HISTORY

1. Describe the process of Unification of Italy.

(i) The unification process was led by Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi.
(ii) During 1830, Mazzini formed ‘Young Italy’.
(iii) King Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour unify the North Italian states through wars.
(iv) Garibaldi marched into South Italy in 1860.
(v) In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

2 . Describe the process of unification of Germany.

(i) In 1815, Germany was identified as a loose confederation of 39 states.

(ii) Prussia became the leader of German unification movement.
(iii) Bismarck was the architect of the process.
(iv) The unification was completed after wars with Austria, Denmark and France.
(v) In January 1871, the Prussian King, William I, was proclaimed the German Emperor.

3. Describe the significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

* The satyagrahis broke various laws.

* The peasants refused to pay taxes.
* Forest people violated forest laws.
* All Congress leaders were arrested.
* Thousands of women participated in the mass movement.
* The business class participated in Khadi movement.

4. How had Non-Cooperation Movement spread in cities and countryside? Explain.

The Non-Cooperation movement in the cities.

* Thousands of students left the government-controlled schools and colleges.
* Teachers resigned and lawyers gave up their practice.
* Bandhs were organised to deprive landlords of the services of barbers and washerman.

The Non-Cooperation movement in the counyryside.

*In Awadh, peasant movement was against talukdars, who charged high rent.
*In Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement was organised by Alluri Sitaram Raju.

5. Trade and culture exchange always went hand in hand. Explain the statement with silk route.
i) There are number of silk routes over lands and sea connecting Asia with Europe and North Africa.
ii) Silk cargoes going from China to the west along this route.
iii) Chinese pottery also travelled through this route.
iv) Christian missionaries came to Asia through this route. Later Muslim preachers took the same route.
v) Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several direction through the silk route.

6. Write short notes about: The Vernacular Press Act.

(i) The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878 by the British government in India.
(ii) This act gives the government rights to censor reports and editorials in the Vernacular Press.
(iii) If a Vernacular Paper published any seditious material, the paper was banned, and its
printing machinery was seized and destroyed.
 7. "Printing press played a major role in Indian society of 19th Century." Analyse the statement.
(i) Print media opened an era of debates and discussions on various socio-religious issues.
(ii) Reformers are able to spread their ideas against social evils such as sati, female infanticide etc.
(iii) Many leaders wrote against British policy of religious conversion through Print media.
(iv) Print media encouraged the reading of religious texts.
(v) It connected communities and people in different parts of India.

GEOGRAPHY

1. What are the various methods of soil conservation?

(i) Contour ploughing – Contour lines can check the flow of water on the hills.
(ii) Terrace cultivation – Steps on the slopes making terraces and restricts soil erosion.
(iii) Strip cropping – Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of wind.
This method is called strip cropping.
(iv) Planting of Shelter belts – Planting lines of trees to create shelter also checks the soil erosion.
Rows of such trees are called Shelter Belts.

2. Explain the role of government and community for the conservation of forest
and wildlife in India? Explain.

Role of the government for the conservation of forest and wildlife in India:
*Indian government has established National parks, Sanctuaries and Biosphere reserves.
*The Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972 - banned hunting and restricting trade in wildlife.
*Projects for protecting specific animals including the tiger, Asiatic lion and others.

Role of the community in forest and wildlife conservation:

* The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas successfully resisted deforestation.
*Farmers in Tehri shown that crop production without the use of chemicals is possible.
*Joint Forest Management involves local communities in restoration of degraded forests.

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of multipurpose projects?

Advantages of multipurpose projects:

Irrigation, Hydroelectricity, flood control flood, inland navigation, fish breeding.

Disadvantages of multipurpose projects:

Excess sedimentation, Displacement of local communities, water diseases and pollution.

4. Describe the main features of 'Kharif crop season’ and ‘Rabi Crop Season’

'Kharif crop season’ Rabi Crop Season’

Kharif crops are grown with the Rabi crops are sown in winter season from October
onset of Southwest monsoon (May - June) to December
They are harvested in September to October They are harvested in summer from April to June

Kharif crops require high rainfall Cyclones helps in the success of these crops.
5. Explain the conditions required for major crops grown in India and their growing areas.

