I-D.

Pharm Social Pharmacy Passing Package Part-1 1

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS – PASSING PACKAGE

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL PHARMACY 3M+5M=8M
1. Define Social Pharmacy? Explain the role of pharmacist in public health.
❖ It is defined as the discipline that deals with the medicine's role by considering scientific and
humanistic perception.
Role of Pharmacists in Public Health
❖ They provide population-based care.
❖ They conduct disease prevention and control programs (including, medication safety programs) in
their institutions and communities.
❖ They develop health education policies and programs within their institutions concerned with the
needs of patients, health care professionals, community leaders, and the public.
❖ They collaborate with state and local authorities, involving local and state health departments and
boards of health, to address local and regional health care needs (such as, environmental hazard and
emergency preparedness programs).
❖ They advocate for sound legislation, regulations, and public policy related to disease prevention and
management.
❖ They involve in population-based research and initiate campaigns for distributing new knowledge.
❖ They put a positive influence on drug policy, drug use and outcomes as well as other health care
aspects in collaboration with other health professionals at a community level.
❖ They participate in formulation of drug policy, comprising of drug regulation.

2. Define Health? Write a note on Dimension of Health

❖ "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing.
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
1. Physical Dimensions: Physical health is defined as a state indicating perfect functioning of the body.
Signs of physical health:
• A good complexion, A clean skin, Bright eyes, not too fatty, A sweet breath, A good appetite,
Sound sleep.
2. Mental health: Mental health is a state of balance between the individual and the surroundings
world including the environment.
Characteristics of mentally healthy person
• Mentally healthy person will be capable of making personal and social adjustment.
• Mentally healthy person is free from internal conflicts.
• He faces problems and tries to solve them intelligently.
• He has good self-control balances rationally and emotionally.
3. Social Dimensions: A quantity and quality of an individual inter-personalities and the extent of
involvement with the community.
4. Spiritual Dimensions: Spirituality health matter involving values and beliefs providing a purpose in
an individual’s life.

3. Explain Health Indicators.

❖ Mortality Indicators: These include:
➢ Crude Death Rate: It is the number of deaths per 1000 population per year in each community. It is
a fair indicator used for comparing the health of individuals.

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➢ Life Expectancy: It is the average number of years a newborn will live in a population if the current
age-specific mortality rates persist.
➢ Infant Mortality Rate: It is the ratio of deaths occurring in infants each year to the number of births
of live infants in the same year.
➢ Child Mortality Rate: It is the number of deaths of 1-4 years old children each year per 1000
children of the same age group at the midpoint of the same year.
➢ Maternal mortality rate: it is the proportion of deaths of women of reproductive.
➢ Disease-Specific Mortality: Mortality rates can even be determined for specific diseases.
Example: cancers, diabetes, and cardiovascular.
❖ Morbidity Indicators: These indicators are used for improving the mortality data so that the health
status of a population can be properly described.
➢ incidence and occurrence.
➢ Attendance rates in out-patient departments and health centers.
➢ Rates of admission, re-admission, and discharge.
❖ Nutritional Status Indicators: Given below nutritional indicators used health current time:
➢ Anthropometric measurements height, mid-arm circumference).
➢ Height and weight children school entry, and
➢ Occurrence of low weight (less than 2.5kg).
❖ Indicators of Social Mental Health: These the homicides, juvenile accidents, family violence, battered-
baby, and battered-wife syndromes.
❖ Environment Indicators: These indicators describe the quality of physical and biological environment in
which individuals are living and diseases are occurring they include indicators of air and water
pollution, radiation, solid wastes, noise, exposure to toxic substances in food and drinks.
❖ Socio-Economic Indicators: These indicators are not directly used for measuring the health status but
interpret the indicators of healthcare.
❖ Health Policy Indicators: A most essential health policy indicator is an allocation of adequate resources
by a healthcare government.

4. Describe Determinants of Health

❖ Income and Social Status: As the income and social hierarchy increases, the health of an individual
improves.
❖ Employment: Poor health arises due to unemployment, underemployment, and working under stressed
conditions.
❖ Education: Health of an individual is also determined by the education level.
❖ Social Environments: Values and norms of a society also affect an individual's health and well-being in
different ways.
❖ Physical Environments: Air and water quality are the physical factors in the natural environment which
put their impact on health.
❖ Healthy Child Development: The effect of pre-natal and early childhood experiences has a very
powerful impact on health, well-being, coping skills, and competence.
❖ Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills: Health is greatly influenced by eating a balanced diet,
being active, smoking, drinking, and the way of dealing with life's stresses and challenges.
❖ Health Services: Health is also influenced when an individual makes use of the services provided for
preventing and treating diseases.
❖ Social Support Networks: A better health results from support provided by families, friends, and
communities.
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❖ Biology and Genetic Endowment: Inheritance determines lifespan, healthiness, and probability of
developing certain illnesses.
❖ Gender: Men and women at different ages suffer from different types of diseases.
❖ Culture: It is defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs, and institutions of a population passed
down from generation to generation.

