Unit - 7 98
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

10. 18 Ar40 and 20Ca40 differ in_______ number of protons and

electrons
11. Atoms of one element can be transmuted into atoms of other artificial transmutation
elements by _______
12. The smallest particle that takes part in a chemical reaction is atom
an _______
13. The mass of an atom can be converted into energy according E=mc2
to the equation _______
14. Any thing that has mass and occupies space is called ______ matter
15. Sub atomic particles are _______ protons,neutrons and electrons
16. Mass of an atom is mainly contributed by its _______ protons and neutrons.
17. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons of an atom is mass number
called its _______
18. The mass of an atom is measured in _______ atomic mass unit (amu)
19. One twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom is called as ___ atomic mass unit
20. In modern system atomic mass unit (amu) is changed into ____. unified atomic mass(u)
21. The mass of a proton or neutron is approximately equal to ____. 1amu
22. Now-a-days the standard used for measuring the relative C-12
atomic mass of an element is _______
23. C-12 is used as a standard in determination of atomic mass by _____ mass spectrometry
24. Relative atomic mass is only a _______ ratio
25. Relative atomic mass has no _______ unit
26. If the atomic mass of an element is expressed in grams, it is Gram atomic mass
called as _______
27. The atomic masses of elements, given in the periodic table are _____ average atomic masses
28. The most abundant element in both the Earth’s crust and the Oxygen
human body is _______
29. Elements found in the combined form with itself or atoms of molecules
other elements are called _______
30. A combination of two or more atoms held together by strong molecule
chemical forces of attraction is a_______
31. A molecule may contain atoms of the same element or different the law of definite
elements in a fixed ratio in accordance with ______ proportions
32. A molecule may be _______ an element or a compound.
33. If the molecule is made of atoms of different elements it is hetero atomic molecule.
called as _______
34. The number of atoms present in a molecule is called its ____ atomicity
35. Ozone molecule is _______ homotriatomic molecule
36. Carbon monoxide is _______ heterodiatomic molecule
37. Atomicity of carbondioxide is _______ three
38. Sulphonic acid is a _______ hetero poly atomic molecule
39. Phosphorus molecule is a ______ homo poly atomic molecule
40. Relative molecular mass is only a _______ ratio
41. Relative molecular mass has no _______ unit
42. If the molecular mass of a compound is expressed in grams, it gram molecular mass.
is called as ______
43. The molecular mass of glucose C6H12O6 is _______ 180

99 Chemistry / Unit - 7
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

44. One mole of any substance contains____ elementary entities 6.023 x 1023.
45. The value of STP is_______ 273.15K & 1atm
46. The volume occupied by one mole of any gas at STP is called molar volume
as _______
47. The relationship between the number of molecules present in Avogadro hypothesis.
equal volumes of gases in different conditions is given by _____
II. True or False : (If false give the correct statement).
1. Isotones have same atomic number but different mass number.
Ans: False - Isotones have different atomic number and different mass number. (or)
Isotones have same atomic number and different mass number.
2. Average atomic mass of an element is calculated by adding the masses of its isotopes each
multiplied by their natural abundance on the Earth  Ans: True
3. Atomicity of a mono atomic element = molecular mass/Atomic mass.  Ans: True
4. Relative atomic mass is expressed in grams.  Ans: False - Relative atomic mass has no unit.
5. One mole of an element contains 6.023x1023 atoms and it is equal to its gram atomic mass.
Ans: True
6. Atoms in a molecule are held by chemical bonds. Ans: True
III. Match the Following
A B Answers
1. 1 18g of H2O a 10 moles c 1 mole
2 224 lit of N2 b 3 moles a 10 moles
3 6.023x1022 CO2 molecules c 1 mole e 0.1 mole
4 51 g of NH3 d 0.01 mole b 3 moles
5 224ml of O2 e 0.1 mole d 0.01 mole
2. A B Answers
1 Homo diatomic molecule a O3 c H2
2 Hetero diatomic molecule b S8 e HC1
3 Homo triatomic molecule c H2 a O3
4 Hetero triatomic molecule d CH4 f NO2
5 Homo Polyatomic molecule e HC1 b S8
6 Hetero polyatomic molecule f NO2 d CH4

