WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY NOTES

BUILDING/ CIVIL LEVEL 6

INTRODUCTION
BY KEN MUTUA

SAFETY REGULATIONS
Workshop safety rules

Safety is a term used to denote on behavior to control our actions and working conditions when carrying
out our duties that we do not expose ourselves to accidents.

Dress

 Always wear tight fitting clothes

 Always use heavy protective foot wear

 Have long hairs and nails cut always while in a workshop ➢ Always use protective googles where

required.

Behavior

 Always avoid carelessness

 Avoid overcrowding while in a work place

 Always avoid playing while in a work place

 Avoid sitting idle in a workshop

Firefighting equipment

 Be Knowledgeable for use of equipment when in a work place

 Firefighting equipment should be fitted in a suitable position for quick location

 Ensure firefighting equipment is always refilled

Ladder work

 Hard and tough materials to be used for ladders

 They should be placed at suitable position so that it does not slip and overturn.

 Proper anchorage both at top and bottom

 Never strain or over rich something when on a ladder

Untidiness, harmful materials and carrying of materials
 Keep working areas tidy and dry

 Leave no pieces, sticking nails or metals on floors ➢ Keep all flammable materials in a closed container.

 Avoid inhaling poisonous gases.

First aid kit

 Quick location and access to the needy person

 Always ensure the replacement of contents when finished ➢ Report injuries however small.

Employer’s responsibilities

1. Provide and maintain machinery, equipment and other plant, and systems of work that are
safe and without risk to health. (‘Systems of work’ means the way in which the work is
organized and includes layout of the workplace, the order in which jobs are carried out or
special precautions to be taken before carrying out certain hazardous tasks.)

2. Ensure ways in which particular articles and substances (e.g. machinery and chemicals) are
used, handled, stored and transported are safe and without risk to health.

3. Provide information, instruction, training and supervision necessary to ensure health and
safety at work. Information means the background knowledge needed to put the instruction
and training into context. Instruction is when someone shows others how to do something
by practical demonstration. Training means having employees practice a task to improve
their performance. Supervision is needed to oversee and guide in all matters related to the
task.

4. Ensure any place under their control and where their employees work is kept in a safe
condition and does not pose a risk to health. This includes ways into and out of the
workplace.

5. Ensure the health and safety of their employees’ working environment (e.g. heating,
lighting, ventilation, etc.). They must also provide adequate arrangements for the welfare
at work of their employees (the term ‘welfare at work’ covers facilities such as seating,
washing, toilets, etc.). a safe system of work;

Employees’ responsibilities
 1. To take reasonable care for their own health and safety and that of others who may be
affected by what they do or don’t do. This duty implies not only avoiding silly or reckless
behavior but also understanding hazards and complying with safety rules and procedures.
This means that you correctly use all work items provided by your employer in accordance
with the training and instruction you received to enable you to use them safely.

2. To co-operate with their employer on health and safety. This duty means that you should
inform, without delay, of any work situation which might be dangerous and notify any
shortcomings in health and safety arrangements so that remedial action may be taken

Regulations for health and safety at work

i. Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations.
ii. Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations. iii.
Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations. iv.
Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations.
v. Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations.
vi. Manual Handling Operations Regulations

Electrical hazards
Electricity cannot be seen or heard but it can easily kill, even if it is not fatal serious disablement can
be resulted through shocks and burns.

Faulty wiring or faulty equipment’s are the major causes of electrical disorders.

Hazards from electrical equipment’s includes

i. Electric shock

Body response in a number of ways to electric current flowing through it ii.

Electric burn

Due to heating effect caused by electric current flowing through the body tissue.

iii. Fire
Caused by electricity in a number of ways including: overheating of cables, leakage of
current, poor or inadequate insulation, sparks of electrical equipment’s etc.

Electrical precautions
These are their measures to be taken to prevent injuries caused by electrical appliances and equipment’s.

Double insulation Cover live conductors with two discrete layers of insulation.
Earthling Through earthling faults on electrical equipment’s can be detached and electrical supply
to be cut off automatically. Automatic cut off is performed by fuses or automatic circuit breakers.

Electric shocks and treatment

What to do in case of an electric shock

 Shout for help-if the causality is still in contact with electric current s3witch off or remove the plug.
 If current cannot be switched off take special care to stand on a dry non conducting surface and pull or
push the victim using a non-conducting material. I.e. don’t touch the casualty with your bare hand
because you will complete the circuit and also receive a shock.
 Once free, if he/ she is breathing put him/her in recovery position and get the causality to in the hospital
and if the causality I s not breathing give him or her mouth-to-mouth resuscitation before taking him/ her
to hospital.

FIRES
It is a phenomenon in which combustible materials especially by organic materials containing
carbon reacts chemically with oxygen in the air to produce heat. Reasons for fire starting

 Misuse or faulty of electrical equipment or tools- e.g. use of incorrect plugs, overloading, and use of
wiring damaged cables etc.
 Cigarettes and matches- smoking in unauthorized places, throwing away cigarettes or matches carelessly.
 Rubbish burning-casual burning of wastes and rubbish.
 Mechanical heat, sparks-sparks produced by grinding and cutting operations.

Reasons for spread of fire

 Delayed discovery
 Combustible lining of roof, ceiling and walls.
 Rapid burning of dust deposit.
 Lack of fire separating walls between production and storage areas.

Fire prevention
 The maximum number of workers and officers should be trained with firefighting systems and
equipment’s.
 Keep all flammable liquids in closed containers or in safe cylinders.
 Effective fire warning signals.
 All doors should be opened towards outside the workroom as means of escape in case of fire.
 The doors and windows to be used as exit in case of fire should be easily located.
These should be marked with red letters of adequate size. One should provide ventilation to
prevent any accumulation of vapors.

 Always provide suitable and adequate means of fire extinguishment.

 Every operator should be familiar with the location of fire extinguishers and their use (operation).
 Proper clearance should always be there in between the heating device and any combustible material.
 Electrical wiring should be proper.
 Always prohibit smoking, open flames and sparks near the flammable materials.
 A free passageways and easily open-able windows should be always provided.
 . Provide always suitable means for the safe storage and handling of all fuel used.
 Use of flammable liquids should be minimized
 Safe disposal for the flammable liquid wastes must be provided.
 No one is permitted to accumulate fuels or other combustibles near the source of open fire or spark

FIRE
It is a chemical reaction between oxygen and a combustible fuel.
Combustion is the process by which fire converts fuel and oxygen into energy usually in form of heat.
Three elements are required to start and sustain fire . 1.oxygen 2. Fuel 3. Heat

Causes of fire
Civilian fires
In civilian fires with fatalities the leading causes of ignition are cigarettes,heating and cooking
equipment,matches,lighters andcandles.
Industrial fires
Leading causes are smoke materials,electrical (wiring and motors,poor equipment maintenance) ,lighting

CLASSES OF FIRE

Fires are classified based on the type of fuel involved and the specific characteristics of the fire. The
classification system commonly used is known as the "fire classification system." This system categorizes
fires into different classes based on the types of materials or substances burning. The classes are labeled using
letters from A to F. Here's a description of each class:

