CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION
“CHILDREN ARE THE HERITAGE & REWARD

FROM THE LORD”

(Psalm 27:3)

​ ​ 1
India is a country that is rich in culture and diversity. With over 1.3 billion

people, it is the second most populous country in the world. And while this

population is a source of strength, it also comes with its share of problems.

One such problem is the issue of child abuse.

Child abuse is a pervasive and serious problem in India,

and one that continues to grow every year. In fact, according to recent

statistics, over 90% of Indian children experience some form of abuse before

they reach the age of 18.

This is a grave statistic and one that demands our attention. The child abuse

laws in India are inadequate and need to be revised and updated to properly

protect our children. As parents, it is our responsibility to be aware of these

laws and ensure that Our children are safe and protected from harm.

We found the prevalence of physical, physical and emotional violence

among children is 6.6, 5.4 and 5.2%, respectively. The most frequent

perpetrator of physical violence was the parent and of physical violence was

the neighbour followed by friends or relatives.[2] (31 Jan 2022)

The issue of child abuse is a major global social problem within

and outside the homes and among all socio-economic groups of both the

developed and developing nations of the whole world. The World Health

Organization (WHO) defines child abuse as all forms of physical, emotional

and physicalabuse, neglect and exploitation leading to actual and potential

damage to a child’s health and development. Child abuse is a state of

emotional, physical, economic and physical maltreatment meted out to a

person below the age of eighteen and is a globally prevalent phenomenon.

Government of India study on child abuse the findings of the Study on Child

​ ​ 2
Abuse clearly point out that a large number of children in India are not even

safe in their homes.[3] Child abuse occurs all religions and at all levels of

education at every socioeconomic level, across ethnic and cultural lines.

Prevention of child abuse is an inevitable part of the society.

Godoy Martins Christine Baccarat de et.al., (2006)

conducted a study to build the epidemiological profile of deliberate violence

against minors under 15 years of age in Londrina. Most victims of physical

force were female (53.4%) and the highest risk age was six (12.2 per 1,000).

The father was the main aggressor (48.8%) and alcoholism was present in

64.0% of cases. Incidence rates of violence by physical force per age group

and sex of victims showed the highest risk at age six for both sexes. The

general rate points toward a higher risk for the six-year-old age group.

National child abuse statistics 2010:

• A report of child abuse is made every ten seconds.

• Almost five children die everyday as a result of child abuse. More than three

out of four are under the age of four.

• It is estimated that between 60-85% of child fatalities due to maltreatment

are not recorded as such on death certificates.

• 90% of child sexual abuse victims know the perpetrator in some way; 68%

are abused by family members.

• Child abuse occurs at every socioeconomic level, across ethnic and cultural

lines, within all religions and at all levels of education.

• Over 60% of people in drug rehabilitation centers report being abused or

neglected as a child.

​ ​ 3
• About 30% of abused and neglected children will later abuse their own

children, continuing the horrible cycle of abuse.

• About 80% of 21 year old that were abused as children met criteria for at

least one psychological disorder.

• Abused children are 25% more likely to experience teen pregnancy.

• Abused teens are three times less likely to practice safe sex, putting them at

greater risk for STDs.

Here's a potential introduction for a research study on adolescent physical

abuse in India:

Adolescent Physical Abuse in India: A Growing Concern

Adolescence is a critical phase of life marked by significant physical,

emotional, and social changes. However, for many adolescents in India, this

​ ​ 4
period is also marred by experiences of physical abuse. Physical abuse,

defined as the intentional use of physical force against an adolescent,

resulting in harm or injury, is a pervasive and complex issue that affects

millions of adolescents in India.

According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), a significant

number of adolescents in India experience physical abuse, with many cases

going unreported. The consequences of physical abuse can be severe and

long-lasting, affecting not only the physical and emotional well-being of

adolescents but also their social and economic development.[7]

In the world 4% to 5% of people have different

diseases in males and from 7% to 8% of females have different diseases.

These disorders include problems like depression, alcohol misuse, alcohol

dependency, and drug abuse. The percentages that can be attributed were

higher in Sad (21% in men and 33% in women) and anxiety symptoms (7% in

men and 13% in women). In the event of suicide attempts, 6% of males and

11% of females make them.[8]

Physical abuse is any act which results in

intentional negative physical, mental, or psychological impact on a child by

their parents or another person they don't know. This can include physical

harm such as cuts, burns, or bony fractures as well as any form of corporal

punishment or sexual abuse. [9] Physical abuse can cause or exacerbate

illnesses or chronic infections, bleeding in the vagina or rectum, recurrent

urinary tract infections, or unintended pregnancies. There are also many

​ ​ 5
emotional issues that children face, such as behavioural changes, difficulty

sleeping, fears, and issues with academic performance or performance

issues. It has frequently been noted that these kids have enuresis, sexual

issues, some types of depression, and a history of abusing any kind of drugs.