5. Write a note on National Health Policies

1. NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY (1983): - To attain the objectives "Health for all by 2000 AD", the Union
Ministry of Health and Welfare formulated National Health Policy 1983.
Key elements of national health policy 1983
• Creation of greater awareness of health problems in the community and means to solve the
problems by the community.
• Supply of safe drinking water and basic sanitation using technologies that people can afford.
• Reduction of existing imbalance in health services by concentrating more on the rural health
infrastructure.
• Provision of legislative support to health protection and promotion.
• Concerned actions to combat widespread malnutrition.
• Greater co-ordination of different system of medicine.

2. NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 2002-2010

• Eradication of Polio & Yaws by 2005
• Elimination of Leprosy by 2005
• elimination of Kala-azar by 2010
• Elimination of lymphatic Filariasis by 2015
• Achieve of Zero level growth of HIV/AIDS by 2007 Reduction of mortality by 50% on account of
Tuberculosis, Malaria, Other vector, and water borne Diseases by 2010
• Reduce prevalence of blindness to 0.5% by 2010
• Reduction of IMR to 30/1000 & MMR to 100/lakh by 2010
• Increase utilization of public health facilities from current level of <20% to > 75% by 2010

3. NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY (2017)

❖ Aim: - The primary aim of the National Health Policy, 2017, is to inform, clarify, strengthen, and
prioritize the role of the Government in shaping health systems in all its dimensions
Key Policy Principles
• Professionalism, Integrity and Ethics, Equity, Affordability
• Universality, Patient Cantered & Quality of Care, Accountability
• Inclusive Partnerships, Pluralism, Dynamism and Adaptiveness:

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CHAPTER 2: PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE 3M+3M+5M+5M=16M

6. Define Demography? Write a note on Demographic Cycle
❖ Demography may be defined as the science dealing with the study of human population.
Or
❖ The statistical study of population which involves studying the structure, size, and distribution (birth,
ageing, death, migration) of population The main sources of demographic data include registration
system and census. The following 3 types of phenomena can be observed in human population.
a) Changes in population size (growth or decline)
b) The composition of population.
c) The distribution of population in space.
Demographic Cycle
There are five stages of demographic cycle: -
1. High stationary stage: It is the first stage from which each nation begins. During this stage,
population remains stationary since high birth rate is associated with high death rate.
2. Early expanding stage: It is the second stage in which the death rate begins to fall while the birth
rate continues at or near to the maximum, resulting in increase in population.
3. Late expanding stage: It is the third stage in which the birth rate begins to decline but the population
continues to grow because the birth rate is still higher than the death rate.
4. Low stationary stage: It is the fourth stage in which the population again becomes stationary with
a low birth rate and low death rate.
5. Declining stage: In the fifth and last stage, the population declines because death rate exceeds the
birth rate.

7. Explain Contraceptive methods.

• Birth control also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is a method or device
used to prevent pregnancy.
1. RHYTHM METHOD
❖ This method is because ovulation occurs 12 to 16 days before the onset of menstruation, i.e., 7 days
before and 7 days after the menstrual cycle are considered safe for intercourse. This is not a very
reliable method as menstrual cycle vary in females.
• Advantages: It is the natural means of birth control. It does not need any artificial means.
• Disadvantages: It is not reliable. It is difficult to find out safe period for a woman whose
menstruation period changes. It requires arithmetical calculations. Many times, there is no co-
operation between opposite sexes.

2. COITUS ININTERRUPTUS
❖ It is one of the oldest methods of birth control. It is popularly known as withdrawal. In this method,
the sexual intercourse is started and when male is about to ejaculate, the penis is withdrawn from the
vagina.
• Advantages: No appliances must be used.
• Disadvantages:
✓ It is not a reliable method.
✓ Escape of a drop of a semen containing spermatozoa before ejaculation.

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✓ Inability of some men to withdraw penis in time.

3. Chemical Contraceptives
❖ The objective of using the chemical contraceptives is to halt the progress of sperms completely or to
kill them before they enter the uterus. There are three types of chemical contraceptives.
✓ Pastes and jellies: They are pushed into the vagina with the help of an applicator. Sufficient time is to
be given for the chemical to be spread on the mouth of the uterus. The chemicals contain spermicidal
agents which kill the sperms before entering the uterus.
✓ Aerosols (foam tablets): Foam tablet is kept into the vagina five minutes before the Intercourse. At
body temperature it melts and produces foam which acts as a barrier for the entry of sperms into the
uterus.
• Advantages: These are easy to obtain and simple to use.
• Disadvantages: Some products can cause itching to women. Foam tablets are to be checked before
use with the help of water.