IV. Assertion and Reason

i) A and R are correct, R explains A. ii) A is correct, R is wrong
iii) A is wrong, R is correct. iv) A and R correct, R does n’t explain A.
1. Assertion (A) :  The mass of atom is mainly contributed by its protons and neutrons.
Reason (R) : Protons and neutrons have considerable mass, but electrons don’t have such a
considerable mass. Ans: i) A and R are correct, R explains A
2. Assertion (A) : One litre of hydrogen contains the same number of molecules as in one litre of
oxygen.
Reason (R) : This is in accordance with Avogadro hypothesis.
Ans: i) A and R are correct, R explains A

Chemistry / Unit - 7 100 3-11-20HF

 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

V. Short answer questions.

1. Define isotopes. 4. Define relative molecular mass.
Two or more forms of an element having Relative molecular mass of a molecule is the
the same atomic number, but different mass ratio between the mass of one molecule of the
number are called isotopes.
substance to 1 th of the mass of a carbon - 12
eg. 17Cl35 , 17Cl37. 12
atom.
2. Define isobars.
5. State Avogadro’s hypothesis.
Atoms of different elements having the same
Equal volumes of all gases under similar
mass number, but different atomic numbers
are called isobars. conditions of temperature and pressure
eg. 18Ar40, 20Ca40 contain equal number of molecules.
6. Define vapour density.
3. Define isotones.
Vapour density is defined as the ratio between
Atoms of different elements having the same
the mass of equal volumes of a gas or vapour
number of neutrons with different atomic
number and different mass number are called and hydrogen under the same condition.
isotones. eg. 6C13, 7N14
7. Differentiate atoms and molecules.
Atom Molecule
1 An atom is the smallest particle of an A molecule is the smallest particle of an element
element or compound.
2 Atom does not exist in free state except Molecule exists in free state
in a noble gas
3 Except some of noble gas, other atoms Molecules are less reactive
are highly reactive
4 Atom does not have a chemical bond Atoms in a molecule are held by chemical bonds
8. Complete the following table by filling the appropriate values /terms
No. of Stable Isotopes Atomic Mass
Element No. of Neutrons Mass Number
protons (abundance) (amu)
Nitrogen 7 7 14 N-14 (99.6 %)
14.004
7 8 15 N-15 (0.4 %)
Silicon 14 14 28 Si-28 (92.2 %)
14 15 29 Si-29 (4.7 %) 28.109
14 16 30 Si-30 (3.1 %)
Chlorine 17 18 35 Cl-35 (75 %)
35.5
17 20 37 Cl-37 (25 %)
9. Classify the following molecules based on their atomicity and fill in the table.
Fluorine (F2), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Phosphorous (P4), Sulphur (S8), Ammonia (NH3), Hydrogen
iodide (HI), Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4), Methane (CH4), Glucose (C6H12O6), Carbon monoxide (CO)
Molecule Diatomic Triatomic Polyatomic
Homo F2 - P4 , S8
Hetero HI, CO CO2 NH3 , H2 SO4 , CH4 , C6 H12 O6
10. Under same conditions of temperature and pressure if you collect 3 litre of O2, 5 litre of Cl2 and
6 litre of H2,
i. Which has the highest number of molecules? Ans : 6 litre of H2
101 Chemistry / Unit - 7
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

ii. Which has the lowest number of molecules? Ans : 3 litre of O2

11. Define mole
Mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules or
other particles) as there are in exactly 12g of carbon -12 isotope.
12. Define Avogadro Number.
➢  The experimentally determined number of atoms in 12g of carbon-12 isotope is called as Avogadro
number.
➢ It is denoted as NA ➢ Its value is 6.023 × 1023
VI. Long answer questions.
1.Write the main postulates of modern atomic ➢ Atom is the smallest particle that takes part in
theory. a chemical reaction.
➢ An atom is no longer indivisible. ➢ The mass of an atom can be converted into
➢ 
Atoms of the same element may have different energy by the equation E=mc2
atomic mass called isotopes. 2. All compounds are molecules, but all
➢ 
Atoms of different elements may have same molecules are not compounds. Why?
atomic masses called isobars. A molecule may contain two or more atoms
➢ 
Atoms of one element can be transmuted of the same element or different elements.
into atoms of other elements by artificial But a compound must contain two or more
transmutation. atoms of different elements only.
➢ 
Atoms may not always combine in a simple So all compounds are molecules but all
whole number ratio. molecules are not compounds.
3. Explain the classification of molecules.
➢  molecule may contain atoms of the same element or two or more elements joined in a fixed ratio
A
in accordance with the law of definite proportions.
➢ A molecule may be an element or a compound.
➢ If the molecule is made of similar kind of atoms, it is called a homo atomic molecule.
➢ If the molecule is made of different elements, it is called a hetero atomic molecule.
➢ The number of atoms present in a molecule is its atomicity.
No. of atoms Example
Atomicity Name
present Homo Hetero
1 1 Mono atomic He -
2 2 Diatomic H 2, O 2 HCl, HI
3 3 Triatomic O3 CO2, NO2
More than 3 More than 3 Polyatomic P4, S8 NH3, H2SO4