Act of Physical abuse and prevention defines in terms of rape, assault,

prostitution, infidelity with minors, physical abuse is the application,

inducement , so compulsion to take part at any action related to abuse and

any emulation of such activity or making any visual portrayal of each conduct.

[10]

In countries like India or other regions of the world that are

also suffering today, child exploitation is a serious and evenly spread problem.

[11] These types of psychological trauma associated with sexual abuse can

impair development and produce disturbances in the victim's psychological

and emotional state. Some cases, adolescents and kids never fully recover

from these issues. If children are not treated well and their physical assault is

not disclosed, they risk silence and being abandoned to God's whims.[13] The

sex exploitation against kids in our nation is discussed in this study. This

research sheds insight on general societal demographics or cultural issues.

Physical abuse, mental abuse, neglect, and sexual offences are the

four main categories into which paedophilia are divided. Molestation is

classified as either emotional or physical abuse of children. [14] It might be a

sexual act committed by a trusted adult against a young kid that causes them

great bodily or psychological harm. 42 per cent of the overall population of our

​ ​ 6
country is under the age of 18 making the population large. "Millions of kids

suffer from abuse and exploitation. They might suffer lifelong scars from

mental or emotional abuse since they are both physically and emotionally

weak. [14] The presence of children or teenagers in sexual behaviours that

they do not completely understand with which they are unable or unwilling to

freely agree is known as sexual abuse. There is Physical, emotional, and

sexual abuse of children is only a few examples, along with neglect and

kidnapping. The majority of abused children have experienced various forms

of abuse. Children who witness domestic abuse and violence become victims

themselves

The offence of Underreporting of child physical assault in India has reached

epidemic levels. [15] According to a study on the incidence of child sexual

abuse among teenagers in the state of Kerala, 36% of males and 35% of girls

had suffered sexual abuse at some point. [16] A similar kind of study also

performed by the Indian Government on 17,220 kids and teens were counted

in order to determine the prevalence of sexual abuse, and the results were

frightening that in country Every other child experienced sexual assault,

among these 52.94% of children were males and 47.06% were girls. Highest

seen in Assam state (57.27%) and around (41%) in state of Delhi, followed by

Andhra Pradesh which count (33.87%) and in Bihar state it was (33.27%) [17]

Concerns about child physical assault are everywhere and are a recurring,

sneaky, and significant issue in society. In various studies 2–62% of females

and 3– 16% of males are affected by physical exploitation while the physical

​ ​ 7
effects of child sex abuse might eventually heal, the psychological and

physiological effects can last far into adulthood.[18]

Child maltreatment is a major concern. Majority of cases

are probably unreported. Health Care professional as well as families has

used denial to cope with ambiguous evidence of the cultural taboos of incest

and sex with children in order to respond appropriately to cues that signal

sexual abuse, [19] you must understand the characteristics and the

Dynamics of the perpetrators, victims and families Involved. A note of the

caution must be added however with increased publicity there is a real danger

of a Witch hunts developing any hint or an accusation of sexual abuse may be

interrupted as absolute proof of guilt. Individuals and families have been

destroyed by the rumours and false accusations. You must assess carefully

and maintain the balance between the extremes of denial and automatic belief

of guilt.

The crisis on discovery causes subsequent trauma for child physical abuse

victims. The scepticism, blame, and rejection kids typically face from adults

hamper their attempts to connect their painful experiences with the facts of

the outside world. [20] The kid's coping strategy runs counter to ingrained

ideas and adult expectations, stigmatising the youngster by accusing parents

of lying to and manipulating the child. [21] Such adult desertion is essential for

the protection and rehabilitation of children since it pushes them farther into

self-hatred, alienation, self-blame, and re-victimization. In contrast, a

compassionate clinician's assistance within a helpful treatment network might

provide the kid crucial legitimacy and endorsement. [22]

​ ​ 8
 The age sometimes used define childhood, whether an age gap

is mentioned, whether peer abuse is taken into account, and the kind of

behaviours that are regarded to be sexual violence often vary across various

research' definitions of molestation (e.g. both contact and noncontact). [23]

Prevalence estimates are affected by choices made about sample selection

(such as convenience or random sampling), survey techniques (such as

in-person surveys or self-administered questionnaires), as well as the quantity

and specificity of screening questions.

Correlation between child physical neglect and adult psychopathology: the

effect of child sexual neglect on social, sexual, and interpersonal functioning

development, traumatogenic model, and post-traumatic stress model and

Social models are familial risk factors that increase the likelihood of abuse in

children from particular population groupings. Impacting a child's growing

capacity for trust, intimacy, autonomy, and sexuality; long-term effects on

mental health. [24]

Child abuses quantify the individual behaviour and must rely on

the child's past behaviour as an adult. We then calculate the effects of that

event on health. [25] It is important to note that statistics on child physical

assault are currently collected retrospectively for prospective research.