4. Mechanical Contraceptives
❖ There are three types of mechanical contraceptives:
(a) Condom
(b) Diaphragms and caps
(c) Intra Uterine Devices (IUD)
a. Condom: It is put on the penis before intercourse. It is an efficient method to prevent conception. It is
made up of latex. Proper use of condom is necessary for success. Man should take out penis without
leaving condom in vagina.
• Advantages: They are easy to use and easy to obtain. They give protection against venereal
diseases and AIDS.
• Disadvantages: It is not 100% efficient.

b. Diaphragms and Caps: The object of using diaphragms and caps is to close off the entrance to the vagina
i.e., to stop sperms from getting in. Diaphragms are made up of rubber, shaped like shallow bowl. It is
put in place before intercourse and kept there after intercourse at least for 8 hours.
• Advantages: These are reliable. They do not interfere with sexual pleasure; they are easy to handle
and are cheap.
• Disadvantages: Some women have allergy to the material of diaphragm.

c. Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs): Intrauterine device also known as intrauterine contraceptive device
(IUCD), or coil is a small often T-shaped birth control device it is inserted into the uterus to prevent
pregnancy. Various intrauterine devices include Lippe’s loop, double coil, Margulies spiral, and
copper T, copper 7.
• Advantages: These are cheap and highly reliable. Once fitted, these are effective for years
together.

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• Disadvantage: IUDS have many side effects such as irregular or sometimes heavy bleeding from
vagina, backache, pain in pelvis etc.

5. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
❖ These are the most effective spacing methods of contraception. Thera hormonal Contraceptives
contain one or more different sex hormones.
✓ Combined pill: It contains estrogens and progesterone. The combination is given from the 5 day of
menstruation for 21 days followed by a break of 7 days during which period the menstruation
occurs. If taken regularly it is 100% effective e.g., Mala N and Mala – D.
✓ Once a month pill: It contains combination of long-acting estrogens ‘Quin sterol’ and short acting
progestogen and is given once a month. They are not much of use because of side effects.
✓ Mini pill: (Progestogen only pill or POP) They contain small amount of progestogen (norethisterone
or levonorgestrel) and is take daily throughout the month. This is useful in selected women in which
estrogens is contraindicated.
• Advantages: It is one of the reliable methods. It is not necessary to consult a doctor once these pills
are prescribed. It does not interfere with sexual pleasure.
• Disadvantages: These pills cause headache, pain in pelvis, unhealthy feeling and increase in body
weight The pills may cause cancer.

6. STERILIZATION
❖ It is the most reliable method. It involves surgical operation. In this method male and female rendered
Permentally infertile.
• Male Sterilization or Vasectomy: In this both the vasdeferens are cut and tied so that the sperms
cannot enter the urethra. It is simple and easy surgical procedure and does not need
hospitalization.
• Female Sterilization or Tubectomy: In this both the fallopian tubes are cut and tied so that ovum
cannot reach the uterus. The operation is performed in the operation theatre and female needs a
rest for few days.

8. Describe the Importance of breast feeding.

❖ Breast feeding helps keep your baby healthy. It protects allergies, sickness, and obesity.
❖ Benefit for Child milk are the essential nutrients for the growing baby. It helps many ways like…
❖ Improve resistance power: - Mother milk contains the many antibodies, which are responsible for the
protection of child against the disease. IgA is the major immunoglobulin in human colostrum and milk.
Resistance provides by milk against disease like Asthma, respiratory disease, obesity, diabetes, car
infections, gastro-intestinal infections, cancer, and any syndrome etc.
❖ Fulfil nutrients supply: -Milk are the best food supplement for the growing baby because it contains
the essential supplement (vitamins, minerals, proteins, amino acids, fat, or lipids etc.)
❖ Proper growth and development: - Due to involvement of supplement, it helps in proper growth and
development and of body parts (bone, muscle, liver, brain, heart etc.) and provided the strength to
body parts.
❖ Benefits for Mother- Breastfeeding is simply not responsible for a baby growth apart from this, it is also
responsible for mother health. In mother keep it safe from many conditions. Diabetes, ovarian cancer,
regulated cholesterol level, breast cancer, high blood pressure etc.
❖ Breast feeding is associated with better cognitive development possibly due to high content of
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which plays an important role in brain development.