VII. Additional Problems.

1. Calculation of molecular mass. = (12 × 12) + (1 × 22) + (16 × 11)
Calculation the gram molecular mass of the = 144 + 22 + 176 = 342g
following iii) KOH :
i) CaCO3 ii) C12H22O11 Gram molar mass of KOH
iii) KOH iv) NaOH = (39 × 1) + (16 × 1) + (1 × 1)
i) CaCO3 : = 39 + 16 +1 = 56g
Gram molar mass of CaCO3 iv) NaOH :
= (40 × 1) + (12 × 1) + (16 × 3) Gram molar mass of NaOH
= 40 + 12 + 48 = 100g = (23 × 1) + (16 × 1) + (1 × 1)
ii) C12H22O11 :
= 23 + 16 + 1 = 40g
Gram molar mass of C12H22O11
Chemistry / Unit - 7 102
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

2. Calculation of number of moles. 4. Calculation of number of molecules.

Calculate the number of moles of the Calculate the number of molecules in
following i) 1mole of CO2 ii) 0.1 mole of O2
i) 1kg of CaCO3 ii) 68.4g of C12H22O11 iii) 10 mole of H2 iv) 0.5 mole of NH3
iii) 0.56g of KOH iv) 2g of NaOH Number of molecules = n × NA
i) 1kg of CaCO3
mass (W) in gram i) 1mole of CO2
Number of moles n = 23
Molar mass (M) n = 1 mole ; NA = 6.023 × 10
23
W= 1kg =1000g ; M = 100 g mol-1; n =? Number of molecules = 1 × 6.023 × 10
= 6.023 × 1023 CO2 molecules
ii) 0.1 mole of O2
n = 0.1 mole ; NA =6.023 × 1023
ii) 68.4g of C12H22O11 23
Number of molecules = 0.1 × 6.023 × 10
W = 68.4 g ;
= 6.023 × 1022 O2 molecules
M = 342g mol-1 ; n = ?
iii) 10 mole of H2
n = 10 mole ; NA =6.023 × 1023
23
iii) 0.56g of KOH Number of molecules = 10 × 6.023 × 10
 W = 0.56g ; M = 56g mol-1 ; n =? = 6.023 × 1024 H2 molecules
iv) 0.5 mole of NH3
n = 0.5 mole ; NA =6.023 × 1023
23
iv) 2g of NaOH Number of molecules = 0.5 × 6.023 × 10
W = 2 g ; M = 40g mol-1 ; n =? = 3.0115 × 1023 NH3 molecules

5. Calculation of Volume.
Calculate the Volume of
3. Calculation of mass. i) 2 mole of N2
Mass of substance = No. of moles x Molar mass. ii) 6.023 × 1022 number of NH3 molecules
iii) 14 g of N2 gas.
Calculate the mass of
i) 2 mole of N2
i) 0.1 mole of H2SO4 ii) 5 mole of CH4
1 Mole of N2 occupies 22.4 litres.
iii) 0.01 mole of H2O iv) 10 mole of CO2
2 Moles of N2 occupies 2 × 22.4 litres
i) 0.1 mole of H2SO4
= 44.8 litres
n = 0.1 mole ; M = 98 g mol-1 W =?
W = nxM ii) 6.023 x1022 number of NH3 molecules
= 0.1× 98 = 9.8g 6.023 × 1023 number of NH3 molecules
ii) 5 mole of CH4 occupy 22.4 litres
n = 5 mole ; M = 16 g mol-1 W =? 6.023 × 1022 number of NH3 molecules
W = n × M occupy
= 5 × 16 = 80g 22.4 22.4
= ´ 6.023 ´ 10 22 =
iii) 0.01 mole of H2O 6.023 ´ 10 23
10
n = 0.01 mole ; M = 18 g mol-1 W =? = 2.24 litres
W = n × M iii) 14 g of N2 gas.
= 0.01 × 18 = 0.18g 28g (1 mole) of N2 gas occupies 22.4 litres
iv) 10 mole of CO2 22.4 22.4
n = 10 mole ; M = 44 g mol-1 W =? 14 g of N2 gas occupies x14 =
28 2
W = n × M = 11.2 litres
= 10 × 44 = 440g