Adolescent physical abuse also an unwanted and inappropriate sexual

solicitation and exposure to child by the perpetrator (non contact abuse),

touching of child’s private parts or fondling (contact abuse), and penetrative

abuse in terms of oral, anal or vaginal intercourse or attempted intercourse

(intercourse) in most countries 18 years of age is the legal cut-off used to

define childhood, in many countries the age of consent, especially for sexual

​ ​ 9
activity, is lower and the most widely-reported definition of childhood in large

population surveys of 18 years or less.

In India, child abuse and rights violations are widespread.

Every day, many children are molested by family members. Female feticide

via amniocentesis is a widespread kind of abuse in India. Parents frequently

whip, burn, and sexually exploit young females. [26] Illiteracy and social and

economic backwardness are the leading causes of child rights breaches,

especially by parents. Employers abuse youngsters by giving them dangerous

jobs. Children are sold to gangsters and used to deliver narcotics and other

illegal substances. Because of poverty, many children are malnourished, sick,

and dying. Kidnapping and abduction are rampant in our country. Small kids

are kidnapped for the purpose of begging, prostitution, tamashas, organ

trading and for circuses etc. Organs from children are utilized in trades and

investigations. Child abandonment and prostitution are blatantly promoted and

linked to tourism.

The primary responsibilities of parents were to watch

over, protect, and educate their children, while their offspring were supposed

to obey, respect, and take care of their parents as they age. However, the

concept of rights as we know them today was not an issue. From a historical

perspective, there has been a significant change in child welfare law, policy,

and practice. The authority and control were used prior to the year 1839.

Welfare programs were given to children. Children’s rights were widely

accepted in the 20th century. Notably, the emphasis has shifted from the

"welfare" approach to the "right" one [27]

​ ​ 10
Sexuality is stigmatised and taboo in Indian culture, education, and public

discourse and sexual reproductive health and It is essential to attaining the

global developmental objectives, including those pertaining to gender equality

and the reduction of poverty. This was also in the education of future

generations. India has the greatest teenage population in the world, with

adolescents making about one-quarter of the country's total population.

According to the World Health Organization, teenagers

are defined as those between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Information and

services of sexual reproductive health are vital for adolescents’ [28] health

and well-being. Only with a respectful and upbeat attitude regarding

sensuality, reproductive choice, and intimate activity free from violence and

prejudice is the effective SRH feasible.

According to WHO (2020) globally, it is estimated that one

out of two children aged 2–17 years experiences some form of violence each

year and according to World Bank national income levels, [29] the rates of

physical child abuse were 54% among low‑income nations, 9% in

middle‑income countries, and 15% in high‑income countries. A study on child

abuse in India, conducted by the Ministry of Women and Child Development,

(Government of India, 2007) [30] reported that around 68.99% of child

respondents reported physical abuse, out of which most of the respondents

(54.68%) were boys. State‑wise physical abuse was alarmingly high, above

80% in the following mentioned states, i.e., Assam (84.65%), Mizoram

(84.64%), Delhi (83.12%), and Uttar Pradesh (82.77%).

​ ​ 11
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

According to a 2023 study, violence against children (VAC) is a global public

health, human rights, and development issue. UNICEF estimates that 63% of

children ages 10-16 are regularly exposed to physical abuse by their

caretakers. [31]

According to a 2023 NCRB report, there has been a rise in crimes against

children. In 2022, 162,449 cases of crimes against children were registered,

which is an 8.7% increase from 2021.

Lucknow: Data from the latest National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)

report show over a 32% jump in cases of children in conflict with law in UP.

[32] Nationally though cases of children in conflict with law have declined. In

2019, as many as 32,269 cases were registered across the country in this

category, while The 2021 report registered a decline of 3.5% recording 31,170

cases.

Uttar Pradesh had recorded 976 cases in the category in 2019, but in 2021, it

registered a rise of 32.6% with 1,330 cases.

Here are some briefs about physical abuse

1. 18% of maltreated children are physically abused.

2. Physical abuse is the second most common form of child maltreatment.

3. Physical abuse can have long-lasting effects on a child's development.

4. Children who are physically abused can develop post-traumatic stress.

5. The fatality rate for child maltreatment is 2.2 per 1,000 children annually.

6. Homicide is the second leading cause of death in children younger than

age one.

​ ​ 12
7. Children who receive a physical assault diagnosis in an acute care setting

are more likely to have a health record diagnosis of mental illness following

their assault.

Physical abuse is a pervasive and complex issue affecting

millions of adolescents worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO)

defines physical abuse as the intentional use of physical force against a child,

resulting in harm or injury. According to the WHO, approximately 1 billion

children aged 2-17 years experienced physical, emotional, or physical

violence in 2019. [33]

This study aims to address the knowledge gap by investigating the

prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of physical abuse among

adolescents in [specific context or population]. The findings of this study will

inform the development of effective prevention and intervention strategies to

address physical abuse among adolescents.

This study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on physical abuse

among adolescents, providing insights into the prevalence, risk factors, and

consequences of this complex issue. The findings of this study will inform the

development of effective prevention and intervention strategies to address

physical abuse among adolescents, ultimately promoting the health,

wellbeing, and safety of this vulnerable population.

