The body harbors at least

10 times as many
bacterials cells as human
cells, some beneficial and
some potentially disease
causing.
How do we not get sick ?

You have
your
IMMUNE
SYSTEM to
protect you.
LYMPHATIC
AND IMMUNE
SYSTEM
GROUP 3
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
identify the parts and
functions of the lymphatic
and immune sytem
identify the defenses and
responses of the immune
system
list associated disorder of
the cardiovascular and
lymphatic system
IMMUNE SYSTEM
The immune
system is a
complex network
of organs, cells and
proteins that
defends the body
against infection,
whilst protecting
the body’s own
cells.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Immune system—
not an organ
system, but a cell
population that
inhabits all organs
and defends the
body from agents
of disease
LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
It is the system of vessels ,
cells and organs that carries
excess fluids to the
bloodstream and filters
pathogens from the blood.
 Common Infectious
Diseases

The Flu Chickenpox Colds

 Functions of the
Lymphatic System
FLUID RECOVERY

– Fluid continually filters from the blood

capillaries into the tissue spaces
• Blood capillaries reabsorb 85%
15% (2 to 4 L/day) of the water and about half
of the plasma proteins enter the lymphatic
system and then are returned to the blood
 Functions of the
Lymphatic System
IMMUNITY

– Excess filtered fluid picks up foreign cells

and chemicals from the tissues
• Passes through lymph nodes where
immune cells stand
guard against foreign matter
• Activates a protective immune response
 Functions of the
Lymphatic System
LIPID ABSORPTION

– Lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary

lipids that are not absorbed by the blood
capillaries
LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
• Lymph

• Lymphatic vessels

• Lymphatic tissues

• Lymphatic organs
 LYMPH
– Clear, colorless fluid,
similar to plasma, but much
less protein
– Originates as
extracellular fluid drawn
into lymphatic capillaries
– Chemical composition
varies in different places (in
intestines, after lymph
nodes)
LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
– Penetrate nearly every
tissue of the body
• Absent from central nervous
system, cartilage, cornea,
bone, and bone marrow
– Capillary wall is
endothelial cells overlapping
each other like roof shingles
-Closed at one end
LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
– Cells tethered to
surrounding tissue by protein
filaments
• Gaps between cells are large
enough to allow bacteria and
cells to enter lymphatic
capillary
– Endothelium creates valve-
like flaps that open when
interstitial fluid pressure is
high, and close when it is low
 LYMPHATIC VESSELS
• Six lymphatic trunks drain major portions of body –
Jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal,
intercostal, intestinal (unpaired), and lumbar
trunks
• Two collecting ducts
– Right lymphatic duct: receives lymph from right arm,
right side of head and thorax; empties into right
subclavian vein
– Thoracic duct: larger and longer, begins as a prominent
sac in abdomen called the cisterna chyli; receives lymph
from below diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck,
and thorax; empties into left subclavian vein
• Subclavian veins—collect from thoracic duct
DRAINAGE OF THORACIC REGION
 FLOW of LYMPH
• Lymph flows under forces similar to those that govern
venous return, except no pump (heart)
• Lymph flows at low pressure and slower speed than venous
blood
• Moved along by rhythmic contractions of lymphatic
vessels
– Stretching of vessels stimulates contraction
• Flow aided by skeletal muscle pump
• Valves prevent backward flow
• Exercise significantly increases lymphatic return
LYMPHATIC CELLS
• Natural killer (NK) cells
– Large lymphocytes that attack and
destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, host
cells infected with viruses or that have
turned cancerous
• T lymphocytes (T cells)
– Mature in thymus
• B lymphocytes (B cells)
– Activation causes proliferation and
differentiation into
plasma cells that produce antibodies
LYMPHATIC CELLS
• Macrophage
– Phagocytes
– Process foreign matter and display
antigenic fragments to certain T cells alerting
immune system to the presence of the
enemy
Antigen-presenting cells (APC
• Dendritic cells
– Branched, mobile APCs found in epidermis,
mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs
– Alert immune system to pathogens that
have breached the body surface
 LYMPHATIC TISSUE
• Lymphatic (lymphoid) tissue
—aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissues of
mucous membranes and various organs
• Diffuse lymphatic tissue—simplest form
– Lymphocytes are scattered (not clustered)
– Prevalent in body passages open to the exterior
• Respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts
• Lymphatic nodules (follicles)
– Dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that
congregate in response to pathogens
– Constant feature of the lymph nodes, tonsils, and
appendix
LYMPHATIC
ORGANS
• Lymphatic organs are anatomically well- defined
-Have connective tissue capsule that separates lymphatic
tissue from neighboring tissues