103 Chemistry / Unit - 7

 www.nammakalvi.in

PLANT ANATOMY AND

Loyola EC – 10th Science
UNIT
12 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
PART I - TEXTBOOK EVALUATION
I. Choose the correct answer.
1. Casparian strips are present in the ______ of the root. GMQ
a) cortex b) pith c) pericycle d) endodermis
 Ans: d) endodermis
2. The endarch condition is the characteristic feature of
a) root b) stem c) leaves d) flower Ans: b) stem
3. The xylem and phloem arranged side by side on same radius is called ______.
a) radial b) amphivasal
c) conjoint d) None of these Ans: c) conjoint
4. Which is formed during anaerobic respiration? GMQ Sep.2020
a) Carbohydrate b) Ethyl alcohol
c) Acetyl CoA d) Pyruvate Ans: b) Ethyl alcohol
5. Kreb’s cycle takes place in PTA-3
a) chloroplast b) mitochondrial matrix (stroma)
c) stomata d) inner mitochondrial membrane
Ans: b) mitochondrial matrix (stroma)
6. Oxygen is produced at what point during photosynthesis? PTA-4
a) when ATP is converted to ADP b) when CO2 is fixed
c) when H2O is splitted d) All of these Ans: c) when H2O is splitted

II. Fill in the blanks. Answers

1. The innermost layer of cortex in root is called ________ Endodermis
2. Xylem and phloem are arranged in an alternate radii constitute a vascular Radial Bundles
bundle called _______.
3. Glycolysis takes place in _______ cytoplasm
4. The source of O2 liberated in photosynthesis is _______ water
5. _______ is ATP factory of the cells mitochondria
III. State whether the statements are true or false. Correct the false statement.
1. Phloem tissue is involved in the transport of water in plant.
Ans: False - Phloem tissue is involved in the transport of food in plant (or)
Xylem tissue is involved in the transport of water in plant.
2. The waxy protective covering of a plant is called as cuticle. Ans: True
3. In monocot stem cambium is present in between xylem and phloem.
Ans: False - In dicot stem cambium is present in between xylem and phloem.
4. Palisade parenchyma cells occur below upper epidermis in dicot root.
Ans: False - Palisade parenchyma cells occur below upper epidermis in dicot leaf.
5. Mesophyll contains chlorophyll. Ans: True

Biology / Unit - 12 158

 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

6. Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.

Ans: False - Anaerobic respiration produces less ATP than aerobic respiration.
IV. Match the Following
Column A Column B Answers
1 Amphicribal a Dracaena c Fern
2 Cambium b Translocation of food d Secondary growth
3 Amphivasal c Fern a Dracaena
4 Xylem d Secondary growth e Conduction of water
5 Phloem e Conduction of water b Translocation of food

V. Answer in a sentence. 3. Open: When cambium lies between

xylem and phloem. It is known as
1. What is collateral vascular bundle? open vascular bundle.
Collateral bundle is a type of vascular
bundle in which phloem and xylem lie on 2. Write a short note on mesophyll.
the same radius. Mesophyll (Meso = middle ; Phyll =
leaf)
2. Where does the carbon that is used in The tissue present between upper
photosynthesis come from? and lower epidermis of a leaf is called
Carbon di- oxide taken from atmosphere. mesophyll. In dorsiventral leaf, the
3. What is the common step in aerobic and mesophyll is differentiated into palisade
anaerobic pathway? parenchyma and spongy parenchyma.
Glycolysis (Glucose splitting) Palisade parenchyma
 The cells seen below the upper epidermis
4. Name the phenomenon by which are elongated without intercellular
carbohydrates are oxidized to release ethyl spaces, with more number of chloroplasts
alcohol. - and perform photosynthesis.
Anaerobic respiration (Fermentation) Spongy parenchyma.
eg : yeast ➢ Seen below the palisade parenchyma
tissue.
VI. Short answer questions.
➢ It is made up of almost spherical or
1. Give an account on vascular bundle of dicot oval and irregularly arranged cells,
stem. with inter-cellular spaces and help in
Vascular bundle. gaseous exchange.
➢ It is made up of xylem and phloem.
➢ Vascular bundles are arranged in the 3. Draw and label the structure of
form of a ring around the pith, known as oxysomes.
OXYSOME - STRUCTURE (F1 PARTICLE).
Eustele.
1. Conjoint & collateral: In the vascular
bundles phloem and xylem lie on the F1 Head
same radius it is conjoint and xylem
lies towards the centre and pholem lies
towards the periphery so it is conjoint Stalk
collateral.
2. Endarch: Protoxylem lies towards the F0 Base
centre this arrangement is known as Structure of Oxysomes
Endarch.
159 Biology / Unit - 12
 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