CROPS Geographic condition Climatic condition Growing areas

100cm rainfall and above Northern Plains, Eastern

Rice Alluvial soil
25°C temperature Coastal plain
Punjab, Haryana, Western
Wheat Alluvial soil Cool and moist weather
Uttar Pradesh
Red, black, sandy and Tamilnadu, Karnataka and
Millets Dry and warm climate
loamy soils Madhya Pradesh
Grows well on
Jute In flood plains Ganga Delta area
well-drained fertile soil
Requires high temperature,
Cotton Grows well in black soil Gujarat, Maharashtra
light rainfall
Tea, Fertile well-drained Tropical and sub-tropical Hilly areas of
Coffee soil rich in humus climates Assam, Kerala

6. There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development and energy saving.’
Suggest and explain the measures to solve this problem.
In future, Non renewable energy supplies will have many shortages and are getting expensive day by day.
Also, Non-renewable sources pose a great threat in pollution.
We should use public transport instead of personal vehicles.
We should switch off electricity when not in use.
We should switch to power-saving devices.
We should keep our power equipment well maintained.

7. Explain the importance of conservation of minerals. Highlight any three measures to conserve them.
Importance of Minerals conservation:
Minerals are non-renewable in nature.
The rate of formation of minerals is very slow. But the rate of consumption is high.
Methods of conserving minerals:
Improved technologies should be evolved to make use of low grade Minerals at low costs.
Recycling of metals.

8. Describe the importance of Manufacturing Industries as the backbone of economic development

of the country.
Industries helps in Eradication of unemployment and poverty.
Industries expands trade and commerce.
Industries transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods.
Industries helps to increase standard of living and per capita income.
Industries brings foreign exchange.
Industries helps in Self-sufficiency.

9. Suggest any five measures to control industrial pollution in India.

* Reusing and recycling water in two or more stages.
* Harvesting of rainwater.
* Treatment of Industrial effluents in three phases.
* Over drawing of ground water needs to be regulated legally.
 CIVICS

1. Explain the horizontal and vertical division of powers?

Horizontal Division of power:
(i) Power is shared among different organs such as legislature, executive and judiciary.
(ii) It is a concept of separation of power.

Vertical Division of power:

(i)Power is shared among different levels like union, state and local level.
(ii) Constitution clearly lays down the power of the different levels of government.

2. List the differences between Federal system and Unitary form of Government.

Sl. No Unitary System Federal System

1 One level of government Two or more levels of government.

The Central Government can order the state The Central Government cannot order the state
2
government. government.

3 The central government is supreme State Government has own powers.

3. Mention the constitutional provisions for Secularism and Gender equality (Women Empowerment).
Our Constitution makes India a Secular State.
* There is no official religion for the Indian State. Buddhism in Sri Lanka, Islam in Pakistan and Christianity in
England are their official religions. But our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
* The Constitution provides to all individuals the freedom to practice and propogate any religion.

Steps taken by the government towards women empowerment.

* The provision of equal wages for women has been made under the Equal Wages Act.
* The government has brought Domestic Violence Act which proves as an effective step.
* The one way to solve women related problems in India is to have more women as elected representatives.
* India has reserved one-third seats in Local Government bodies for women.
* In March 2010, the women’s Reservation Bill was passed in the Rajya Sabha .

4. Explain the factors that have led to the weakening of the caste system in India.

* Efforts of social reformers like Gandhiji, B.R. Ambedkar to establish a society in which
caste inequalities are absent.
* Socio-economic changes such as:
Urbanization, Education, Occupational mobility, Break down of caste hierarchy have greatly contributed in
weakening the caste system in India.
* The Constitution of India also prohibited any caste-based discrimination.
5. Explain the different kinds of party system and the Functions of political parties.
(i) One-party System- Only one party is allowed to run the government. (Ex: China - communist only)
(ii) Two Party System- Power changes between two main parties. (Ex: USA, UK)
(iii) Multi-party System- Several parties compete for power (Ex: India)
Political Parties contest election.
Political Parties put forward different policies and programs
Political Parties makes laws for the country.
Political Parties form and run government.
Political Parties play the role of opposition.
Political Parties shape public opinion.