According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019-21), 44.7% of

children aged 5-14 years experienced physical punishment.

​ ​ 13
A study published in the Indian Journal of Pediatrics (2020) found that 55.6%

of adolescents aged 13-18 years reported experiencing physical abuse. [34]

The NFHS-5 (2019-21) reported that:

- 61.4% of children aged 5-14 years from households with lower economic

status experienced physical punishment.

- 51.4% of children from households with higher economic status

experienced physical punishment.

- A study published in the Journal of Family Violence (2019) found that:

- 71.4% of adolescents who experienced physical abuse had parents with a

history of substance abuse.

- 64.3% of adolescents who experienced physical abuse had parents with a

history of domestic violence.

- A study published in the Indian Journal of Psychiatry (2019) found that:

- 63.2% of adolescents who experienced physical abuse developed

symptoms of anxiety.

- 58.5% developed symptoms of depression.

- The NFHS-5 (2019-21) reported that 45.5% of children aged 5-14 years who

experienced physical punishment had difficulty concentrating in school.

​ ​ 14
- The NFHS-5 (2019-21) reported regional variations in the prevalence of

physical punishment:

- 53.4% in rural areas

- 34.6% in urban areas

Despite the high prevalence of physical abuse among adolescents in India,

there is a need for more research focusing on the specific experiences and

challenges faced by this population. Existing research has largely focused on

younger children, with limited attention to the unique needs and

circumstances of adolescents.

- A study published in the Journal of Family Violence (2019) found that

societal attitudes condoning physical punishment contributed to its

perpetuation.

- The NFHS-5 (2019-21) reported that 61.1% of women and 55.6% of men

believed that physical punishment was necessary to discipline children.

- The Indian government has implemented several initiatives to prevent child

abuse, including the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act,

2015.

- The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) was

established in 2007 to promote child rights and prevent child abuse.

Despite the efforts to address child abuse, there is a significant gap in

research focusing on physical abuse among adolescents in India. This study

​ ​ 15
aims to fill this gap by investigating the prevalence, risk factors, and

consequences of physical abuse among adolescents in India.

This study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on

physical abuse among adolescents in India, providing insights into the

prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of this complex issue. The

findings of this study will inform the development of effective prevention and

intervention strategies to address physical abuse among adolescents in India.

A study published in the Indian Journal of Pediatrics (2020) found

that 62.4% of adolescents aged 13-18 years reported experiencing physical

abuse.

The National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019-21) reported that 46.6% of

children aged 5-14 years experienced physical punishment. [35]

A study published in the Journal of Family Violence (2019) found that

adolescents from households with lower economic status were more likely to

experience physical abuse (71.4%). [36]

The NFHS-5 (2019-21) reported that 55.6% of children aged 5-14

years from households with higher economic status experienced physical

punishment.

A study published in the Indian Journal of Psychiatry (2019) found that 65.2%

of adolescents who experienced physical abuse developed symptoms of

anxiety.

​ ​ 16
The NFHS-5 (2019-21) reported that 50.4% of children aged 5-14 years who

experienced physical punishment had difficulty concentrating in school.

The NFHS-5 (2019-21) reported regional variations in the prevalence of

physical punishment:

- 58.2% in rural areas

- 39.4% in urban areas

The NFHS-5 (2019-21) reported state-wise variations in the prevalence of

physical punishment:

- Bihar: 63.2%

- Uttar Pradesh: 59.4%

- Madhya Pradesh: 57.3%

- Maharashtra: 45.6%

- Tamil Nadu: 42.1%

The NFHS-5 (2019-21) reported that 52.3% of children aged 5-14 years from

households with a higher number of children experienced physical

punishment.

A study published in the Indian Journal of Psychiatry

(2019) found that adolescents whose parents had a history of substance

abuse were more likely to experience physical abuse (73.2%). The NFHS-5

(2019-21) reported that 59.2% of children aged 5-14 years whose parents had

a history of substance abuse experienced physical punishment. [37]

​ ​ 17
NEED FOR THE STUDY

Any person between the ages of zero and eighteen is considered to be a kid.

Over 19% of the world's children live in India, making up 42% of the country's

overall population. In this group, almost 50% of the kids require care and

protection.

According to NCRB data, in 2020, there will be crimes perpetrated against a

total of 28.9% of children, however only 65.6% of those crimes will be

recorded [37]

The frequency of all types of child abuse is exceedingly high (physical assault

[66%], sex assault [50%], and emotional abuse [50%], according to a 2007

research by the Ministry of Women and Child Affairs (MWCD) of the

Government of India, which involved 125,000 children in 13 Indian states.

The Department of School Education and Literacy began

displaying "Komal," a brief video on child safety, in every school at the Ministry

of Women and Child Development's request. A variety of notifications have

also been given to all the classrooms to display the kid assistance line

numbers in the context of the school safety commitment under Samagra

Shiksha. All of the schools have received letters asking them to post the Child

protective Helpline number.