4.
Name the three basic tissues system in flowering plants.
i) Dermal or Epidermal tissue system.
ii) Ground tissue system.
iii) Vascular tissue system.

5. What is photosynthesis and where in a cell does it occur? PTA-3
 Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is a process by which autotrophic organisms like green plants,
algae and chlorophyll containing bacteria utilize the energy from sunlight to synthesize their own
food.
Light
6CO2 + 12 H2O Chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 ↑
 Chloroplast is the place of photosynthesis in a plant cell.
6. What is respiratory quotient? PTA-1
➢ Respiratory quotient is the ratio of volume of carbondioxide liberated, and the volume of
oxygen consumed during respiration.
Volume of CO2 liberated
RQ =
Volume of O2 Consumed
RQ of glucose = 1
7.
Why should the light dependent reaction occur before the light independent reaction?
I. The light independent reactions use light energy to make ATP and NADPH2 to form glucose
from the light dependent reactions.
 ight independent reactions use the energy (ATP) derived from the light dependent reactions.
II. L

III. So, the light dependent reaction occur before the light independent reaction.
8.
Write the reaction for photosynthesis?
Light

6CO2 + 12 H2O Chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 ↑

VII. Long answer questions.

1. Differentiate the following. GMQ
a) Monocot root and Dicot root Sep.2020 b) Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration
a) Tissues Monocot root Dicot root
1 Number of Xylem Polyarch Tetrarch
2 Cambium Absent Present (during secondary growth)
3 Secondary growth Absent Present
4 Pith or medulla Present Absent (Present in young roots)
5 Conjunctive Tissues Sclerenchyma Parenchyma

b) Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Organic food is completely oxidised with the Organic food is broken down in the absence
1
help of oxygen. of oxygen.
2 Glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide, Glucose is converted into ethanol or lactate.
water.

Biology / Unit - 12 160

 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

3 Lot of energy is produced Very small quantity of energy is produced

4 It is a complex process. It is a simpler process.
5 Example : Higher plants Example : Bacteria and yeast
6 C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + (ATP) C6H12O6  2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + (ATP)

2. Describe and name three stages of cellular respiration that aerobic organisms use to obtain
energy from glucose.
The biochemical process occurring within cell where the food is oxidized to obtain energy is
known as cellular respiration.
Overall reaction : C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Stages of Aerobic respiration - has 3 steps
a) Glycolysis ( Glucose splitting)
➢ It takes place in cytoplasm
➢ Break
 down of glucose ( 6-carbon) into two molecules of pyruvic-acid ( 3 - carbon)
➢ One molecule of glucose + oxygen  2 molecules of pyruvic acid
b) Krebs cycle ( T-C-A Cycle)
➢ Occur in Mitochondrial matrix
➢ 2  molecules of Pyruvic acid → CO2+H2O
➢ It is a cyclical reaction produces many Tricarboxylic acid intermediates so it is known as TCA
cycle.
c) Electron Transport chain (ETC)
➢ Occur
 in the inner membrane of mitochondria.
➢ NADH2 + FADH2 molecules formed during glycolysis and krebs cycle - get oxidised to NAD + &
FAD + & release the energy via electrons.
➢ The electrons, as they move through the ETC system release energy - in the form of ATP (This is
known as Oxidative phosphorylation )
➢ In this process, oxygen the ultimate acceptor electron gets reduced to water
3. How does the light dependent reaction differ from the light independent reaction? What are
the end product and reactants in each? Where does each reaction occur within the chloroplast?
Ans : a) Difference between Light dependent and Light independent reactions.