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❖ Breast milk is a natural food and is more easily digested and absorbed by the infant as compared to
formula milk prepared from other sources.
❖ Start breast feeding within half an hour after delivery and do not discard colostrum.
❖ Take a nutritionally adequate diet both during pregnancy and lactation.

9. Briefly, Explain Vaccine.

❖ Vaccine is the chemical substance and biological preparation produced from living organisms, which
provides the immunity against a particular disease.
Types of Vaccines
1. Live attenuated vaccine (LAV) - Live attenuated vaccines (LAV) is prepared by pathogens (virus or
bacteria) which causes the infections or disease that have been weakened under laboratory conditions.
Live microorganisms provide continual antigenic stimulation giving sufficient time for memory cell
production.
Example – Tuberculosis (BCG), Oral polio vaccine (OPV). Measles, Rotavirus, Yellow Fever, Mumps.
2. Inactivated vaccine (Killed vaccine)- Inactivated vaccines are prepared by the method of killing antigens
through the physical or chemical processes.
Example- Hepatitis A, Influenza, Pneumococcal polysaccharide.
3. Recombinant Subunit vaccine (Purified antigen)-Subunit vaccines contain the antigenic parts (disease
causing portion) of antigen. Like inactivated vaccines it does not contain the live components of antigen,
it only contains the antigenic parts like surface protein, conjugated chemicals, polysaccharide etc.
Example- Hepatitis B.
4. Toxoid vaccine (Inactivated Toxoid)-Toxoid vaccines are based on the toxin produced by certain bacteria
(tetanus or diphtheria). Released toxin is used to prepare the vaccine and these parts are necessary to
elicit a protective immune response and produce antibodies.
Example- Tetanus Toxoid (TT), Diphtheria Toxoid.
5. Conjugate polysaccharide-protein- Conjugate vaccine is a type of subunit vaccine which combines a weak
antigen with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak
antigen.
Example- Pneumococcal.
Composition of Vaccines
● In addition to the antigen, which is the main component of vaccines, vaccines are formulated by mixing
with other fluids like water or saline, additives, or preservatives, and sometimes adjuvants, collectively,
these additional ingredients are known as Excipients.
● They ensure the quality and potency of the vaccine over its shelf life.
● Vaccines are usually formulated as liquids but may be freeze-dried (lyophilized) for reconstitution
immediately prior to the time of injection.
➢ Additives: A substance added to something in small quantities to improve or preserve it.
➢ Preservative: It is a substance or a chemical that is added to prevent the decomposition by microbial
growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
➢ Adjuvant: It is an ingredient used in some vaccines that helps to create a stronger immune response
in people receiving the vaccine. It also helps to work better.
➢ Saline: It is a mixture of sodium chloride and water.

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10. Define and Classify immunity? Explain the types of immunity.

❖ Immunity is defined as the ability of the immune system to produce the immune response against the
disease-causing organisms like bacteria, virus, fungi, and other foreign particles.
❖ Immunity is an individual’s ability to respond to foreign substances and microbes.
❖ It is also called disease resistance; The lack of immunity is known as Susceptibility.
Types of immunity: immunity has 2 types.
1. INNATE IMMUNITY: It is present at the time of birth, so it is called inborn immunity.
● It is a natural response of the body to external agents.
● It provides different types of barriers to stop the entry of foreign particles or any pathogen into our
body.
● It is a non-specific immunity.
● It has 4 types of barriers.
I. Physical barrier: They are mechanical barriers, in the form of skin and mucus. Skin is the main
barrier which prevents the entry of pathogens.
II. Physiological barrier: They are chemical barrier, which secreting the substance of our body like
acid in stomach, tears from eyes, saliva in the mouth (secret a special type of enzyme LYSOZYME
to kill the bacteria Interferon), Body temperature, Cerumen (ear wax).
III. Cellular barrier: They are in the form of phagocytes (WBCs), natural killer cells, monocytes, and
neutrophils (a type of WBC that provides phagocytosis). The phagocytic cell destroys the
microbes.
IV. Cytokine: Virus infected cell secretes protein called interferon which protects non infected cell
from further infection.

2. ACQUIRED or ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: The resistance is acquired by an individual during life.