Children are more vulnerable to abuse because of their poverty, a

lack of comprehensive education, the proliferation of offensive posters and

internet content, as well as various damaging cultural practises including child

labour, child marriage, and Devadasi. Although poverty is unquestionably a

​ ​ 18
major factor, it might also be shown in prosperous communities of individuals

from many cultures and beliefs. The breakdown of the nuclear family in

modern society is a second factor contributing to this problem. Because such

attacks are often carried out in secret and kids hardly ever tell their parents

about them, victims of child abuse frequently fail to disclose their assaults.

When they are doing so, they are frequently advised to keep quiet out of

concern for public embarrassment and disgrace, particularly when the

offender is a relative.

The purpose of study is to improve the knowledge of students on Adolescent

exploitation by introducing a teaching module to help them to deal traumatic

experience efficiently and helping them to enhance their knowledge on

prevention of adolescent physical abuse. The investigator worked for some

time for school children. He experienced that these students required more

information about child sexual abuse. Therefore, he decided to undertake this

particular study.

Child abuse and neglect are serious public health problems

and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). They can have long-term impacts

on health, opportunity, and well-being. This issue includes all types of abuse

and neglect of a child under the age of 18 by a parent, caregiver, or another

person in a custodial role (such as a religious leader, a coach, or a teacher)

that results in harm, the potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. [38]

Physical abuse among adolescents is a significant public

health concern in India, with far-reaching consequences for their physical,

​ ​ 19
emotional, and social wellbeing. Despite its importance, there is a dearth of

research on this topic, particularly in the Indian context. This study aims to

address the knowledge gap by providing a comprehensive understanding of

physical abuse among adolescents in India.

Existing research on child abuse in India has primarily focused on

younger children, with limited attention to the unique experiences and

challenges faced by adolescents. Furthermore, most studies have relied on

smaller, convenience samples, which may not be representative of the larger

population.

There is a need for studies that provide representative data on

physical abuse among adolescents in India. Most existing studies have

focused on specific regions or populations, which may not be generalizable to

the larger population.

While some studies have identified risk factors for physical abuse among

adolescents, such as family dynamics and socioeconomic status, there is a

need for more research to understand the complex interplay of factors that

contribute to physical abuse.

Studies have shown that nurses often lack knowledge about:

1. Recognition of physical abuse: Nurses may not be able to recognize the

signs and symptoms of physical abuse, leading to delayed or missed

diagnoses.

2. Assessment and documentation: Nurses may not know how to properly

assess and document physical abuse, which can lead to inadequate reporting

and follow-up.

​ ​ 20
3. Cultural sensitivity: Nurses may not be aware of the cultural nuances and

differences that can impact their ability to identify and respond to physical

abuse.

By addressing the knowledge and skills gap among nurses, this study aims to

contribute to the development of effective solutions to prevent and address

physical abuse among adolescents.

AIM OF THE STUDY:

1.​ This study aims to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and

consequences of physical abuse among adolescents.

2.​ The study will focus on adolescents in India, with a specific emphasis

on the state of Uttar Pradesh

3.​ The study will target adolescents aged 13-18 years, residing in urban

and rural areas.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

“A study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on

knowledge regarding prevention of physical abuse among adolescent

children of selected high school at Munshiganj, Amethi, UP”

​ ​ 21
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the existing knowledge on Physical abuse among adolescent

children in selected High Schools.

2. To determine the effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on

knowledge about Physical abuse in adolescent children by comparing pretest

and post-test.

3. To associate the post-test knowledge score regarding the prevention of

physical abuse among adolescent children with their selected demographic

Variables.

ASSUMPTION

1. Adolescent children will have some knowledge regarding Physical abuse.

2. The tool which is prepared by the researcher will be adequate to measure

level of knowledge, attitude and Prevention among adolescent children in

selected rural areas.

HYPOTHESIS

H0 = Null Hypothesis no statistical significance exists in a set of given

observations.

H1 = There will be a significant difference between pre and post-test

knowledge scores of adolescent children regarding the prevention of physical

abuse.

H2 = There will be a significant association between the post-test knowledge

score among adolescent children regarding the prevention of physical abuse

and their selected demographic variables.

​ ​ 22
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:

1. Effectiveness - Effectiveness is the ability to produce a desired result or

output. It can also mean the degree to which something is successful in

producing a desired Result.

2. Physical Abuse - Physical abuse is any intentional act causing injury,

trauma, bodily harm or other physical suffering to another person or animal by

way of bodily Contact.

3. Adolescence - Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood

and adulthood. It is a unique stage of human development and an important

time for establishing the foundations of good health. Adolescents experience

rapid physical, cognitive, and psychosocial growth.

4. Planned Teaching Programme - A planned teaching program is a

systematic instruction that helps people learn. It can refer to a planned health

education about the care of certain health problems.