1. Class A Fire:
o Class A fires involve ordinary combustible materials such as wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and
some plastics.
o These fires are typically extinguished using water or other Class A fire extinguishing agents
that cool the burning material and remove heat from the fire.
2. Class B Fire:
o Class B fires involve flammable liquids or gases such as gasoline, oil, grease, solvents, and
alcohol.
o Extinguishing Class B fires often requires suppressing the flames and preventing the vapor
from igniting further. Foam, carbon dioxide (CO2), dry chemical agents, and certain types of
fire extinguishers are commonly used for Class B fires.
3. Class C Fire:
o Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment or wiring, where the electrical current
serves as the ignition source.
o It's crucial to de-energize the electrical equipment before attempting to extinguish the fire to
avoid the risk of electric shock. Carbon dioxide, dry chemical agents, and halon extinguishers
are commonly used for Class C fires.
4. Class D Fire:
o Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, potassium, sodium, and
lithium.
 o These fires require specialized extinguishing agents designed to smother the fire and prevent
the metal from reacting with oxygen. Dry powder extinguishing agents specifically formulated
for metal fires are used for Class D fires.
5. Class K Fire:
o Class K fires involve cooking oils and fats, commonly found in commercial kitchens and
restaurants.
o Extinguishing Class K fires requires specialized agents that can effectively suppress the flames
and cool the extremely hot cooking oils. Wet chemical extinguishing agents specifically
designed for Class K fires are typically used.
6. Class F Fire (European Classification):
o Class F fires are specific to cooking oils and fats, similar to Class K fires in the U.S.
classification system.
o These fires are extinguished using wet chemical extinguishing agents designed to cool and
suppress the flames without causing splashing or spreading of the burning material.

For fire to occur it requires oxygen, fuel and heat. The fire triangle indicates all these requirements.

Fire extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are available in different types with each one having specific fire classes that
they are suitable for use on. Fire extinguishers should have a red body and an agent specific
colour band covering between 5-10% of the surface relating to the extinguisher's contents.

1) WATER

 Water fire extinguishers have a class A rating and are suitable for fighting fires involving solid
combustibles such as wood, paper and textiles.

 Electrical equipment should be avoided when using a water extinguisher (unless water with
additive are used). as water is a conductor.

2) FOAM

 Foam fire extinguishers are highly effective on class A and class B fires (the foam agent helps
to prevent re-ignition).

 Some foam extinguishers have been dielectrically tested to 35000 Volt (35kV) and can be
used on or near electrical appliances.

3) CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)

 CO2 fire extinguishers were originally designed for use on flammable liquid fires and
therefore it is suitable for class Band C
 They are ideal for electrical fires, as CO2 is not a conductor and they do not leave behind any
harmful residue.

4) DRY POWDER

 These extinguishers filled with dry powder may be of the gas pressure or stored air
pressure type.

 Dry powder fire extinguishers are extremely versatile and can be used on class B, class C and
class D.

 They are available in a range of sizes from 1 - 9kg and are ideal for application in
environments containing mixed fire risks. However, there is a risk of inhalation when using
powder extinguishers indoors.

 Powder fire extinguishers are therefore not recommended for use within small rooms, homes
and offices.

ELEMENT 1; PERFORM MASONRY TASKS

Definition of key terms

Course: Refers to a horizontal continuous layer of masonry units

Wythe: Refers to the vertical section of masonry, one unit in thickness. Mortar:
Refers to the mixture of cement, aggregate and water used as a binding for material
such as blocks and bricks.

Safety Requirements in the Workshop Environment are identified

• Always check tools against defects before using

• Use the correct and appropriate tools, instruments or equipment as per the task required.

• Always wear personal protective equipment (PPE) e.g. gloves, goggles, hard hat, safety boots and others all
the time.

• Follow instructions provided by the authority of the person in charge

• Report any malfunction of tools, equipment or instrument of any incident to the person in charge.

• Provide materials that show no-go zone such as fencing, these no-go zones may include possible collapse
zones.

• Provide designs and materials for temporary supports

• Building walls and cross walls at the same time to ensure they support each other

• Avoid stacking material against masonry walls

• Wait for masonry walls to attain the correct strength before backfilling.

• Establishing stop heights to allow the masonry walls to achieve or gain strength.

• Provide temporary supports for walls considering its characteristics

• Designing walls to provide additional stability during the construction phase i.e.

adding sequential core filling with reinforcing.

HAND TOOLS

In masonry, tools are categorized into five categories, namely:

A. measuring tools
B. Sharpening tools
C. Cutting tools,
D. Laying tools E. Finishing tools.

MEASURING TOOLS

1. Tape Measure

• Use: Measuring lengths, widths, heights, and distances accurately.

• Description: Typically, a flexible ruler with markings in both inches and centimeters, available in
various lengths (e.g., 25ft, 50ft).
 2. Masons’ Square

• Use: Checking right angles, marking straight lines, and measuring corners.
• Description: Consists of a metal blade (usually 90 degrees) and a handle, forming an Lshaped
tool.
3. Spirit Level

• Use: Checking horizontal (level) and vertical (plumb) surfaces for accuracy.
• Description: Contains a liquid-filled tube with an air bubble; when the bubble is centered between
two lines, the surface is level or plumb.
4. Plumb Bob

• Use: Establishing vertical reference lines or checking the vertical alignment of structures.
• Description: A weighted metal object suspended on a string; the plumb line indicates a true
vertical line.
5. Straight Edge
• Use: Checking straightness and flatness of surfaces, marking or cutting straight lines.
• Description: A flat, straight tool usually made of metal or wood, available in various lengths.

6. Calipers

• Use: Measuring internal and external dimensions, depths, and diameters precisely.
• Description: Two hinged, movable arms with pointed ends and a scale for measurement;
available in digital and analog types.
7. Angle Finder

• Use: Measuring and marking angles accurately, especially for angled cuts or joints.
• Description: Can be a protractor-style tool or a digital angle finder, used to determine and set
angles precisely.
8. Water level

• It is used to transfer and check level.

• It is a simple tool to measure the level at two different points. It is a tool that works on the
principle that water always seeks its own level.
SHARPENING TOOLS

1. Grit stone

2. Files

CUTTING TOOLS
1. Saws
2. Panga

3. Chisel

4. Files
LAYING TOOLS
FINISHING TOOLS

1. Jointer

Jointer: For creating grooves or joints in mortar for a neat finish.

2. Trowel

Used for spreading and smoothing mortar or plaster.

3.Float
Helps in finishing and smoothing concrete or plaster surfaces.

4.Edger
Used to create rounded edges on concrete surfaces.

5. Masonry Brush

Used for cleaning and finishing mortar joints.

6. Pointing Trowel

Specifically used for pointing or filling mortar joints.

7. Rub Brick

Helps in smoothing rough concrete surfaces.

 9. Margin Trowel

Used for applying and shaping small amounts of mortar.