• This type of immunity is the set of responses which the immune system activates to target specific
pathogens, so it is also known as specific immunity.
• It is the pathogen specific immunity which is characterized by memory. This means that our body
when the entry of a pathogen for the first time produces a response called primary response which
is of low intensity.
• Subsequent entry of the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified secondary or anamnestic
response.
• The primary and secondary immune responses are carried out with the help of two special types of
Lymphocytes present in our blood that are B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
• The B-lymphocytes (antibody mediated immunity AMI) produce an army of proteins in response to
pathogens into our blood to fight with them. These Proteins are called antibodies.
• The T-cells (cell mediated immunity CMI) themselves do not secrete antibodies but help B cells
Produce them. Different types of antibodies are produced in our body. IgA, IgM, IgG,
• They are 2 types:
1. Active immunity.
2. Passive immunity.
a. Active immunity: This type of immunity is the resistance acquired or developed by an individual after
effective contact with an antigen. These contacts may be in the form of either natural infection or by
vaccination. (Prepare own antibody.
b. Passive immunity: This type of immunity is an individual by performing antibodies (usually in the form
of antiserum) against infective agents or toxins. Passive immunity is effective for a very short duration,
but it is important when immediate immune response is required.
Example: anti-venom is used in cases of snake bites.

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11. Define immunization.

❖ A process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through Vaccination.

12. Explain Environmental Pollution due to Pharmaceutical.

❖ Drug pollution or pharmaceutical pollution is defined as contamination of the environment with
pharmaceutical medications and their metabolites that reach the marine environment (groundwater,
rivers, lakes, and oceans) through wastewater. Drug pollution is hence mainly a form of water pollution.
Causes of Pharmaceutical Pollution
➢ Drugs Used and How They are Ingested and Expelled: Only fractions of ingested drugs are metabolized
by the body.
• The remaining portion is sweated out and a large fraction is excreted through urine or feces. The
excreta will be a part of the wastewater.
➢ Healthcare Institutions: Hospitals and nursing homes also add to the pharmaceutical contamination. In
nursing homes flush the drugs down the toilet or drain.
➢ Drug Manufacturers: This is because some factories dispose the drugs in a landfill or some flush them,
even if other suitable ways of disposing the drugs are available.
➢ Agriculture and Agro-Products: Domesticated animals do not metabolize all the drugs fed to them.
Therefore, the undigested drugs are excreted. Some of these hormones and antibiotics reach the
groundwater or waterways adding to pharmaceutical pollution.
➢ Human Domestic Drug Use and Disposal Behavior: Consumers play part for a specific amount of
pharmaceutical and personal care products leached into streams, groundwater, lakes, and rivers.
Effects of Pharmaceutical Pollution
➢ Effects on Fish and Aquatic Life: Several studies state that estrogens and similar chemicals have a
feminizing influence on male fish and can change female-to-male ratios.
• Such estrogens is present in birth control pills and post-menopausal hormone drugs.
➢ Disrupting the Normal Sewage Treatment Process: Infections are treated widely by antibiotics which
hold materials that can disturb the sewage treatment process and microbial ecology of shallow water.
➢ Effects on Drinking Water: After being excreted from the body or flushed down the toilet, pharmaceutical
chemicals enter the waterways.
➢ Effects on Wildlife: Pharmaceuticals flushed into the environment by humans or through sewage disturb
the wildlife.
• Water containing these particles and fishes swimming in this water are consumed by the animals.
Solutions to Pharmaceutical Pollution
➢ Proper Drug Disposal: Preventing the drugs from reaching the waterways is the easiest, cheapest, and
most effective resolution for pharmaceutical pollution.
• The public should be educated on proper disposal of drugs so that people will have idea on how to get
rid of old or expiring medicines properly without causing pharmaceutical pollution.
➢ Tougher Regulations: Strict regulations should be made by the nation or state’s health care department
or by the national body that handles health issues.
➢ Additional Research on the Potential Dangers of Pharmaceutical Pollution: More investigation is needed
to measure the likely human effect of pharmaceutical contamination.
➢ Limit Bulk Purchases: One more solution is to limit the purchases of pharmaceuticals in bulk. Limiting
bulk purchases ensures the supply of only the vital number of pharmaceuticals and therefore, less
pharmaceutical pollution.
➢ Trashing is better than Flushing: Unused drugs thrown into the trash are incinerated or buried in landfills.
• This way of disposing them is more improved than flushing them down the drain. The trashing drugs
they should be removed from their packaging, crushed, and sealed in a plastic bag with water.

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13. Define Occupational illness with any 2 examples.