• Primary lymphatic organs

-Red bone marrow and thymus
-Site where T and B cells become immunocompetent: able
to recognize and respond to antigens

•Secondary lymphatic organs

-Lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen
-Immunocompetent cells populate these tissues
 1. RED BONE MARROW
• Red bone marrow is involved in hemopoiesis (blood
formation) and immunity
-Soft, loosely organized, highly vascular material.
-Separated from osseous tissue by endosteum of bone.
-As blood cells mature, they push their way through the
reticular and endothelial cells to enter the sinus and flow
away in the bloodstream.
HISTOLOGY
OF
REDBONE
MARROW
 2. THYMUS
member of the endocrine, lymphatic,
and immune systems.
– Houses developing lymphocytes
– Secretes hormones regulating their activity
– Bilobed organ located in superior mediastinum
between
sternum and aortic arch
– Degeneration (involution) with age
HISTOLOGY
OF
THYMUS
 3. LYMPH NODES
Lymphnodes—are bean-shaped glands that monitor
and cleanse lymph as it filters through them.
•Your lymph nodes also store lymphocytes and other
immune system cells that attack and destroy harmful
substances like bacteria.
•You have about 600 lymph nodes scattered throughout
your body. Some are closely connected in groups called
chains.
•You may be able to feel some lymph nodes through
your skin, in areas like your armpits, groin or neck.
Others are deeper inside your body.
LYMPH NODES
 4. TONSILS
•Tonsils—patches of lymphatic tissue located at
the entrance to the pharynx.
– Guard against ingested or inhaled pathogens
– Covered with epithelium
– Have deep pits: tonsillar crypts lined with
lymphatic nodules
– Tonsillitis and tonsillectomy
 3 MAIN SETS OF TONSILS
– Palatine tonsils
• Pair at posterior margin of oral cavity
• Most often infected
– Lingual tonsils
• Pair at root of tongue
– Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
• Single tonsil on wall of nasopharynx.
THE TONSILS
• Covered by epithelium.

• Pathogens get into

tonsillar crypts and
encounter
lymphocytes.
 5. SPLEEN
• Spleen—the body’s largest lymphatic
organ.

• Parenchyma exhibits two types of tissue

– Red pulp: sinuses filled with erythrocytes
– White pulp: lymphocytes, macrophages
surrounding small branches of splenic
artery.
 SPLEEN FUNCTION
– Healthy red blood cells (RBCs) come and go
– For old, fragile RBCs, spleen is “erythrocyte
graveyard”
– Blood cell production in fetus (and very anemic
adults)
– White pulp monitors blood for foreign antigens and
keeps an army of monocytes for release when needed
– Stabilizes blood volume through plasma transfers to
lymphatic system.
 SPLEEN FUNCTION
– Healthy red blood cells (RBCs) come and go
– For old, fragile RBCs, spleen is “erythrocyte graveyard”
– Blood cell production in fetus (and very anemic adults)
– White pulp monitors blood for foreign antigens and
keeps an army of monocytes for release when needed
– Stabilizes blood volume through plasma transfers to lymphatic system.
• Spleen is highly vascular and vulnerable to
trauma and infection
– Ruptured spleen requires splenectomy, but this leaves
person susceptible to future infections, premature death.
THE SPLEEN
BARRIER
DEFENSES
 Are barrier defenses
response to infections?
PHASE 1: BARRIER DEFENSES

The primary defense against

infectious disease are the surface
barriers that prevent pathogens from
entering the body.