5. Prevention - Prevention is the act of stopping something from happening

or stopping someone from doing something.

6. Knowledge -It is the state of knowing about or being familiar with

something.

DELIMITATIONS

● The findings of this study will be limited to the adolescent children in the age

group of 12-16 years.

● The sample size will be limited to 100 only.

● The study period will be limited only to 21 days.

​ ​ 23
THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

A concept is an abstract, idea or mental image of phenomena or reality.

Conceptualization is a process of forming ideas which utilize and forms

conceptual framework for the development of research design. A framework is

a basic structure or outline of abstract ideas or images that represents reality.

The framework serves important functions in nursing research such as:-

• It classifies the concept on which study is built.

• It identifies and states the assumption hypothesis underlying the study.

• It specifies relationships among the concepts.

The conceptual framework presents logically constructed concepts to provide

a general explanation of the relationship between the concepts of research

study. The present study is based on the concept of providing a planned

teaching programme regarding the prevention of physical abuse among

adolescent children. The investigator adopted Widenbach’s Helping Art of

Clinical Nursing Theory (1964).

This theory has 3 steps which include:

Step – I: Identifying the need for help.

Step – II: Ministering the needed help

Step – III: Validating that the need for help was met. This theory consists of 3

factors:

central purpose, prescription & realities.

​ ​ 24
Step –I: Identifying the need for help This involves determining the need for

help. The investigator identified the need for preventing physical abuse

among adolescent children.

Step – II: Ministering the needed help This refers to the provision of requiring

help for the identified need. It has 2 components:

1) Prescription

2) Realities

Prescription: It involves the plan of care to achieve the purpose. This

includes the

structured teaching programme regarding the prevention of physical abuse

among female children.

Realities: These refer to the factors that come into play in a situation

involving nursing actions in a particular situation. It includes;

Agent: The investigator is the agent.

Recipient: The recipient is the adolescent children.

Goal: Prevention of physical abuse among adolescent children.

Means & Activities: Providing planned teaching programme on prevention of

physical abuse by using PowerPoint slides which contain definitions, forms,

signs and symptoms, prevention and ways to protect oneself from physical

abuse.

Framework; Rani Sushma Devi Girls Inter College, Munshiganj, Amethi.

​ ​ 25
Step –III: Validating that the need for help was met. This is accomplished

using a post-test on knowledge regarding the prevention of physical abuse

among adolescent children by using a self-structured questionnaire.

SUMMARY

This chapter of the study is detailed with introduction, background of study,

need of the study, title problem statement, objectives i.e. primary and

secondary objectives, operational definition, scope of the study, assumption,

hypothesis, research question, ethical aspect, conceptual framework.

​ ​ 26
 CHAPTER - II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The most important step is review of literature when conducting research. It aids the

investigator in gaining a deeper understanding of the issue and learning more about

the issue and previous solutions. It offers a foundation for additional research,

supports the need for amplification, sheds light on the study's viability, places

restrictions on data collection, and connects the results of one investigation to another

in an effort to build up a complete set of scientific understanding of a specialist area

from which useful and highly relevant theories may be established

​ ​ 27
In this chapter, the literature was reviewed theoretically, and empirically and is

organized as follows,

1. Literature related to the Prevalence of Physical Abuse among children

2. Literature-related knowledge related to physical abuse among adolescent

children

3. Literature related to the prevention of physical abuse among adolescent

Children

1. Literature related to the Prevalence of Physical Abuse among children

1.Daryl J Higgins, Ben Mathews, Rosana Pacella, James G Scott, David

Finkelhor,Franziska Meinck, Holly E Erskine, Hannah J Thomas, David M

Lawrence,Divna M Haslam, Eva Malacova, Michael P Dunne(02 April 2023)

conducted Retrospective cross-sectional survey using a validated questionnaire related

to “The prevalence and nature of multi-type child maltreatment in Australia” to

determine the prevalence in Australia of multi-type child maltreatment, defined as two

or more maltreatment types (physical abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect,

or exposure to domestic violence) and to examine its nature, family risk factors, and

gender and age cohort differences found that of 8503 participants, 62.2% (95% CI,

60.9–63.6%) experienced one or more types of child maltreatment. Prevalence of

single-type maltreatment was 22.8% (95% CI, 21.7–24.0%), whereas 39.4% (95% CI,

38.1–40.7%) of participants reported multi-type maltreatment and 3.5% (95% CI,

3.0–4.0%) reported all five types. Multi-type maltreatment was more common for

gender-diverse participants (66.1% [95% CI, 53.7–78.7%]) and women (43.2% [95%

​ ​ 28
CI, 41.3 -- 45.1%]) than for men (34.9% [95% CI, 33.0 -- 36.7%]). Multi-type

maltreatment prevalence was highest for those aged 25–44 years. Family-related

adverse childhood experiences — especially mental illness and alcohol or substance

misuse — increased risk. Exposure to domestic violence was the maltreatment type

most often present in multi-type maltreatment patterns.