Light dependent reaction Light independent Reaction

1 It needs sunlight It does not need sunlight.
This reaction use light energy to make This reaction use the energy derived from
2
ATP and NADPH2 light dependent reactions to form glucose.
3 Place of occurance: It takes place in Place of occurance: It takes place in the
the thylakoid membrane (grana) of the stroma of the chloroplast
chloroplast.

161 Biology / Unit - 12

 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

b) Reactants and End products.

Reactants End products
Light dependent Photosynthetic pigment, light H2O ATP, NADPH2, O2↑, H2O

Light independent CO2, ATP, NADPH2 Glucose

VIII. Higher order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

1. The reactions of photosynthesis make up a biochemical pathway. PTA-5
A) What are the end product of light and dark reaction of photosynthesis.
End products
Light reaction ATP, NADPH2,O2↑, H2O
Dark reaction Carbohydrates (Glucose)
B) Explain how the biochemical pathway of photosynthesis recycles many of its own reactions
and identify the recycled reactants.
1. T
 he end products ADP, NADP of the light independent reaction are the reactants of the light
dependent reaction.
2. A
 TP and NADPH2 formed from light reaction are converted to ADP and NADP through
Calvin cycle.
3. Both ADP and NADP are recycled back into the light reaction.
4. Recycled reactants - ADP and NADP

2.
Where do the light dependent reaction and the Calvin cycle occur in the chloroplast?
Photosynthetic Reactions Occur in Chloroplast

  The light dependent reaction (Hill - reaction) occur in the thylakoid of the grana of chloroplasts.

 The Dark reaction (Calvin - cycle) occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts.

PART II - PTA ADDITIONAL QUESTION

I. Short answer (2 Marks)
1. What is the common step in aerobic and anaerobic pathway and where does it occur in a
cell? PTA-5
  It takes place in cytoplasm in cell
  It is a breakdown of one molecule of glucose (6 carbon) into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3
carbon)
  It is the first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
2. What is vascular bundle? PTA-1
It consists of xylem and phloem tissues. They are present in the form of bundles called
 
vascular bundles.
Xylem conducts water and minerals to different parts of the plant.
 
Phloem conducts food materials to different parts of the plant.
 

Biology / Unit - 12 162

 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

II. Answer in detail (4 & 7 Marks)

1. Draw and label the different types of conjoint vascular bundles. PTA-4

2. Draw the structure of a dicot root and label the parts. PTA-6

Root hair
Piliferous layer
Cortex
Phloem
Xylem

Ground plan

Root hair

Piliferous layer

Cortex

Passage cell

Endodermis
Phloem
Pericycle
Xylem
Conjunctive
tissue
Casparian strip

A sector enlarged

PART III - ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

I. One mark questions Answers
1. Who classified tissue system in plants into three types? Sachs
2. Father of Indian Plant Anatomy is P.Jeyaraman
3. Ground Tissue system includes Cortex, Endodermis,
Pericycle and Pith
4. The bundle, with phloem present on both outer and inner side of xylem Conjoint bicollateral
is known as

163 Biology / Unit - 12

 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

5. Radial condition and conjoint bundles occur respectively in roots and stems of
higher plants.
6. Epiblema is the other name for, Rhizodermis or
Piliferous layer
7. All tissues inner to endodermis constitute Stele
8. Pericycle is the site of origin of Lateral roots
phloem
xylem
9.

The type of vascular bundle seen in the above diagram is Amphicribral

10. The Vascular bundle is radial, exarch and tetrarch in Dicot root
11. Stele includes pericycle, vascular
tissues & pith
12. Cortex is heterogenous in Sunflower stem
13. During water stress conditions the special cells that help in the rolling bulliform cells
and unrolling of leaves there by avoid water loss is
14. DNA, 70 S ribosomes and other molecules required for protein synthesis stroma
occur in which part of chloroplasts?
15. The Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral and closed in Dicot leaf, Monocot
leaf and monocot stem.
16. Maximum O2 evolution occurs from Marine plankton
17. Photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts lie embedded in Thylakoid
18. The site of photophosphorylation in chloroplasts grana stacks
19. In blue green algae photosynthesis occurs in photosynthetic
lamellae
20. How many ATP and NADPH2 molecules are used for fixing one Three and two
molecule of CO2? respectively (3 & 2)
21. The semi autonomous organelles of the plant cell are Chloroplasts &
Mitochondria
22. Artificial photosynthesis is a method used by C.N.R. Rao Hydrogen fuel
(Bharat’Ratna awarded ) to produce
23. The oxysomes of F1 particles are located in the Cristae
24. The organelle of the cell, that helps to maintain normal concentration Mitochondria
of calcium ions is
25. The process in which electrons are accepted at the end of respiratory Terminal oxidation
chain is known as
26. Which enzyme is released by yeast during fermentation? Zymase
27. Which is the first product of kreb’s cycle? Citric acid
28. The end product of oxidative phosphorylation is ATP + H2O
29. The number of photosystems involved in photosynthesis photosystem I &
photosystem II