8. What are the Challenges to political parties and suggest some ways to reform political parties in India.
Challenges to political parties:
1. Lack of internal democracy within parties.
2. Dynastic succession.
3. The growing role of money and muscle power.
4. Parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
Ways to reform political parties in India :
* Regulation of party’s internal affairs * Women’s participation
* The pressure of public opinion * State funding

9. Democracy is better than any other form of government? Justify this statement.
Democratic government have formal constitution and guarantees rights of citizens.
They have political parties and hold regular elections.
Democracy promotes equality among citizens.
It also improves the quality of decision making.
Democracy allows itself to correct mistakes.
It gives equal status and respect to women and weaker section.

ECONOMICS

1. Explain the term ‘Development’. How is it linked with sustainability?

(i) Development is a process of going further up and improving the quality of life.
(ii) Common goals are regular work, better wages, Peace and security.
(ii) It has to be maintained for future generations.
(iv) Overuse of resources exhaust them. For example, petroleum.
(v) If development is not sustainable, it will give rise to environmental problem.

2. Differentiate between Public sector and private sector.

Public sector Private sector

The government owns the assets Individuals or companies owns the assets
and provides all the services and provides all the services
The purpose of the public sector is not just
The purpose of the public sector is to earn profit.
to earn profit, but also the welfare of people
Railways or post office Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited or Reliance
is an example of the public sector Industries are some examples of private sector.
3. What is Unemployment, disguised unemployment and underemployment ?
Unemployment is a situation in which people want to work, qualified for work but not able to get a work.
When more people are working than its requirement then it is called disguised unemployment.
When people are working less than their capability, it is called Underemployment.

4. Tertiary sector is different from other sectors. Justify the statement with suitable argument.
(i) Tertiary sector support and helps the primary and secondary sectors.
(ii) Tertiary sector provides services like transport, banking and communication.
(iv) It generates more employment than other sector.

5. What is money? Why is modern money currency accepted as a medium of exchange?

Money is a medium of exchange in transactions.
Money can be easily exchange for any commodity or service.
Modern Money is authorized by the government of the country.

6. What is the basic objective of ‘Self Help Groups’? How do they work?
The basic objective of ‘Self Help Groups’ is to organize rural poor, particularly women.
 The members can take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs
 After one or two years, if the group is regular in savings, bank will give loan.
 Unpaid loans are dealt seriously by group members. So banks are willing to lend to SHGs.
 The regular meetings of the group provide a platform to discuss variety of social issues .

7. What is credit? How credit plays a vital and positive role for development.
Credit means loans.
It is an agreement between lender and the borrower
1. Credit is crucial for development like investments, business, buying cars, houses, etc.
2. In rural areas credit helps in the development of agriculture.
3. Manufacturers need credit for buying raw material and other expenses.
4. Some people borrow for illness, marriages, education etc.

8. What are the two categories of sources of credit? Mention four features of each.

Formal sources of credit Informal sources of credit

Loans from Banks and cooperatives Money borrowed from friends, relatives,
fall under the Formal sector moneylenders, fall under the Informal sector
Require documentation and collateral Do not require documentation and collateral

Formal sources cannot charge high interest Informal sources charge high rate of interest

9. What is Globalization? Explain the factors that have enabled Globalisation.

Globalization refers to the integration of the domestic economy with the economies of the world.
* Developments in communication technology, computers, Internet has been changing rapidly.
* Information technology has also played an important role in spreading out production of services.
* Orders, designing, payment can be arranged through internet.
* Liberalization of Foreign trade helped the globalization process by removing unnecessary trade restrictions.

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