2.J. Pediatr. Mar-Apr 2023[41] conducted a cross-sectional study analysing data

from reported cases of physical violence against children in the state of Espírito

Santo, Brazil, between 2011 and 2018. So, this period was adopted, since violence

became a problem of compulsory notification in the country in 2011. During the

period, They were notified of 3,127 cases of violence against children. The frequency

of physical violence was 23.6% (CI95%: 22.2-25.2), more prevalent in males; for the

age group of 6 to 9 years; in rural areas; among aggressors over 20 years of age; and

outside the residence.

3.

André A. Pinto, Adilson P.C.Marques, and Andreia Pelegrini(April 2023) [41]

conducted research, Seven databases were consulted (Web of Science,

Scopus/Elsevier, Medline/PubMed, ScienceDirect, Lilacs, Physical Education Index,

and SPORTDiscus), and 1809 studies were examined. According to the PRISMA

guidelines, relevant research on secular PA trends in adolescents was screened for

inclusion in a narrative synthesis. The risk of bias in the articles included was also

assessed. This research resulted in Forty-three studies with data collected between

1969 and 2018 that met the inclusion criteria, and data from high-income countries

predominated. Physical abuse was estimated predominantly by self-reporting, except

in seven studies, and diverse contexts and domains were analyzed. Increased PA was

reported in 16 studies (from 2.9% to 43.5%), decreased PA was reported in 15 studies

​ ​ 29
(−2.5% to −69.5%), and no change was reported in 22 studies (−12.0% to 14.4%).

2. Literature related to knowledge related to physical abuse among adolescent

children

4.Suba Arockiaraj, Trophimus Jayakaran, and Chithra Sivakumar( September

2021)[43] conducted a cross-sectional study on “Assessment of the Knowledge and

Attitude of Child Abuse among School Children in Chennai City.”The study was

conducted among 172 school-going children between 12 and 14 years who were

asked to complete an 11-item structured questionnaire consisting of questions

regarding their knowledge and attitude toward Child abuse. This study had results out

of 172 children, 65% were aware of child abuse but only 10% of them knew about its

signs and symptoms. Physical abuse(68.2%) was regarded as the most common type

of abuse. The majority of children (91.7%) wanted more information and education

on child abuse.

5.

M P Santosh Kumar ( May 2021) conducted a cross-sectional study on

“Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Child Abuse Among School

Teachers,”[43] The questionnaire consisting of 10 questions was sent to teachers in

government schools and private schools. The questionnaire was framed to assess

teachers’ knowledge about child abuse, their attitude towards reporting child abuse

and their practices involved regarding child abuse. This study showed that 36.3%

were government school teachers, 21.8% were private sector CBSE and 41.9% were

private matriculation teachers. 82% of the teachers agreed that it should be mandated

to report about child abuse. 64.7% of the teachers made reports of child abuse cases

and 35.3% of the teachers failed to report child abuse cases. 57.7% of the teachers

​ ​ 30
have planned to report child abuse cases when they suspect it, 18.2% of the teachers

have not planned to report child abuse cases and 24.1% of the teachers have not

decided yet to report child abuse cases when they suspect it.

3. Literature related to the prevention of physical abuse among adolescent

children

6. Bishnu Maya Tamang, Shanti Thing, and Prof Gayanand Mandal ( July

2022)[44] researched the study aimed at finding out the effectiveness of structured

educational intervention on the knowledge of parents of under 5 years children

regarding the prevention of child abuse. The research design was pre-experimental,

with one group pre-test, and post-test design. Data were collected using a

non-probability, convenient sampling method to assess the effectiveness of 30 parents

of under 5 children regarding the prevention of child abuse by the level of knowledge

score. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire through the interview

technique They were analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential

statistics at level of significance 0.05.

The study results are the Pre-test analysis knowledge score in the prevention of child

abuse was found inadequate in 86.7% of respondents with a mean score of 10.17 and

standard deviation of 2.214, adequate knowledge score was found in 56.7% of

respondents with a mean score 18.90 and standard deviation of 1.900 in post-test. So,

it is indicated that there was an increase in the level of knowledge after the structured

teaching programme. There is a significant difference between the level of knowledge

among parents of under 5 years of children regarding the prevention of child abuse

before and after the structured teaching programme.

​ ​ 31
7. Mr Nikhil Ingawale ,Sapan S Sabu ( July 2021 )[44] conducted a “Descriptive

Study To Assess The Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse And Its Prevention Among

Mothers From Selected Urban Areas Of Pune City” In this study Quantitative

research approach and descriptive study design were employed. A total of 144

childbearing females were included in the study. Well-designed demographic and

self-structured questionnaires were prepared on child abuse addressed to these

females and their response was recorded. The findings were around 53 females had

average knowledge scores and 47 females had good knowledge scores on knowledge

regarding child abuse. Conclusion: The current research study has revealed the

knowledge level of mothers on child abuse and its prevention. The findings of the

current study will make the mothers understand more about child abuse and its

prevention.