TYPES OF BARRIER DEFENSES

1. PHYSICAL
2. CHEMICAL
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL
BARRIER DEFENSES
Phase 1

SKIN
PHYSICAL BARRIER
Keratinized cells of the surface are
too dry for bacteria to grow.

CHEMICAL BARRIER
Sweat and other skin secretions
may lower pH, contain toxic
lipids, and physically wash
microbes away.
BARRIER DEFENSES
Phase 1

ORAL CAVITY
(Salivary glands)
CHEMICAL BARRIER

Saliva contains antimicrobial

proteins such as lactoferrin,
which binds iron essential for
bacterial growth, inhibiting
their proliferation.
Contains lysozyme
BARRIER DEFENSES
Phase 1

STOMACH
CHEMICAL BARRIER
The stomach secretes
hydrochloric acid, creating a
highly acidic environment,
with a pH level between 1.5 to
3.5.
BARRIER DEFENSES
Phase 1

MUCOSAL
PHYSICAL BARRIER
SURFACES
Specialized epithelial linings that
secrete mucus to trap pathogens,
debris, and facilitate their removal
through cilia or peristalsis.
ANTIMICROBIAL BARRIER (chemical)
They produce antimicrobial
compounds (e.g., lysozyme,
Defensins)
BARRIER DEFENSES
Phase 1

NORMAL FLORA
(Nonpathogenic)
Microbiological Barriers

Nonpathogenic microorganisms
that colonize the body's surfaces,
such as skin, mucosa, and the
gastrointestinal tract.
SUMMARY OF PHASE 1 BARRIER DEFENSES
 INNATE
IMMUNE
RESPONSES
 INNATE IMMUNITY
Is the immunity one is born with and is
the initial response by the body to
eliminate microbes and prevent
infection.
High discrimination of host and pathogen
The innate immune system developed
early in animal evolution, roughly a
billion years ago, as an essential
response to infection.
 INNATE IMMUNITY
TYPE OF INNATE
EXPLANATION EXAMPLE
IMMUNITY

Innate immunity towards a Frogs are resistant to

SPECIES microbe exhibited by all Bacillus anthracis, while
members of a given species toads are susceptible.

Innate immunity confined to a Negroes of America are

RACIAL particular race; may be absent in more susceptible to
other communities tuberculosis than the whites.

Antimicrobial defense
Negroes of America are
mechanisms that are confined to
INDIVIDUAL more susceptible to
a particular individual; may not
tuberculosis than the whites.
be exhibited by others.
 INNATE IMMUNITY RESPONSE
BARRIER DEFENCES
Skin and mucosal barriers keep
hazardous materials outside the
body
Despite these barriers, pathogens
may enter the body through skin
abrasions or punctures, or by
collecting on mucosal surfaces in
large numbers that overcome the
mucus or cilia.
 INNATE IMMUNITY RESPONSE
PATHOGEN RECOGNITION
When a pathogen enters the body, cells in the
blood and lymph detect the specific
pathogen-associated molecular patterns
(PAMPs) on the pathogen’s surface.
The immune system has specific cells with
receptors that recognize these PAMPs.
 INNATE IMMUNITY RESPONSE
PHAGOCYTOSIS
A process in which cells
ingest large particles, such
as pathogens.
Phagocytosis is performed
by cells called phagocytes,
such as macrophages and
dendritic cells, which use
surface receptors to
internalize microbes.
INNATE IMMUNITY RESPONSE
INFLAMMATION
When the outer barriers of the innate
immune system-skin and other epithelial
layers are damaged, the resulting innate
responses to infection or tissue injury can
induce a complex cascade of events known
as the inflammatory response.
May be acute or chronic.
 INNATE IMMUNITY RESPONSE
FEVER
Fever is a protective defense
mechanism of body.
The thermoregulatory center in
the hypothalamus is sensitive
to microbes and their products.
Increasing body temperature
increases the circulation of
blood and flushing of tissue
that help to eliminate toxin
through urine and sweat.
 INNATE IMMUNITY RESPONSE
Benefits of fever
Inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses
Promotes interferon activity
Increases activity of adaptive immunity
Accelerates tissue repair
Increases CAMs on endothelium of capillaries in lymph nodes