Biology / Unit - 12 164

 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

30. ________ molecules in mitochondria, that form channels for passage of Porin molecules
molecules through it are known as
31. Tennis racket shaped particles in the mitochondria are____ oxysomes
32. _____ increases the inner surface area of mitochondria to hold variety Cristae
of enzymes.
33. Mitochondria DNA occur in ________ Mitochondrial matrix
34. The Photolysis of water is also known as _______ Photo oxidation
35. Light dependent photosynthesis was discovered by ____ Robin Hill
36. The light independent reactions are also known as ____ Biosynthetic phase
37. The energy currency of the cell is ______ ATP
38. The first formed product of krebs-cycle is ________ citric acid
39. Glycolysis is a part of ______ respiration cellular
40. Meristematic tissue divides _______ continuously
41. The stomata has it but the epidermal cells lack _____ chloroplast
42. The monocots with out Isobilateral leaves are _____ Musa, Canna
43. The xylem and pholem elements of monocot leaves are similar to that monocot stem
of ______
44. Monocot leaves have stomata on ________ both on the upper &
lower epidermis
45. The stomatal opening, guard cells & subsidiary cells together known Stomatal apparatus
as ________
46. Pith is generally absent in _______ Old Dicot roots
47. Extra stelar tissues in roots are ______ Endodermis & cortex
48. The areas with starch reserves are seen in _____ cortex & pith
49. Piliferous layer is the other name for Rhizodermis because it bear _____ root hairs
(pili-means hairs)
50. ______ is an intra stelar monocot root pith

II. True or False. (If False give the correct statements)

1. The condition in which xylem and phloem are present in different radius - alternating with each
other is known as - Radial Bundles.  Ans: True
2. In the concentric type of bundle, the phloem is present on both outer and inner side of xylem.
Ans: False - In concentric type of bundle, xylem completely surrounds the phloem or vice versa.
3. Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral, closed and endarch in Dicot stem.
Ans: False - Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral, closed and endarch in monocot stem.
4. The pigments such as carotenoids, chlorophyll b are known as primary pigments.
Ans: False - The pigments such as carotenoids chlorophyll b are known as accessory pigments
5. ETC is located on the inner membrane of Mitochondria. Ans: True

165 Biology / Unit - 12

 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

III. Match the following

1. Column A Column B Answers
1 Casparian strips a Sclerenchyma e suberin
2 Pith b Collenchyma d Monocot root
3 Bundle sheath c Parenchyma a Sclerenchyma
4 Hypodermis d Monocot root b Collenchyma
5 Medullary ray e Suberin c Parenchyma
IV. Assertion and Reason
a) If both A and R are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of A.
b) If both A and R are true and ‘R’ is not correct explanation of A.
c) If A is true but R is false. d) If both A and R are false.
1. Assertion :  Photosynthesis is a redox process.
Reason : Oxidation of carbon di oxide and reduction of water takes place in
photosynthesis. Ans: d) If both A and R are false
2. Assertion Oxidative phosphorylation requires oxygen
: 
Reason Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in chloroplast. Ans: c) If A is true but R is false
: 
V. Draw and label the parts in the diagram
1. Bicollateral Vascular bundle 2. Dicot stem T.S. Ground Plan

B
C
D

A - phloem B - cambium C- xylem Ans : A - Epidermis, B- Vascular bundle,

C - Cortex, D - Pith
3. Draw the structure of chloroplast and neatly label the parts.
A Stroma
B Grana (thylakoids)

C DNA

D Outer membrane

4. Identify the given diagram and label the parts

D The Given diagram is Mitochondria
A - Outer Membrane
A
B - Cristae Junction
B
C - F1 Particle (Oxysomes)
C D - DNA

Biology / Unit - 12 166

 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

VI. Short Answers Questions

1. Notes on Ground tissue components and its function
Components Functions
1 Parenchyma tissue Photosynthesis, food Storage & regeneration
2 Collenchyma tissue Support
3 Sclerenchyma tissue Support & protection

