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Lec23

The document covers properties of the Laplace Transform, including linearity, time shifting, convolution, and integration in time-domain. It discusses system interconnections such as series, parallel, and feedback connections, along with methods for block diagram representation of causal LTI systems. Additionally, it outlines realization techniques for transfer functions, including direct forms and cascade/parallel forms, and provides numerical problems for practice.

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Umar Bazaf
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3 views

Lec23

The document covers properties of the Laplace Transform, including linearity, time shifting, convolution, and integration in time-domain. It discusses system interconnections such as series, parallel, and feedback connections, along with methods for block diagram representation of causal LTI systems. Additionally, it outlines realization techniques for transfer functions, including direct forms and cascade/parallel forms, and provides numerical problems for practice.

Uploaded by

Umar Bazaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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208503 Signals and Systems

Lecture 23
Properties of Laplace Transform
Article 9.5
30.03.2021
Properties to be covered in course
1. Linearity
2. Time shifting
3. Shifting in s-domain
4. Convolution
5. Integration in time-domain
6. Differentiation in time-domain
7. Differentiation in frequency-domain

P.S: You have to understand how to apply these properties and


interpret the associated ROC.

2
Recap Property 4 :Convolution

• If

• and

• then

3
Example 4 (Lecture 22)

4
Application of Convolution Property:
System Functions for Interconnections of LTI
systems (9.8.1 )
• Series Connection
• Parallel Connection
• Feedback Connection

5
System Interconnections (1)
• Series Connection also known as cascade connection

Input System 1 System 2 Output


x(t) h1(t) h2(t) y(t)

1 2

6
System Interconnections (2)
• Parallel Connection
System 1
h1(t)
Output
Input + y(t)
x(t)
System 2
h2(t)

7
System Interconnections (3)
• Feedback connection

8
Property 5) Integration
• If
• Then

• i.e., time-domain integral becomes division by frequency variable s


• This property is the inverse of the differentiation property.
• Similarly
1


  x ( ) d 
L
 X (s)
sn
n times

9
Example 5:
Laplace Transform for
• Application of integration property .
• How do you determine Laplace transform of tu(t) without
application of any property (Hint: Use Integration by parts)

10
Block Diagram Representation for Causal LTI
systems described by differential equations &
rational transfer functions (article 9.8.2)
• Since realization is basically a synthesis problem, there is no
unique way of realizing a system.
• A given transfer function can be realized in many different ways.
We will discuss the following three forms:
a) Direct Form
b) Cascade Form
c) Parallel Form

11
Steps for block diagram representation
• To develop a systematic method for realization (or implementation)
of an arbitrary Nth order transfer function. The most general
transfer function H (s) with M = N is given by:

• We begin with a specific case of the following third-order system.


The results can be extended to Nth-order case

• Implemented using integrators.

12
Direct Form
• We can realize H(s) as a cascade of transfer function H1(s) followed by H2(s).
This is known as direct form I (DFI)realization.
b b b 1
H ( s)  b3  2  12  03 .
 s  s s a  a2  a1  a0
3 2 3
H1 ( s ) s
s s
H2 (s)

• It implements zeros first [represented by H1(s)] followed by realization of


poles [represented by H2(s)]
• We can also realize H(s), where H2(s) is followed by H1(s) . This procedure is
known as the direct form II (DFII) realization.
1 b b b
H ( s)  . b3  2  12  03
a a a s  s s
a3  2  21  30 
s s
 s H1 ( s )

H2 ( s )

• It implements poles first followed by zeros.


• Although both DFI and DFII result in same transfer function, they generally
behave differently from the viewpoint of sensitivity to parameter variations.
13
Cascade and Parallel Realizations
• An Nth-order transfer function H(s) can be expressed as a product or
a sum of N first-order transfer functions.
• Accordingly, we can also realize H(s) as a cascade (series) or
parallel form of these N first-order transfer functions.

14
Example 6
• For the transfer function implement DFI, DFII, cascade form and
parallel form.

• For cascade and parallel implementation of H(s) of higher orders,


we could group H(s) into factors, not all of which are necessarily of
the first order. For example, if H(s) is a third-order transfer
function, we could realize this function as a cascade (or a parallel)
combination of a first-order and a second-order factor.

15
16
17
18
19
Numerical Problems:
• Problem 9.1-9.7,9.13,9.22
• Example 9.28 –Example 9.31
• Problem 9.17, 9.35
• For the transfer function implement DFI, DFII, cascade form
and parallel form.

20

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