MASONRY MACHINES

1. MIXERS
Process of Using a Concrete Mixer

i. Measure the required amount of material needed for the structure ii. Connect the

mixer to a power source and start the machine iii. Pour the ingredients into the

cement mixer starting with a measured amount of water followed with cement and

ballast if needed.

iv. Allow the machine to rotate until the ingredients are mixed

evenly and ready for use

v. Tilt the mixer and pour the mixture into a carrier

(wheelbarrow) vi. Repeat as needed

Process of Using Stone Cutting machine

A tile cutter is used in the splitting of tiles to fit uneven flooring. The following are operational

principle;

i. Select the appropriate tile cutter, 2.5 cm longer than the dimensions of the tile ii. An

experienced professional should conduct the process to avoid wastage and loss of

valuable material iii. Make a mark where you need to cut. Trace a line using a pencil

and a ruler to mark this point. The cuts will correspond with the dimensions of the

floor or space.

iv. Double-check the dimensions to make sure that it’s the required size v. Side the

lever of the cutter towards you until the cutter stops vi. Place a tile with the glazed

side facing up. Centre the tile beneath the block rails and push it forward until it fits

snugly against the end stop.

MAINTAINANCE OF MASONRY HAND TOOLS

Maintaining masonry hand tools is essential for their longevity and optimal performance. Here are
some ways to maintain them:

1. Clean after Use: After every use, clean the tools thoroughly to remove any debris, dirt, or
leftover materials. Use a wire brush or a tool cleaning solution for stubborn residues.
2. Oil Moving Parts: For tools with moving parts like trowels, jointers, and edgers, apply a
light coat of oil to prevent rust and ensure smooth operation.
3. Store Properly: Store your masonry tools in a dry and well-ventilated area to prevent rust
and corrosion. Hanging them on a pegboard or tool rack can also help keep them organized
and accessible.
4. Sharpen Blades: Regularly inspect and sharpen the blades of tools like trowels, edgers, and
masonry saws to maintain their cutting efficiency and precision.
5. Replace Worn Parts: Check for any signs of wear and tear, such as cracked handles or
worn-out blades. Replace these parts as needed to avoid compromising the tool's
performance and safety.
6. Keep Handles Dry: Wooden handles should be kept dry to prevent swelling or rotting.
Wipe them down with a clean cloth after use, especially if they come into contact with
water or wet materials.
7. Protective Coating: Consider applying a protective coating or paint to metal parts of the
tools to prevent rust and corrosion.
8. Inspect Regularly: Periodically inspect your masonry tools for any signs of damage or
wear. Address any issues promptly to avoid further damage and ensure safe use.
ELEMENT 2; PERFORM PLUMBING TASKS
ELEMENT 1; PERFORM PLUMBING TASKS

Workshop: It is a fully equipped space containing tools and equipment specific to a

particular task. E.g. a plumbing workshop containing plumbing machinery and equipment.
Plumbing hand tools: These any plumbing tools that function using mechanical means only

without the use of external power.

Plumbing machine tools: These are plumbing tools that use electric power to run their mortars.

They cannot function by mechanical means only.

Safety requirements in the workshop environment are identified

The safety requirements are important to keep both the students and instructor safe and should

be observed at all times in workshops.

They include:

• Listening carefully to the instructor and following instructions

• No running in the workshop

• Know where the emergency stop buttons are positioned

• Know where the emergency exits are located.

• Always wear an apron to hold loose clothing

• Put all stools away when attempting practical work

• Do not bring bags to the workshop

• Not use machines that one has not been shown how to use properly.

• Keep hands away from moving machinery

• Use tools carefully

• Report any damaged equipment

How to use an adjustable pipe wrench

i. Select the proper pipe wrench and attach it to the pipe correctly. Adjust the

wrench to fit the appropriate size of the bolt.

ii. One should always make sure to leave some space (about 1.3 cm) between

the shank of the hook jaw on the pipe wrench and the pipe itself. This is because

the gripping action is better with the gap introduced. iii. When the grip is secure

make sure the pipe sits in the “V” of the hook and is in contact with either side of

the “V” to avoid slipping

iv. Proceed to turn the wrench in the desired direction over and over again until the bold

is either tightened or loosened depending on the need.

BEANCH SHEARS

• Cutting Pipes: Bench shears are commonly used to cut pipes made of materials such as PVC,
copper, or plastic. They provide a precise and clean cut, making them suitable for plumbing
installations where accuracy is crucial.

ANVIL

Pipe Cutting: Anvils provide a sturdy surface for cutting pipes. Plumbers can use a hacksaw or
pipe cutter along with an anvil to make clean and precise cuts on metal pipes to the required
length.
PIPE WRENCH

• Gripping Pipes: The primary use of a pipe wrench is to grip and turn pipes. They have
adjustable jaws that can be tightened around pipes of various sizes, allowing plumbers to
securely grip and turn pipes during installation, repair, or removal.
• Loosening and Tightening Fittings: Pipe wrenches are handy for loosening and tightening
pipe fittings, such as unions, couplings, and connectors. They provide a strong grip that
helps to apply torque effectively.

PLUMBING MACHINES
WELDING MACHINE

1. Soldering Irons and Torches:

a. Soldering Irons: These are small, handheld tools that use heat to melt solder, which then
bonds copper pipes and fittings together. Soldering irons are commonly used for joining
copper plumbing pipes and are suitable for smaller diameter pipes and intricate joints.
b. Propane and Butane Torches: These torches use a flame fueled by propane or butane gas
to heat up pipes and fittings for soldering. They are often used in plumbing repairs and
installations where a soldering iron may not reach or for larger diameter pipes.

2. Brazing Machines:
a. Oxy-Acetylene Brazing: This method uses an oxy-acetylene torch to heat the workpieces and
a filler metal (usually brass or bronze) to create a strong joint. Brazing is suitable for joining
copper pipes and fittings, especially in situations where higher strength and durability are
required compared to soldering.

3. Electric Resistance Welding Machines:

a. Resistance Welding: In plumbing, spot welding machines or seam welding machines may
be used for joining certain types of pipes or fittings. However, these are less common in
traditional plumbing applications and are more prevalent in industrial pipe manufacturing
or specialized applications.
b.

4. Plastic Pipe Welding Machines:

a. Butt Fusion Welding Machines: These machines are used for joining thermoplastic pipes
(such as PVC, CPVC, and polyethylene) by heating the ends of the pipes and then
pressing them together to form a fusion weld. Butt fusion welding is commonly used in
water supply systems, drainage systems, and irrigation systems.

b. Socket Fusion Welding Machines: Similar to butt fusion welding, socket fusion welding
machines are used for joining thermoplastic pipes with socket fittings. The heated pipe
end is inserted into the socket fitting, and when cooled, they form a strong joint.
MAINTAINANCE OF PLUMBING TOOLS AND MACHINES

Maintaining plumbing tools and machines is crucial to ensure their longevity, efficiency, and safety.
Here are some ways to maintain plumbing tools and machines:

1.Regular Cleaning:

• Clean tools and machines after each use to remove dirt, debris, and residue. Use appropriate
cleaning agents and tools for different materials (e.g., metal brushes for metal tools, mild
detergents for plastic parts).
• Inspect tools for any signs of corrosion, rust, or wear. Remove rust using rust remover
products and apply lubricants to moving parts to prevent rust formation.

2.Proper Storage:

• Store tools in a dry, well-ventilated area to prevent moisture buildup and rust.
• Use toolboxes, racks, or shelves to organize tools and prevent them from getting damaged or
lost.

3.Regular Inspections:

• Inspect tools and machines regularly for signs of wear, damage, or malfunction. Check
handles, grips, blades, and moving parts for any cracks, bends, or looseness.
• Replace worn-out or damaged parts promptly to avoid further damage or accidents.