❖ The disease which results due to the exposure to risk factors arising from work activity is known as
occupational disease. There are multiple causes of “work related disease”, where factors in the work
environment may play a role in the development of such diseases, along with other risk factors.
❖ Occupational illness includes Dermatitis, Respiratory illnesses, Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDS)

14. Write a note on sewage and solid waste disposal.

❖ Sewage: It is the wastewater containing food Residue, animals and human excreta detergent and
industrial discharge generated every day in cities and towns as municipal waste.
1. Primary treatment or Physical treatment
✓ In these large solids (diameter more than 2cm) and grit (soil and small pebbles) are removed by
filtration and sedimentation.
✓ Initially floating debris is removed by filtration. Then the grit is removed by sedimentation (solid sink
to bottom, oil and grease raise to surface)
✓ All solids that settle form the primary sludge and the supernatant forms the effluent. The effluent
from primary settling tank is taken for secondary treatment.
2. Secondary treatment or biological treatment
✓ There are several methods of secondary treatment of sewage. Example oxidation tank method,
trickling filter method and activated sludge system Activated sludge system-
✓ The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated mechanically,
and air is pumped into it. This allows growth of aerobic microbes into flocs.
❖ Flocs-It is masses of bacteria associated with fungal filament to form mesh like structures.
❖ Biological oxygen demand
✓ It is the amount of the oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in one liter of water
oxidized by bacteria.
✓ Once the BOD of sewage water reduced to 10-15% of raw sewage it is passed into settling tanks where
the bacterial 'flocs' are allowed to sediment. This sediment is called activated sludge. A small part of
activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as inoculum.
✓ The remaining major part of the sludge is pumped into other larger tanks called anaerobic sludge
digestors.
✓ Here other kinds of anaerobic bacteria digest the aerobic bacteria and the fungi in the sludge. During
this digestion anaerobic bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphides
and carbon dioxide. This mixture of gases called biogas and used as a source of energy as it is
inflammable.
✓ Finally, the treated effluent is subjected to chemical treatment for disinfection before releasing into
natural water bodies.

❖ Solid waste: The term solid waste management mainly refers to the complete process of collecting,
treating, and disposing of solid wastes.
❖ Sources of Solid Wastes
✓ Solid domestic garbage. Solid waste material from various industries.
✓ Solid agricultural waste.
✓ Plastics, glass, metals, e-waste, etc.
✓ Medical waste.
✓ Construction waste, sewage sludge
❖ Solid waste management
❖ Disposal of Waste

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✓ Municipal solid waste can further be divided into biodegradable, recyclable and hazardous domestic
wastes. The biodegradable waste includes rotten food, vegetable peel and mostly wet kitchen waste.
Recyclable waste includes plastic and hazardous wastes include, bulb, batteries, etc.
✓ The industry generated waste from chemical factories, medical waste from hospitals is considered as
Hazardous Solid Waste and they need special settings to dispose of them.
❖ Methods of disposal
✓ Dumping
✓ Controlled tipping or sanitary Landfill
✓ Incineration Composting
✓ Manure pits

15. Define psychotropic drug with examples.

❖ Psychotropic drugs are also called psychopharmacological agents that primarily show effect on psyche
(mental processes) and are used for treating psychiatric disorders.
❖ They are capable of decreasing, increasing, or changing the emotional and behavioural characteristics in
mental illness, and controlling perturbed psychological processes.
Examples: Anti-Anxiety Agents (Anxiolytics), Antipsychotic Agents (Neuroleptics).

16. Define narcotic drugs with examples.

❖ The drugs which relieve pain, often induce sleep, alter consciousness and are potentially addictive are
called Narcotic analgesics.
Example: Morphine, caffeine, heroin, or other synthetic derivatives.

17. Write the causes and preventive measures of suicidal behaviour.

Causes of Suicide:
• Suicidal thoughts, Earlier suicide attempts, Depression, Drug and alcohol abuse, Family history of
violence and/or sexual abuse, Previous imprisonment.
• Violent behavior towards others.
Prevention
• Suicide prevention programmed and suicide hot lines provide crisis intervention.
• Establishing a positive relationship.
• Understanding and clarifying the programme.
• Assessing suicide potential.
• It will also allow mental professionals to assess any underlying mental health concerns more accurately
so that they can be properly treated.

CHAPTER 3 NUTRITION AND HEALTH 3M+3M+5M=11M

18. Write a note on Micro and Macronutrients
Micronutrients
❖ They are needed in smaller quantities as compared to macronutrients.
Example: vitamins and minerals.
Macronutrients
❖ These nutrients provide calories or energy to the body and are needed in large quantity for maintaining
its function and carrying out the daily life activity.
Example: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibres, water

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19. Write the importance of water and fibres in diet.