Risks of a high fever significant above 100° F

High fevers potentially dangerous above 103º in children
Changes in metabolic pathways and denaturation of
proteins
Possible seizures, irreversible brain damage at greater than
106°, death above 109°
 INNATE IMMUNITY RESPONSE
COMPLEMENT PATHWAYS
Complement can be activated in two ways:
via the alternative pathway
via the mannose -binding lectin (MBL) pathway
Alternate complement pathway is activated in response to bacterial
endotoxin.
Mannose binding Lectin pathway is stimulated by mannose
carbohydrate residues on bacterial surface.

Biological function:
Lysis of the target microbes (by forming pores on the microbial
surfaces)
Stimulate inflammation (by secreting inflammatory mediators)
Promotion of phagocytosis (opsonization)
Clearance of immune complexes from circulation.
 FACTORS AFFECTING INNATE IMMUNITY
Age
► Very old or very young more susceptible to
infectious disease

Hormone
► Endocrine disorders such as Diabetes Mellitus,
hypothyroidism and adrenal dysfunctions-enhanced
susceptibility to infection

Nutrition
► Immune response is reduced in malnutrition
patient
 Adaptive immune response

The adaptive immune system, AIS, also known as the

acquired immune system, or specific immune system is
a subsystem of the immune system that is composed of
specialized cells, organs, and processes that eliminate
pathogens specifically.
 Humoral Immunity
This component centers around antibodies,
special proteins produced by B cells.

Cell-mediated Immunity
This component involves T cells, which
directly attack and destroy infected cells.
 T Cells
T cells are a type of white blood cell called
lymphocytes. They help your immune system
fight germs and protect you from disease

B Cells

B cells are a type of white blood cell that

makes infection-fighting proteins called
antibodies.
Different types of T cells Different types of B cells

Helper T cells (also Plasma Cell

called CD4+ T Memory Cell
cells)
Cytotoxic T cells (also
called CD8+ T cells)
Regulatory T cells
(Tregs)
Memory T cells
 ASSOCIATED DISEASES
OR
DISORDERS
OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR, LYMPHATIC
AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
1. CHYLOTHORAX
-is caused by the
extravasation of chyle
into the pleural space
due to obstruction to
the thoracic duct.
2. LYMPHAGITIS
-it is the inflammation
of a lymph vessel. It
can occur anytime
you have a wound
allowing bacteria,
viruses and fungi to
enter the body and
invade the immune
system.
3. HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA

- is a type of cancer
that is marked by the
presence of Reed-
Sternberg cell.
4. NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA
-it is a cancer of the
lymphatic tissue that
happens when germ
fighting cells grow out
of control. It does not
involve Reed-
Sternberg cells.
5. LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS

-is commonly know as

"elephantiasis" .
- it is a parasitic infection of the
lymphatic system caused by
parasites classified as nematodes in
the family Filariodidea that are
transmitted through mosquito bites.
6. MESENTERIC LYMPHADENITIS
- An inflammation of
the lymph nodes in
the mesentery.
 7. CASTLEMAN DISEASE

- is a condition that involves

noncancerous enlargement of lymph
node tissue. The more common type,
unicentric, often does not produce
symptoms. In contrast, multicentric,
the less common type, may cause
various symptoms.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!