4.Lubrication:
 • Apply lubricants to moving parts, hinges, and joints of tools and machines to reduce friction
and wear. Use lubricants suitable for the specific materials and components (e.g., silicone
lubricants for rubber parts, machine oil for metal parts).
• Follow manufacturer recommendations for lubrication intervals and types of lubricants to use.

5.Sharpening and Calibration:

• Regularly sharpen cutting blades and edges of tools such as pipe cutters, saws, and knives to
maintain cutting efficiency and precision.
• Calibrate measuring tools and devices (e.g., levels, pressure gauges) periodically to ensure
accuracy and reliability.

6.Replace Consumable Parts:

• Replace worn-out or disposable parts such as cutting wheels, blades, seals, and gaskets as
needed to maintain optimal performance.
• Use genuine replacement parts recommended by the manufacturer to ensure compatibility
and quality.

7.Proper Handling and Use:

• Use tools and machines according to manufacturer guidelines and safety instructions. Avoid
overloading or using tools beyond their intended capacity.
• Handle tools with care to prevent drops, impacts, or misuse that can lead to damage.

8.Training and Education:

• Train personnel on proper tool handling, maintenance procedures, and safety precautions.
• Educate users on the importance of maintenance and regular inspections to prolong the
lifespan of tools and machines.

ELEMENT 3; PERFORM CARPENTRY TASKS

Carpentry: This is the act of shaping, cutting, joining and sculpting of wood or timber
Safety requirements in a workshop
All persons using workshops should apply good housekeeping practices which are;
• Removal of rings and lose jewelry before operating machinery.
• Always keep a tidy workplace which makes it easier to spot and avoid hazards.
• Always wear appropriate footwear and clothing such as gloves, overalls and safety glasses.
• Only use the workshop for its intended purpose.
• Do not operate electrical machinery using wet hands.
• Long hair should be tied up and nails kept neat and short
• The workshop should be well lit.
• The workshop should have adequate sanitary and hygienic washing facilities.
• The workshop should be equipped with adequate fire-fighting equipment.
Carpentry relies on a variety of hand tools for cutting, shaping, joining, and finishing wood. Here are
some common hand tools used in carpentry and their primary uses:

1. Hammer:
• Uses: Driving nails, adjusting or removing nails, general striking tool.

2. Tape Measure:
• Uses: Measuring lengths, widths, and heights of wood pieces for accurate cuts and dimensions.

3. Saw (Hand Saw, Crosscut Saw, Back Saw):

• Uses: Cutting wood along the grain (ripping) or across the grain (crosscutting), creating joints,
trimming.
 5. Chisel:
• Uses: Shaping wood, creating mortises and tenons, removing excess material, carving details.

6. Screwdriver Set (Flathead, Phillips, Robertson):

• Uses: Installing and removing screws, assembling furniture, adjusting hardware.

7. Block Plane:
• Uses: Smoothing and shaping wood surfaces, chamfering edges, fitting joints.

8. Carpenter's Square:
• Uses: Checking for squareness, marking right angles, laying out cuts and joints accurately.
 9. Level (Spirit Level):
• Uses: Checking for horizontal and vertical levels, ensuring surfaces and structures are plumb and
level.

•
10. Woodworking Clamps (Bar Clamps, C-Clamps):
• Uses: Holding pieces of wood together during gluing, clamping pieces for assembly, preventing
movement during cutting or shaping.

•
11. Marking and Measuring Tools (Combination Square, Marking Gauge):
• Uses: Marking precise measurements, layout lines, and angles on wood surfaces.

•
12. Hand Planes (Jack Plane, Smoothing Plane):
• Uses: Smoothing and flattening wood surfaces, removing imperfections, adjusting thickness.
 •
13. Coping Saw:
• Uses: Cutting intricate curves, shapes, and patterns in wood.

•
14. Mallet:
• Uses: Driving chisels and carving tools, tapping wood joints together, without damaging the tools or
workpiece.

•
Impelling tools

15. Nail Punch

• This is a piece of steel rod used in conjunction with a hammer for driving the heads of nails below the
surface of a job

•
16. Carpenter’s brace
• The tool is used to hold and force various bits into the wood.
• Uses: Drilling holes in wood, countersinking screws, creating dowel joints.
Boring tools

Boring tools are used to produce holes in wood. Example of boring tools include:

17. Bits
• All bits have two main parts; the body which forms the cutting edge and the shank. There are several
types of bits: Auger bits, centre bits, forstner bits, countersink bits

18. Gimlet
• This used for starting holes for nails and screws, particularly in a corner or any place where a brace
cannot be used.

•
19. Bradawl
• Is a steel rod with one of its ends flattened to serve as a cutting edge. It is also used to create small
holes for nails and screws.
 PORTABLE POWER TOOLS – They use electricity.

Identification of portable power tools

1. Power drill
There are several types of power drills; this includes:
20. Percussion drills.
• They are also known as rotary impact drills. They are used to create holes in hard materials
such as masonry.

21. Hammer drills.

• A hammer drill is used for drilling holes in masonry for up to 100mm in diameter.

CARPENTRY MACHINES
A carpentry workshop typically includes a range of machines and equipment designed to perform
various woodworking tasks efficiently and accurately. Here are some common machines used in
a carpentry workshop and their primary functions:

Table Saw:

Uses: Rip cuts, crosscuts, bevel cuts, dado cuts, and miter cuts in wood and other materials.

Miter Saw (Compound Miter Saw or Sliding Miter Saw):

Uses: Making angled cuts (miters) and bevel cuts for molding, trim work, and framing.

Band Saw:

Uses: Cutting curves, irregular shapes, resawing thick boards, and intricate designs in wood and other
materials.

Circular Saw:
Uses: Cutting straight lines, bevel cuts, and angles in wood, plywood, and other materials. Portable
for on-site work.

Jointer:

Uses: Flattening and straightening board edges, creating flat surfaces for joining and gluing.

Planer (Thickness Planer):

Uses: Smoothing surfaces, reducing board thickness, creating uniform thickness, and removing imperfections.

Router Table:

Uses: Mounting a router for precise and controlled shaping, edge profiling, joinery, and decorative
cuts.
Drill Press:

Uses: Drilling precise and perpendicular holes in wood, metal, and other materials.

Belt Sander:

Uses: Sanding large surfaces, flattening wood, removing stock quickly, and shaping wood.

Random Orbital Sander:

Uses: Smoothing surfaces, removing scratches, and finishing woodworking projects.

Compound Sliding Miter Saw:

Uses: Making compound angle cuts, bevel cuts, and miter cuts with sliding functionality for wider
boards.

Jointer-Planer Combo Machine:

Uses: Combining jointing and planning functions into one machine for space-saving and convenience.

Scroll Saw:

Uses: Cutting intricate curves, patterns, and designs in thin wood, plywood, and plastics.
Workbench with Vises:

Uses: Providing a stable surface for woodworking tasks, clamping workpieces securely for cutting,
shaping, and assembly.

Lathe (Woodturning Lathe):

Uses: Turning cylindrical and symmetrical objects such as table legs, bowls, and spindles.