2. Differentiate between Radial bundles & Conjoint bundles

Radial bundles Conjoint bundles
Xylem and phloem are present in different radii Xylem and Phloem lie on the same radius
alternating with each other. Eg. Roots Eg. Stems

3. Explain concentric bundles

Vascular bundles in which xylem completely surrounds the phloem or vice versa.
It is of two types
Amphivasal V.B Amphicribral
Xylem surrounds Phloem Eg. Dracaena Phloem surrounds xylem. Eg. Ferns

4. Differentiate between Dicot leaf and Monocot leaf.

Dicot leaf Monocot Leaf
Mesophyll is differentiated into palisade Mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and
and spongy parenchyma (dorsiventral) spongy parenchyma (isobilateral)

5. Distinguish between primary pigment and accessory pigments.

Primary pigment Accessory pigment
Chlorophyll - a - traps solar energy and Chlorophyll - b and carotenoids they pass on the
known as reaction centre and converts it absorbed energy to chlorophyll - a also known as
into electrical and chemical energy. harvesting centre.

6. Give the overview of Hill and calvin cycle.

Photosynthesis
Chloroplast
ATP
Light NADPH2
Dependent Calvin
Rection NADP+ Cycle
ADP

H2O O2
Glucose CO2

7. What are the functions of Mitochondria

 Mitochondria produce large number of ATP Molecules, Known as the Power house of the
cell or ATP factory of the cell.
 It regulates the metabolic activity of the cell.

167 Biology / Unit - 12

 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

VII. Long Answer Questions.

1. Draw the various types of Vascular bundles.
Open vascular Close vascular Radial
bundle bundle arrangement

Phloem Phloem
Cambium
Xylem
Xylem

Bicollateral Amphilicribral Amphivasal

vascular bundle vascular bundle vascular bundle
Phloem
Xylem Phloem
Cambium
Xylem
Phloem

Dicot Root T.S

2. Explain the Stele of Dicot root Root hair
Piliferous layer
Stele : All the tissues inner to endodermis constitute stele. Cortex
Phloem
a. Pericycle: A single layer of thin walled cells, lateral roots Xylem

originate from this layer Ground plan

b. Vascular Tissues Root hair
Piliferous layer
 Radial It consists of many patches radially arranged xylem
Cortex
and phloem.
 Exarch The protoxylem is pointing towards periphery.
Endodermis
 Tetrach There are 4 groups of xylem known as Tetrach. Phloem
 Conjunctive Tissues The tissue lying between xylem and Pericycle
Xylem
phloem is called conjunctive tissue and its parenchymatous.
Casparian strip
 Pith : Pith or Medulla is absent in old roots.
A sector enlarged

3. Draw the internal structure of Monocot leaf and Explain the Anatomy.
Epidermis :
 Monocot leaf has upper and
lower epidermis. Epidermis Transverse section of Monocot Leaf Cuticle
is made up of parenchyma Bulliform cells
cells with cuticle stomata Upper epidermis
present on both sides. Mesophyll
 Some cells of upper Bundle sheath
epidermis are large and thin Xylem
walled known as bulliform Phloem
cells (help in the rolling and Lower epidermis
unrolling of leaves during Stoma
water stress conditions)

Biology / Unit - 12 168

 www.nammakalvi.in

Loyola EC – 10th Science

Mesophyll : Vascular Bundles

 It is ground tissue between the  L arge & small sized Vascular Bundles
epidermal layers. Occur.
 No distinction into palisada &  Bundle Sheath - It is Parenchymatous
spongy tissue.  V .B - They are conjoint, Collateral and
 Irregularly arranged with inter closed.
cellular spaces.  X ylem towards upper and Phloem towards
 Contain Chloroplasts & perform lower epidermis.
photo synthesis.
4. Draw the Transverse section of Monocot root.
Root hair
Root hair Piliferous layer
Piliferous layer
Cortex
Endodermis
Cortex
Pith
Casparian strip
Endodermis
Pericycle
Ground plan Phloem
Xylem
Pith

5. Draw the structure of Dicot leaf and label the parts

Cuticle

Upper epidermis

Palisade parenchyma

Xylem

Spongy parenchyma

Phloem

Bundle sheath

Stoma

Epidermal hair

Lower epidermis

Transverse section of Dicot leaf

☼ (((( ☺ )))) ☼

169 Biology / Unit - 12