Water
• It helps in the transport of nutrients and waste products in and out of body.
• It is required for all digestive, absorption, circulatory and excretory function.
• It is required for utilizing the water-soluble vitamins.
• It is required for maintaining proper body temperature.
• It keeps sufficient bloodstream liquid to flow through blood vessels.
• It regulates the body temperature through sweating.
• It moistens mucous membranes of lungs and mouth.
Fibre
• It provides some nutrients, called roughage.
• It helps in intestinal peristalsis movement.
• The weight and size of stool increases and softens because of dietary fiber. A bulky stool can be easily
passed, decreasing the chance of constipation.
• A high fiber diet can reduce the risk of developing haemorrhoids.
• Soluble fiber (in beans, oats, flaxseed) reduce total blood cholesterol levels by reducing low density or
bad cholesterol level.

20. Define balanced diet.

❖ A balanced diets one that contains all the essential nutrients that the human body needs.
❖ The 7 components of a balanced diet are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre, and
water, A nutritious, well-balanced diet lowers the risk of disease and enhances general health.

21. Define malnutrition with their types.

• Malnutrition occurs when the body doesn’t get enough nutrients. (Lack of nutrition)
• Malnutrition also called as malnourishment.
Types of malnutrition
1. Under nutrition
• It is one type of malnutrition; it occurs when the body does not get enough food and nutrients.
• It consists of stunting (low height for age), wasting (low weight for height) underweight (low weight
for age) and micronutrients deficiencies (lack of important minerals)
2. Over nutrition
• It is another type of malnutrition. It occurs when we take more nutrients than they need.
• It consists of overweight, obesity, diet-related non communicable diseases (such as heart disease,
stroke, diabetes, and cancer)

22. Write the nutritional deficiency disease.

Macronutrients Deficiency disease

❖ Carbohydrates. ❖ Acidosis, ketosis, hypoglycemia, and constipation

❖ Proteins. ❖ Kwashiorkor, cachexia, marasmus, protein C and

protein S deficiency.

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Micronutrients Deficiency disease

❖ Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) ❖ General fatigue and loss of muscle tone.

❖ Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) ❖ Angular stomatitis, cheilosis, dermatitis

❖ Vitamin B3 (Niacin (nicotinic ❖ Dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.

acid)
❖ Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic) ❖ Dermatitis and adrenal insufficiency.
❖ Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) ❖ Rarely observed because of wide distribution of
foods.
❖ Vitamin B7 (Biotin) ❖ Dermatitis and conjunctivitis.

❖ Vitamin B9 (Folate) ❖ Megaloblastic anemia and diarrhea.

❖ Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) ❖ Pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and

degeneration of nerve fiber of spinal cord.
❖ Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) ❖ Multiple hemorrhages, slow wound healing,
anemia.
❖ Vitamin A (Retinol) ❖ Stunted growth, night blindness, dryness of eyes
and keratinization
❖ Vitamin D (Calciferol) ❖ Rickets in children
❖ Vitamin E (Tocopherol) ❖ Anemia in pregnant women and neurological
disorder

❖ Vitamin K (Phylloquinone) ❖ Slow blood clotting and hemorrhages in newborn.

❖ Calcium ❖ muscle cramps, numbness, tingling of fingers,

fatigue, poor appetite, and irregular heart
rhythms.

❖ Magnesium ❖ fatigue, weakness, appetite loss, nausea and

vomiting.

❖ Sodium ❖ Hyponatremia.

❖ Potassium ❖ muscle cramping, weakness, constipation,

bloating, or abdominal pain caused by intestinal
paralysis.

❖ Phosphorus ❖ Anorexia, anemia, proximal muscle weakness

❖ Iron ❖ anemia, feeling weak and tried.

❖ Iodine ❖ goiter

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❖ Fluoride ❖ Dental caries and possibly osteoporosis

❖ Zinc ❖ loss of appetite, taste, or smell, decreased the

function of immune system and retarded growth,
diarrhea, hair loss

❖ Selenium ❖ Keshan disease a type of cardiomyopathy or

disease of heart muscle
❖ Kashin beck disease a form of osteoarthritis

23. Define fortification of food with any 2 examples

❖ Fortified foods are those in which nutrients that do not naturally occur in the food are added. These
foods are intended for improving nutrition and increasing the health.
Or
❖ Fortification of food id defined as the practice of adding vitamins and minerals to commonly consumed
foods during processing to increase their nutritional value.
Examples: fortified foods
Food product Fortifying food
Salt Iodine, iron
Flours, bread, rice Vitamins B1, B2, B3 and iron
Milk Vitamin D, A
Sugar Vitamin A
Ready to eat cereals Vitamins, minerals

24. Define adulteration.

❖ Food adulteration means the act of intentionally debasing the quality of food by either adding or
replacing the food substances with alternative components.
or
❖ Food adulteration is the practice of adulterating food or contaminating food materials by adding
adulterants, which are poor quality substances added to food items for economic and technical
benefits.
Example
FOOD PRODUCT ADULTERANTS