Drum Sander:

Uses: Sanding large surfaces and thicknessing wood to achieve a smooth and consistent finish.
Maintenance of portable power tools
i. Replace worn out parts. Due to continuous use, parts get worn out and will eventually
require replacement.
ii. Regular cleaning. For your tools to always be in the best condition, you should clean them
immediately after use before storing them.
iii. Lubrication. This is a must to keep all the parts of your tool working properly.
iv. Cool down heated tool. Overworking a tool can cause it to overheat. This usually when
working through difficult materials such as drilling through concrete or sawing hard wood.
v. Sharpen bits and blades. When you use old and worn-out blades and bits, means working
your tool even harder to get the job done.
vi. Calibration. Most power tools require recalibration after a specified period of use hours.
General safety when handling portable power tools

i. Never use a portable power tool until a competent person has instructed you in its use.
ii. The manufacturer’s handbook of instruction for the tool in question should be read and
understood before use.
iii. Always wear sensibly fitting clothes – avoid loose cuffs, ties, and clothes which are torn,
etc.
iv. Wear eye protection where there is a risk of propelled debris or fume, dust or mist which
may impair or damage your eyesight.
v. The correct type of Dust masks should be worn where the operative’s health may be at risk.
vi. Ear protection should be worn by all operatives who are likely to be subjected to noise. vii.
Never use blunt or damaged cutters.
viii. Keep flexible cables away from the workpiece, cutters, and sharp edges and also from
trailing on the floor.
ix. Before changing bits, abrasive sheets or making any adjustments, always disconnect the
tool from the electric supply (remove the plug from its socket).
x. If a tool is damaged or found to be defective, return it to the stores or to the person
responsible for it. Ensure that it is correctly labelled regarding the extent of its damage or
defect.

MAINTAINANCE OF CARPENTRY TOOLS

Maintaining carpentry tools is essential to ensure their longevity, efficiency, and safety. Here are some
key practices to maintain these tools properly:
1.Regular Cleaning:

• Hand Tools: Wipe down hand tools with a clean, dry cloth after each use to remove
sawdust, dirt, and moisture. For stubborn grime, use a brush or a mild detergent solution.
• Power Tools: Use compressed air to blow out dust and debris from motors and vents.
Clean the exterior with a damp cloth.

2.Lubrication:

• Apply a light coat of machine oil to metal parts to prevent rust. This is especially important
for moving parts like the joints of pliers or the mechanisms of saws. • For power tools, refer
to the manufacturer’s instructions for specific lubrication points and recommended
lubricants.

3.Sharpening:

• Chisels and Planes: Use a sharpening stone or a honing guide to maintain a sharp edge.
• Saw Blades: Hand saws can be sharpened with a file, while circular saw blades may need
professional sharpening.
• Router Bits and Drill Bits: Keep them sharp using appropriate sharpening tools or replace
them when they become dull.

4.Rust Prevention:

• Store tools in a dry environment to avoid moisture buildup. Consider using silica gel packs
or a dehumidifier in your tool storage area.
• Apply a rust inhibitor spray or a thin layer of wax on metal surfaces to protect against rust.

5.Proper Storage:

• Store tools in a tool chest or on pegboards to keep them organized and easily accessible.
• Use blade guards and protective sheaths for cutting tools to prevent accidental damage and
injuries.

6.Routine Inspection:
• Regularly inspect tools for signs of wear and damage. Check handles for cracks, metal parts
for rust, and moving parts for smooth operation.
• Tighten any loose screws, bolts, or other fasteners.

7.Battery Maintenance:

• Follow the manufacturer's guidelines for charging and storing batteries. Avoid overcharging
and store batteries in a cool, dry place.
• Periodically fully discharge and then fully charge the batteries to maintain their capacity.

8.Alignment and Calibration:

 • For tools like table saws, miter saws, and planers, regularly check and adjust the alignment
to ensure accurate cuts.
• Use a square or a calibration tool to verify and correct the tool’s settings.

ELEMENT 3; PERFORM ELECTRICAL TASKS

Definition of key terms
IEE wiring regulations.
Are based on the British standards (7671) which set the standards for all domestic and
industrial installations and wiring. Side cutter
This is a tool used to cut the wire and the leads of components in electrical devices as well as in
stripping the insulation from wires.

Safety in an electrical workshop

Safety in an electrical workshop is paramount to prevent accidents, injuries, and equipment damage.
Here are key safety measures to observe:

1.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

• Safety Glasses/Goggles: Protect eyes from sparks, debris, and accidental electrical arcs.
• Insulated Gloves: Prevent electrical shocks when working with live circuits.
• Safety Footwear: Wear shoes with non-conductive soles to reduce the risk of electrical shock.
 • Protective Clothing: Wear non-conductive, flame-resistant clothing to prevent burns and
reduce electrical conductivity.

2.Work Environment:

• Dry Work Area: Ensure the workshop is dry to prevent electrical hazards associated with
water and moisture.
• Ventilation: Maintain proper ventilation to avoid the buildup of fumes from soldering or other
activities.
• Clear Workspace: Keep the work area organized and free of clutter to avoid tripping hazards
and ensure easy access to tools and equipment.

3.Electrical Safety:

• De-energize Circuits: Always disconnect power before working on electrical circuits or

equipment.
• Lockout/Tagout (LOTO): Use LOTO procedures to ensure that circuits and equipment cannot
be accidentally energized while maintenance is being performed.
• Proper Wiring: Follow standard wiring practices and use appropriate wire gauges and
insulation.
• Circuit Protection: Use circuit breakers, fuses, and ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) to
protect against overloads and short circuits.

4.Tool Safety:
• Insulated Tools: Use tools with insulated handles to reduce the risk of electrical shock.
• Tool Maintenance: Regularly inspect and maintain tools to ensure they are in good working
condition.
• Proper Usage: Use tools only for their intended purposes and follow manufacturer
instructions.

5.Emergency Preparedness:

• First Aid Kit: Keep a well-stocked first aid kit easily accessible in the workshop.
• Fire Extinguishers: Ensure that appropriate fire extinguishers (e.g., Class C for electrical fires)
are available and easily accessible.
• Emergency Exits: Clearly mark and keep emergency exits unobstructed.
• Emergency Procedures: Familiarize all personnel with emergency procedures, including the
location of emergency shutoffs and how to call for help.

6.Electrical Equipment Safety:

• Regular Inspection: Periodically inspect electrical equipment for signs of wear, damage, or
malfunction.
 • Grounding: Ensure all electrical equipment is properly grounded to prevent electrical shocks.
• Overload Protection: Do not overload outlets or circuits. Use power strips with surge
protectors if needed.

7.Training and Awareness:

• Qualified Personnel: Ensure that only trained and qualified personnel perform electrical work.
• Safety Training: Provide regular safety training to all workshop personnel, covering safe
practices, emergency procedures, and the proper use of PPE.
• Signage: Use clear signage to indicate hazardous areas, high voltage zones, and emergency
exits.

8.Proper Disposal:

• Hazardous Materials: Dispose of electrical waste, such as batteries and electronic

components, according to local regulations.
• E-Waste Recycling: Use designated recycling programs for electronic waste to prevent
environmental contamination.

