--diff in RDBMS and DBMS
RDBMS : the fk is present
DBMS : there is no fk
RDBMS : relationship can be created between the tables
DBMS : can not create a relationship
RDBMS : memory requirement is low
DBMS : memory requirement is high
RDBMS : speed is high
DBMS : speed is low
==============
show databases;
use cdac;
show tables;
select * from
--to break
ctrl + c
--Normalization
it is database design techique
it is used to avoid the repeatation of the data / redundancy
we break one table into 2 or more tables in Normalization
Normalization is process , which is followd by database designer or
database architecture
Normalization is performed before creating the tables or inserting the records.
there are 3 Normalization forms.
1NF : 1st normal form
a relation is said to be in “first normal form” (1NF) if and only if all its
attributes assume only atomic values.
pk : orderno+ itemno
2NF : 2nd normal form
A relation is said to be in 2NF if and only if it is in 1NF and every non-key
attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key.
or
remove functional dependency
3NF : 3rd normal form
remove the transitive dependency
the data will be reliable, normal, correct or believable using Normalization.
===
transitive dependency
----------------->
---------> ----->
c1 c2 c3
10 x aa
20 y bb
30 z cc
10 x aa
20 y bb
if there are 3 cols , if values of c1 depends on values of c2
and if values of c2 depends on values of c3
then c1 depends on values of c3
=====================
pk : orderno+ itemno
orderno itemno qty price cust name Address city
code
y y n n n n
=================
10.00 to 12.00 : lecture
12.20 - 1.30 : lecture
1.30 - 2.15 : lunch
2.15 - 4.15 : practice
4.15- 4.30 : tea
4.30 - 5.30 : lecture
5.30 - 8.00 : practice
==
dml : INSERT, update delete
--1st
insert into emp values ( 3 , 'ritesh' , 32000.00 , 20 , 'p003' )
insert into emp values ( 4 , 'rita' , 32000.00 , 20, null )
insert into emp values ( 5 , 'tej' , null , null, null )
--2nd method to insert a record
insert into emp (ename , empno, sal) values('tejas', 6, 40000);
--change the name as siddharth for empno 1
update emp
set ename = 'siddharth'
where empno =1;
--change the pancard as s001 for employee siddharth
update emp
set pancard= 's001'
where ename = 'siddharth';
--change the pancard as s002 for employee no 2
update emp
set pancard= 's002'
where empno=2;
--delete the record where the name as siddharth
delete from emp
WHERE ename ='SIDDHARTH';
--NOTE
the data, commands is not case sensitive
--delete the record where pancard is a null value
delete from emp
where pancard is null;
--delete the record where pancard has value
delete from emp
where pancard is not null;
null : empty
insert into emp values (1, 'vinit', 30000, 10, 'p001');
insert into emp values (2, 'vinit1', 30000, 10, 'p002');
--delete all the records
delete from emp;
--truncate
will delete all the records, but the structure will be preserved
truncate table emp ;
select * from emp;
--diff truncate and delete
truncate : ddl
delete : dml
truncate : faster than delete
delete :
truncate : will delete the rows at a time
delete : will delete the rows, rowwise
truncate : where condition can not be given
delete : where condition can be given
--diff truncate and drop
truncate : will delete all the records, but the structure will be preserved
drop : will delete records along with the structure
====
create table emp1(
empno numeric(4),
ename varchar(20),
doj date);
insert into emp1 values(1, 'yash', '2024-12-30' );
select curdate();
insert into emp1 values(2, 'yashwini', curdate());
dml : insert , update ,delete
ddl : create , drop, truncate
--to redirect the command to a file till exit
tee d:\Priti\day2_commands.txt
|
folder
select * from emp;
select * from dept;
select curdate()
select now();
select * from emp1;
exit
open -----> file --> day2_commands.txt ---> check
2.15 upto :
2.15 -4.15 : PR
select * from emp
WEHRE sal >=2000 and sal <=4000;
================================================
--to drop the table
drop table dept;
will delete all the records along with the structure
===============
--to see the current time
select current_time();
==to see the help
help
or
\h
==to execute a sql file
source d:\priti\file1.sql
truncate table emp;
file : d:\priti\file1.sql --select all files
insert into emp values (1, 'vinit', 30000, 10, 'p001');
insert into emp values (2, 'nita', 30000, 10, 'p002');
insert into emp values (3, 'sita', 30000, 10, 'p003');
===========
--to give the comments in mysql
--single line comments
#sdlfksldfk
--multiple line comments
/* sdflsdkfsd
sdf
sd
fsdf */
--emp dept file
source d:\priti\EMP_DEPT_Script.sql
or
google : emp dept script mysql
===========
--display empno ,ename ,job,
select empno ,ename ,job from emp;
desc emp;
select job from emp;
--to avoid the repeatation, or to supress the duplication of values
select distinct job from emp;
select distinct deptno from emp;
--to display all the emp details who are receiving the comm
select * from emp
where comm is not null;
--to display all the emp details who are not receiving the comm
select * from emp
where comm is null
or comm=0;
select * from emp
where comm is null
|| comm=0;
--logical operators
and &&
or ||
not !=
--relational operators
>
<
>=
<=
=
!=
<>
--airthmatic operators
+
-
*
/
--display ename who are not from deptno 10
select ename from emp
where deptno != 10;
select ename from emp
where deptno <> 10;
--display ename whoes sal > 1000 and who are from deptno 20
select ename from emp
where sal > 1000 and deptno=20;
---------- ----------
1 2
select ename from emp
where sal > 1000 && deptno=20;
select ename from emp
where sal > 1000 and deptno=20 and comm is null and job='manager';
--display ename whoes sal > 1000 or who are from deptno 20
--4
select ename from emp
where sal > 1000 and deptno=20;
--13
select ename from emp
where sal > 1000 or deptno=20;
--display the all details for smith , jones and allen
select * from emp
where ename ='smith' or
ename ='jones' or
ename ='allen'
--or
select * from emp
where ename in ('smith', 'jones', 'allen')
--display the all details who are working for deptno 10, 20
select * from emp
where deptno =10 or deptno=20
select * from emp
where deptno in (10, 20)
--display the all details who are manager or analyst and whoes sal > 2000
select * from emp
where job in ('manager', 'analyst') and sal > 2000;
--display the all details who are manager , in deptno 10 and who are salesman from
20
select * from emp
where (job='manager' and deptno=10) or (job='salesman' and deptno=20)
--predicates
1 in : exact match
2 between : range
3 like : search for pattern
--tomo
not int
between
like
data types
ER diagrams
aggr fun
constraints
alter