Milk, curd Water and starch powder

Ghee, cheese, butter Mashed potatoes, vanaspati and starch powder
Grains Dust, pebbles, stones, damaged grains

Pulses Dyes, chemical and lead chromate

Sugar Chalk powder, washing soda,

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Pepper Dried papaya seeds

and blackberries
Cinnamon sticks Cassia bark
Master seeds Argemone seeds
Chilli powder Redbrick powder

25. Explain the effects of artificial ripening.

• Fruits ripened with calcium carbide are inferior in taste and flavors.
• It also shortens shelf life of fruits.
• Calcium carbide is dangerous chemical which may cause several harmful effects on human health like
Vomiting, diarrhea (with or without blood), burning sensation in chest and abdomen, thirst, weakness,
irritation or burning in eyes and skin, permanent eye damage, skin ulcers, sore throat cough and
shortness of breath.
• It can cause stomach upsets and disrupts intestinal functions,
• Artificially ripened frits may change the texture, taste, colour of the fruit.
• calcium carbide contains traces of arsenic and phosphorus hybrid which may produce arsenic or
phosphorus poisoning.
• Ethylene glycol may lead to acute renal failure and cause death.

26. Write the uses of pesticides.

• The major advantage of pesticides is that they can save farmers by protecting the crops from insects and
other pests.
• They control human/livestock disease vectors.
• To increase food productivity.
• They give higher crop yields and improve growth of crops.
• They also kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic reactions.

27. What is genetically modified food? Write the advantage and disadvantage.
❖ Genetically Modified (GM) foods are derived from organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been
modified by using modern biotechnology, gene technology, recombinant DNA technology, and genetic
engineering.
❖ Genetically modified foods are the foods derived from organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has
been modified in a way that does not occur naturally.
Advantage of genetically modified crops
• They control to pest, disease, and herbicide in plant.
• It helps to improved nutritional value.
• They allow greater precision and selecting traits.
• They reduce the risk of random occurrence of undesirable traits.
• They improve the agricultural yield with less labour and cost input.

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Disadvantages
• Environment: Undesired environmental effects include harming non-target and/or beneficial species
of crops with engineered insecticidal properties, as well as development of new strains of resistant
pests.
• Health: Presently, there is no evidence to suggest that whether GM foods are safe. Undesired health
effect allergens, antibiotic resistance, decreased nutrients, and toxins.
• Decreased nutrients: Since the DNA of genetically engineered plants is modified it is a matter of
concern that some GMCs may decrease the levels of vital nutrients, as DNA is the code to produce
nutrients.
• Toxins: Residual toxins releasing from the genes introduced into Bacillus thuringiensis in Bt cotton
crops are not likely to harm humans.

28. Define nutraceutical with their example.

❖ In 1989, Stephen De felices discovered the term nutraceuticals from nutrition and pharmaceutical.
❖ It a substance that is considered as a food or its part, which provides nutritional value and other health
benefits, including disease prevention or health promotion.
❖ Nutraceuticals are foods or food ingredients that provide medical or health benefits.
Medicinal plant used as a nutraceutical.
Name of the plant Parts of the plants Constituents Uses
being used
Allium sativum Bulbs diallyl sulphides, diallyl hyper cholesterol mina
(Garlic) disulphides. condition, anti-inflammatory.
Azadirachta indica Mature leaves Proteins, fibres, fat, Burning sensation, leprosy, and
(Neem tree) carbohydrates and intermittent fever.
minerals like calcium, iron.
Curcuma longa Rhizomes Protein, fat, Skin tumour, ant gastric ulcer,
(Turmeric) carbohydrates, fibres, balances the endocrine system
minerals like iron and and improves immunity.
vitamin like vitamin c and
vitamin B3.

29. Define drug food interaction.

• When a food or nutrient alters the effects of a drug, the alteration is considered a food-drug
interaction.
• Food-drug interaction can occur with prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, herbal products, and
dietary supplements.
• Drug food interaction beneficial or harmful.
Examples of food-drug interactions
Drug class Food or nutrient Interaction
IRON Avoid dairy products These food item enhance the amount of iron the body
• Ferrous sulphate with iron absorbs.
• Ferrous
gluconate

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Tetracyclines Avoid dairy products, Taking this medication with dairy products and food
and high in calcium, high in calcium, magnesium, and iron result in lower
magnesium, and iron. doxycycline blood levels.
Allopurinol • Avoid low low protein meals will result in higher blood levels of
protein meals. this drug.
• Avoid low fluid
content.

Note: these questions totally carry 60 marks. Select the chapters you feel easy to study.
Highlighted Chapter with yellow colour can be ignored if you want to just pass.
*********** ALL THE BEST***********

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