CONVENTIONAL TOOLS USED IN ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP

Electrical tools are essential for carrying out electrical operations effectively. These tools have

been proven over the years to meet the demands of the current generation but there remain

tools that every electrical personnel require. They can be further be classified into hand tools

and machine tools.

a) Hand tools

These are tools that are operated without the use of external power sources and can be operated

by hand and are usually portable. Examples of hand tools include;

1. Phase tester
• Use: A phase tester, also known as a voltage tester, is used to check for the presence
of voltage in electrical circuits and outlets. It helps to identify live wires and
confirm that power is present or absent in a circuit, ensuring safety before
performing any electrical work
2. Multimeter
It is a flexible instrument as it is able to measure voltage, current resistance and capacitance
among others. They can either be analogue or digital depending on preference.

3. Screw driver
• Use: Screwdrivers are used for driving screws into materials or removing them. In
electrical work, they are used to secure or remove screws in electrical devices,
outlets, switch plates, and other components. They come in various types, such as
flat-head and Phillips, to match different screw heads.

4. Pliers
• Use: Pliers are versatile tools used for gripping, bending, and cutting wires and other
materials. In electrical work, they are often used to twist wires together, remove
insulation, or hold components in place while working on them

5. Long nose
• Use: Long nose pliers, also known as needle-nose pliers, have long, slender jaws that
make them ideal for reaching into tight spaces. They are commonly used for bending,
repositioning, and cutting wire, as well as for precise work in confined areas.
Side cutter

• Use: Side cutters, also known as diagonal cutters or wire cutters, are designed for cutting
wires. They have sharp, angled jaws that can cut through wire cleanly and are essential
for trimming excess wire during electrical installations and repairs.

6. Draw in wire
• Use: Draw-in wire, also known as fish tape or draw tape, is a tool used to route new wiring
through walls, conduit, or other spaces were pulling wires through is difficult. It helps in
guiding and pulling wires through confined spaces without damaging them

7. Electrical Knife
• Use: An electrical knife, also known as a cable stripper or insulation knife, is used to strip the
insulation off electrical wires and cables. It is designed to make precise cuts without
damaging the conductive wire inside, making it easier to connect or terminate wires.
 8. Electrical hammer
• Use: An electrical hammer, often a lightweight and non-sparking hammer, is used for driving nails
or fasteners when securing electrical boxes, conduit, or fixtures in place. It may also be used to
gently tap components into position without causing damage

ELECTRICAL MACHINE TOOLS

IDENTIFICATION OF POWER SUPPLY SOURCES

In electrical systems, various power supply sources are used to provide the necessary electricity for
different applications. Here are some common power supply sources:
Mains Electricity (Grid
Power):

• Use: The most

common power source
for homes, businesses,
and industries. It
provides alternating
current (AC) electricity
from the national grid.
• Characteristics:
Typically supplied at
voltages such as 120V
or 240V AC,
depending on the
country. It's reliable
and capable of
delivering high power
levels.

Batteries:

• Use: Provide
portable, direct current
(DC) electricity for a
wide range of
applications, from
small electronics to
vehicles.
• Types: Include
disposable batteries
(e.g., alkaline) and
rechargeable batteries
(e.g., lithium-ion, lead-
acid).
• Characteristics:
Offer mobility and
backup power but have
limited capacity and
require recharging or
replacement.

Generators:
 • Use: Produce electricity by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, commonly used
as backup power or in remote locations.
• Types: Include diesel, gasoline, natural gas, and portable generators.
• Characteristics: Can supply both AC and DC power, varying in size and output capacity. Solar

Power:

• Use: Converts sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells, commonly used for
residential, commercial, and off-grid applications.
• Characteristics: Provides clean, renewable energy. Requires sunlight and an initial investment in
solar panels and inverters.

Wind Power:

• Use: Converts wind energy into electricity using wind turbines, often used in wind farms and for
off-grid applications.
• Characteristics: Renewable and environmentally friendly, but dependent on wind conditions and
location.

Hydropower:

• Use: Generates electricity by harnessing the energy from flowing water, typically used in large-
scale hydroelectric plants.
•
Characteristics: Reliable and capable of generating large amounts of electricity, but
requires significant infrastructure and suitable geographic locations.

Fuel Cells:

• Use: Generate electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and

oxygen, used in specialized applications like space missions and some vehicles.
• Characteristics: Produce clean energy with water as a byproduct, but are expensive
and require hydrogen fuel.

Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS):

• Use: Provide temporary backup power during mains power outages to protect
sensitive electronics and ensure continuous operation.
• Characteristics: Typically use batteries and can provide power for a short duration,
sufficient to safely shut down equipment or switch to a backup generator.

Inverters:

• Use: Convert DC power (from batteries or solar panels) into AC power for use with
standard electrical devices.
• Characteristics: Essential for off-grid solar systems and for devices that operate on
AC power.

Nuclear Power:

• Use: Generates electricity through nuclear fission reactions, typically used in large-
scale power plants.
• Characteristics: Capable of producing large amounts of continuous electricity with
low greenhouse gas emissions, but involves complex safety and waste disposal
challenges.

BASIC ELLECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Basic electrical circuits are fundamental concepts in electronics and electrical engineering.
Understanding these circuits helps in grasping how electricity flows and powers devices. Here
are some of the key components and types of basic electrical circuits:

Key Components of Electrical Circuits

1. Power Source: Provides the electrical energy for the circuit.

• Examples: Batteries, power supplies, generators.
2. Conductors: Materials that allow the flow of electrical current.
• Examples: Wires, conductive tracks on printed circuit boards (PCBs).
•
3. Load: The component or components that consume electrical energy.
Examples: Resistors, light bulbs, motors, and electronic devices.
4. Switches: Control the flow of electricity by opening or closing the circuit.
• Examples: Toggle switches, push-button switches, relays.
5. Connectors: Provide a means to join components together.
• Examples: Plugs, sockets, terminals.

Basic Types of Electrical Circuits

Series Circuit:

• Description: Components are connected end-to-end in a single path for the current to
flow.

Characteristics:

• The same current flows through all components.

• The total resistance is the sum of individual resistances.
• If one component fails, the entire circuit is broken.

Example: A string of old Christmas lights.

Parallel Circuit:

• Description: Components are connected across common points or junctions, creating

multiple paths for the current.

Characteristics:

• The voltage across each component is the same.

• The total current is the sum of the currents through each path.
• If one component fails, the other paths can still carry current.

Example: The electrical wiring in homes, where multiple appliances are powered
independently.

Series-Parallel Circuit:

• Description: A combination of series and parallel circuits, where some components are
connected in series and others in parallel.
•
Characteristics:

• Provides a balance between the advantages of series and parallel circuits.

Common in more complex electrical systems to control different parts of a circuit
independently.

Example: A complex lighting system with multiple switches and bulbs.

Basic Circuit Examples

Simple Series Circuit:

• Components: Battery, resistor, switch, and an LED.

• Function: When the switch is closed, the current flows from the battery through the
resistor (limiting current to protect the LED) and lights up the LED.

Simple Parallel Circuit:

• Components: Battery, two resistors, and a switch.

• Function: When the switch is closed, the current from the battery splits to flow through
each resistor separately. Each resistor gets the full voltage of the battery, but the currents
are different if the resistances are different.

Series-Parallel Circuit Example:

• Components: Battery, two parallel branches with resistors, and a switch.

• Function: When the switch is closed, current flows through the battery and splits into the
parallel branches. Each branch behaves like an individual parallel circuit, but the total
resistance and current are determined by both the series and parallel components.
•
HOW TO MAINTAIN ELECTRICAL TOOLS

Maintaining electrical tools is essential for ensuring their longevity, performance, and safety.
Here are some general guidelines for maintaining various types of electrical tools:
Regular Cleaning:

Exterior Cleaning: Wipe down the tool with a dry or slightly damp cloth after each use to
remove dust, dirt, and debris.

Internal Cleaning: Use compressed air to blow out dust and particles from vents, motors, and
other internal components.

Inspection:

Regularly inspect electrical tools for any signs of wear, damage, or malfunction. Check for
frayed cords, loose connections, and worn-out parts.

Ensure that safety features, such as guards and covers, are intact and functional.

Lubrication:

Apply lubricant to moving parts according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Use the
appropriate type of lubricant for each tool to ensure smooth operation and prevent rust.

Battery Maintenance:

For cordless tools, follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for charging and storing batteries. Avoid
overcharging and deep discharging to prolong battery life.

Store batteries in a cool, dry place and periodically check their charge level if they will be stored
for an extended period.

Proper Storage:

Store tools in a dry, organized space to protect them from moisture and damage. Use cases,
cabinets, or toolboxes to keep them safe and accessible.

Avoid stacking heavy items on top of tools to prevent physical damage.

Sharpening:

Keep cutting tools, such as saw blades and drill bits, sharp for optimal performance. Dull blades
can strain the tool and reduce efficiency.

Use appropriate sharpening tools and techniques to maintain the cutting edges.

Calibration:

Periodically check and adjust tools that require precise measurements or settings, such as
multimeters and torque wrenches. Calibration ensures accuracy and reliability.
Electrical Safety Checks:
Test tools with built-in ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) and ensure they function
properly.

Use a multimeter to check the continuity of cords and connections to detect potential issues.

Manuals and Guidelines:

Follow the manufacturer’s maintenance guidelines and schedules provided in the user manual.

Adhere to any specific instructions for each tool model to avoid voiding warranties and ensure
proper care.

Tool-Specific Maintenance

Power Drills:

• Check and replace worn-out brushes periodically.

• Ensure the chuck is clean and free from debris to maintain a secure grip on drill bits.

Saws (Circular, Jigsaw, etc.):

• Inspect the blade for sharpness and damage. Replace or sharpen as needed.
• Clean the blade guard and ensure it moves freely.

Grinders:

• Clean the air vents and remove any dust buildup.

• Check the grinding wheel for wear and replace if necessary.

Sanders:

• Clean the dust collection system regularly.

• Inspect the sanding pad for wear and replace it if it’s worn out.

Heat Guns:

• Ensure the nozzle is free from debris and not damaged.

• Avoid running the heat gun at maximum temperature for extended periods to prevent
overheating.

Multimeters and Testers:

• Calibrate regularly to maintain accuracy.

• Replace batteries and test leads as needed.
ELEMENT 4; PERFORM MECHANICAL TASKS
Safety in a mechanical workshop is critical to prevent accidents, injuries, and equipment
damage. Here are key safety measures to observe:

Safety requirements in the workshop environment are identified as per sops

Before using any machine or equipment in the workshop all persons should read the

following carefully and understand the safety requirements which include;

• Always listen carefully and follow the teacher’s instructions

• No running in the workshop, it could cause an accident

• Locate the position of all the emergency exits and stop buttons in the workshop.

• Always wear overall, dust coat or apron to protect your clothes and the safety of the eyeglasses

to protect your eyes.

• Wear heavy-duty boots when coming to the workshop.

• Always wear reflective jackets and helmet when operating machinery.

• Put all stools away when working on practical.

• Do not operate a machine without supervision unless you have been shown how to operate it

safely.

• Report any damages to tools, machines or equipment immediately

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Safety Glasses/Goggles:

Protect eyes from flying debris, dust, and chemicals.

Protective Clothing:

Wear long sleeves and long pants made of durable material to protect skin from cuts, burns, and
chemical splashes.

Gloves:

Use appropriate gloves (e.g., cut-resistant, heat-resistant) to protect hands from injuries while
handling tools and materials.
Safety Footwear:

Wear steel-toed boots or shoes with non-slip soles to protect feet from heavy objects and provide
good traction.

Hearing Protection:

Use earplugs or earmuffs in noisy environments to prevent hearing damage.

Respiratory Protection:

Use masks or respirators when working with dust, fumes, or chemicals.

Workshop Environment

Clean and Organized Workspace:

Keep the workshop clean and free of clutter to reduce trip hazards and ensure easy access to
tools and equipment.

Proper Lighting:

Ensure the workshop is well-lit to enhance visibility and reduce the risk of accidents.

Ventilation:

Maintain good ventilation to prevent the buildup of fumes and ensure a healthy breathing
environment.

Emergency Exits and Equipment:

Clearly mark and keep emergency exits unobstructed.

Ensure fire extinguishers, first aid kits, and emergency showers are easily accessible.

Tool and Equipment Safety

Regular Maintenance:

Perform regular maintenance and inspection of tools and equipment to ensure they are in good
working condition.

Proper Usage:

Use tools and machines only for their intended purposes and follow the manufacturer’s
instructions.

Machine Guards:
Ensure all machine guards and safety features are in place and functioning properly to protect
against moving parts.

Lockout/Tagout (LOTO):

Implement LOTO procedures to ensure machines are properly shut off and cannot be started
while maintenance or repairs are being performed.

Safe Handling of Materials:

Use appropriate lifting techniques and equipment to handle heavy or awkward materials to
prevent strains and injuries.

Safe Practices

Training and Awareness:

Provide regular safety training to all workshop personnel, covering safe practices, emergency
procedures, and the proper use of PPE.

Proper Storage:

Store tools, materials, and chemicals properly to prevent accidents and facilitate easy retrieval.

Chemical Safety:

Use appropriate containers and labeling for chemicals, and follow proper procedures for
handling and disposing of hazardous materials.

Ergonomics:

Arrange workstations to promote good posture and reduce the risk of repetitive strain injuries.

Avoid Distractions:

Stay focused on tasks and avoid distractions such as mobile phones or other electronic devices.

Emergency Procedures

Emergency Response Plan:

Develop and communicate an emergency response plan, including procedures for fire, chemical
spills, and injuries.

First Aid:

Ensure that first aid kits are available and personnel are trained in basic first aid procedures.
Fire Safety:
Ensure that fire extinguishers are readily available, and personnel are trained in their use.

MECHANICAL HAND TOOLS

Arc Welding Shields

• Use: Protect the welder's face, eyes, and neck from intense light, sparks, and heat
generated during arc welding.
• Characteristics: Typically equipped with a darkened lens to filter harmful ultraviolet and
infrared radiation

Leather Gloves

• Use: Protect hands from heat, sparks, sharp edges, and rough surfaces during welding,
grinding, and handling materials.
• Characteristics: Made from durable leather, providing a good balance of protection and
flexibility

Chipping Hammer
 • Use: Remove slag, spatter, and flux residue from welded joints to clean the weld area.
• Characteristics: Has a pointed tip and a chisel edge for effective chipping and scraping

Welding Goggles

• Use: Protect the welder's eyes from harmful light, sparks, and debris during welding and
cutting operations.
• Characteristics: Fitted with darkened lenses to filter ultraviolet and infrared radiation
while allowing clear visibility.

Tongs

• Use: Handle hot metal pieces during forging, welding, and metalworking processes.
• Characteristics: Long handles with gripping jaws designed to hold metal securely without
direct contact
Hand Vices

• Use: Hold small workpieces securely in place during filing, cutting, or other detailed
tasks.
• Characteristics: Small, portable vices that can be clamped onto a workbench or held by
hand.

Pliers

• Use: Grip, bend, cut, and manipulate wires and small components in various mechanical
and electrical tasks.
• Characteristics: Come in various types, such as needle-nose, slip-joint, and diagonal
cutting pliers, each suited for specific tasks
Vernier Calipers

• Use: Precision measuring tools used to measure the internal and external dimensions,
depths, and lengths of objects with high accuracy. They have a main scale and a sliding
vernier scale for precise readings.

Scribers

• Use: Used to mark or scribe lines on metal, plastic, and other materials as a guide for
cutting or machining. They have a sharp, hardened steel point for precise marking.

Hacksaw

• Use: Used for cutting metal, plastic, and other materials. The fine-toothed blade is held in
a frame and is ideal for making straight cuts in pipes, rods, and profiles
Tinsnips

• Use: Used for cutting sheet metal and thin materials. They come in various forms
(straight, left, and right-cut) to make straight cuts or curves and can cut through light
gauge metals easily.

a) Wrenches- it is used to loosen or tighten, bolts, screws, nuts, mechanical caps and casing.

They are classified into

• Key: They look like old fashioned keys without teeth and are specialized i.e.

bottle openers, window cranks and Allen wrenches

• Socket: It can either be a handle that is attached to a cylindrical socket or a

single piece

• Spanners: It has pins or hooks and is used to turn spanner handle i.e.

adjustable wrenches
b) Pliers: It is used to firmly hold objects, bend and compress materials. The different
types of pliers include;

• Hose clamp pliers; it compresses hose and spring clamps.

• Snap ring pliers; used for gears on mountain bikes and similar vehicles

• Battery pliers; maintain bolts on car batteries and jumper cables.

c) Snips; used for cutting and trimming sheet metal and other tough materials. They are

categorized as:

• Tinnier snips: Straight pattern

• Compound action snips: Cut down aluminum in the construction of aircrafts

• Configuration snips: Snips that are different in configuration.

d) Screwdrivers: Used for removing or installing screws. It is classified by its tip i.e.

• Slotted drivers; it has a single slot on the head of the screw and is driven by a flat-

bladed screwdriver.

• Cruciform drivers; the head of the fastener has cross shape i.e. reason

Screwdriver

Procedure on how to use a wrench

i. Identify the item to be tightened or loosened is it a bolt, nut, screw, mechanical cap

or casing ii. Turn the screw mechanism to open the adjustable wrench to fit the size of

the screw iii. Slip the open jaw over the screw then turn the screw mechanism to

clamp tightly iv. Turn the wrench clockwise or anticlockwise to tighten or loosen

respectively

iv. Loosen the screw mechanism on the adjustable wrench to remove it

DIESEL AND PETROL ENGINE COMPONENTS- USE WORKSHOP NOTES

SIMPLE ENGINE MAINTAINANCE

Maintaining an engine properly is essential for ensuring its longevity, reliability, and
performance. Here are some simple engine maintenance tips that can help keep an engine
running smoothly:

Regular Maintenance Tasks

1.Oil Changes:

• Frequency: Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations, typically every 3,000 to 5,000

miles or every 3 to 6 months.
• Steps: Drain the old oil, replace the oil filter, and refill with the recommended type and
amount of oil.

2.Check and Replace Air Filters:

• Frequency: Inspect every 12,000 miles or as recommended.

• Steps: Remove the air filter from its housing, inspect for dirt and damage, and replace if
necessary.

3.Inspect and Replace Spark Plugs:

• Frequency: Inspect every 30,000 miles or as recommended.

• Steps: Remove spark plugs, check for wear or carbon buildup, and replace if they appear
worn or damaged.

4.Check Fluid Levels:

• Frequency: Monthly.
• Steps: Check levels of coolant, brake fluid, transmission fluid, power steering fluid, and
windshield washer fluid. Top off as needed.

5.Battery Maintenance:

• Frequency: Inspect every 6 months.

• Steps: Clean battery terminals, check for corrosion, and ensure connections are tight.
Test the battery voltage and replace if it shows signs of weakness.

6.Inspect Belts and Hoses:

• Frequency: Inspect every 30,000 miles or as recommended.

 • Steps: Check for signs of wear, cracks, or fraying on belts and hoses. Replace if any
damage is found.

7.Check Tire Pressure and Condition:

• Frequency: Monthly.
• Steps: Use a tire pressure gauge to check pressure, and adjust to the manufacturer’s
recommended levels. Inspect tires for wear and damage.

8.Coolant System Maintenance:

• Frequency: Flush and replace coolant every 30,000 miles or as recommended.

• Steps: Drain the old coolant, flush the system with water, and refill with a mixture of
coolant and distilled water.

WATER PUMPS-USE WATER TECHNOLOGY NOTES

1. Centrifugal
2. Submersible
3. Reciprocating
4. Hand pumps

BASIC MAINTAINANCE OF WATER PUMPS

Basic maintenance of water pumps is essential to ensure they operate efficiently and last longer.
Here are some steps for maintaining water pumps:

1. Regular Inspection:

Check the pump regularly for leaks, unusual noises, and vibrations. Address any issues promptly
to prevent further damage.

2. Clean Intake Screens:

If the pump has an intake screen or filter, clean it regularly to prevent debris from clogging the
pump and affecting its performance.

3. Check Pump Housing and Seals:

Inspect the pump housing and seals for signs of wear, cracks, or leaks. Replace seals if necessary
to prevent water leaks.

4. Lubricate Moving Parts:

Lubricate bearings, shafts, and other moving parts according to the manufacturer’s
recommendations to reduce friction and wear.
 5. Inspect and Tighten Connections:

Check all connections, including hoses, fittings, and bolts, for tightness. Loose connections can
cause leaks and reduce pump efficiency.

6. Monitor Pump Performance:

Keep track of the pump’s performance, such as flow rate and pressure. Any significant changes
may indicate a problem that needs attention.

7. Protect from Freezing:

If the pump is exposed to freezing temperatures, take measures to protect it. Drain the pump or
use insulation to prevent freezing and damage.

8. Flush and Clean the Pump:

Periodically flush the pump with clean water to remove sediment, debris, and buildup. Clean the
pump housing and impeller to maintain optimal performance.

9. Replace Worn or Damaged Parts:

Replace worn or damaged parts, such as seals, gaskets, impellers, and bearings, to prevent
breakdowns and ensure efficient operation.

10. Follow Manufacturer’s Guidelines:

Always follow the manufacturer’s maintenance guidelines and recommendations specific to your
pump model. This ensures proper care and prolongs the pump's lifespan.

11. Schedule Professional Inspections:

Consider scheduling regular inspections by a professional technician to identify and address any
potential issues before they escalate.