8.

“ A study to assess the effectiveness of structured educational programme on

knowledge regarding preventive measures for child abuse among adolescence in

selected school of greater noida, Uttar Pradesh” Mr. Manish Bijlwan1 Mr. Qazi

Kashif Alam2 Mr. Abhishek Kirti3 [45] Officiating Vice Principal, Max Institute of

Health Education and Research, Staff Nurse, Max Institute of Health Education and

Research, Assistant Professor, Graphic Era Hill University College of Nursing,

Bhimtal Campus ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the knowledge on

preventive measures of Child Abuse among adolescent. This study involved 200

adolescent girls and boys who are studying at selected schools in Greater Noida. The

study followed an evaluative research approach with one group pre-test and post-test

design to evaluate the effectiveness of SEP on knowledge regarding preventive

measures of child abuse among adolescence in selected school in Greater Noida.

​ ​ 32
Convenient Sampling Technique was used to select 200 adolescence students as the

study sample. The tool used was structured knowledge questionnaire which consisted

of two parts, Part-I included eleven items on demographic data of the sample and

Part-II included Twenty-Five items on knowledge regarding preventive measures of

child abuse among adolescence. A structured educational programme was prepared

based on review of literature and expert’s suggestions. The tools were validated by

experts. The pilot study was conducted in Shahid Bhagat Singh Inter College,

Surajpur, Greater Noida among 20 adolescent children. The main study was

conducted in UMA Senior Public school, Surajpur, Greater Noida. Pre-test was

administered to the sample for 30 minutes, after pre-test the structured educational

programme was started for 45 min. On the 7th day post test was conducted on the

same sample using the same tool. Data gathered was analyzed using descriptive and

inferential statistics in terms of frequency, percentage, mean, median, mode, standard

deviation and Chi square test. The findings revealed that the adolescent do not have

proper knowledge about preventive measure of Child Abuse such as who are the

perpetrators and child victim and types of Child Abuse. Major findings of the study

were: The existing knowledge of adolescence students shows that there was a lack of

knowledge regarding preventive measures of child abuse. Overall post-test mean

knowledge score (20.62% and SD 3.569215%) was higher when compared with

pre-test knowledge score (11.47739% and SD 2.806601%). The statistical paired, ‘t‘

test implies that differences in pre-test and post-test knowledge are found statistically

significant at 5% level indicating the effectiveness of structured educational

programmes. There was no significant association between pre-test knowledge score

and selected demographic variables. Teachers of the selected school were supportive

for the educational programme on preventive measures of Child Abuse. This study

​ ​ 33
found that educational level was significantly associated with pre-test and post-test

after providing intervention of structured educational programmes. The major

findings show that SEP on knowledge regarding preventive measures of child abuse

among adolescence enhanced the knowledge of students.

9.

Effectiveness of structured teaching program on parents’ knowledge about

child physical abuse Anamika Verma, Radhakrishnan Govindan, Rajalakshmi

Ramu, Bino Thomas1 [46] Abstract: BACKGROUND: The issue of child physical

abuse (CPA) is complex and challenging to study. According to World Health

Organization fact sheets for 2020, about 3 in 4 children between 2 and 4 years of age

regularly face physical maltreatment by parents or caregivers. It may cause a lifelong

impact on physical and mental health. OBJECTIVE: To assess the parents’ knowledge

and to evaluate the effectiveness of the structured teaching program (STP) regarding

child physical abuse (CPA) among parents. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The

pre‑experimental, “One‑group Pre‑test Post‑test design” was adopted for this study.

Parents of children who were admitted for treatment in the child psychiatry centre

(CPC) of a tertiary care referral center between January 2019 and January 2020 were

recruited for this study. Thirty parents were recruited with a convenience sampling

technique. The study was conducted through an online platform (Zoom). Pre‑test and

post‑tests were conducted through Google survey form. Data were collected with a

self‑developed knowledge questionnaire on CAP. An online structured teaching

program (STP) was administered for three alternative days after the pre‑test

assessment. The post‑test assessment was conducted at a two‑point time, that is

immediately after the STP and after the one‑week gap. Descriptive and inferential

statistics were used to analyze the data.

​ ​ 34
RESULTS: The pre‑test knowledge assessment means score regarding child physical

abuse was found to be 12, with a standard deviation of 1.73. In the post‑test one,

17.30 ± 1.39 and in the post‑test two, 16 ± 1.55 with P < 0.001. Analysis revealed

statistically significant improvement was found in the post‑test knowledge regarding

child physical abuse among the parents. There was no significant (p < 0.05)

relationship found between the socio‑demographic variables of the participants

and their pre‑intervention knowledge scores on child physical abuse.

CONCLUSIONS: The study findings reveal that parents have a fair knowledge of

CPA and the STP was effective and feasible to administer in improving the subjects’

knowledge regarding child physical abuse.

10.

Kaplan SJ, Pelcovitz D, Salzinger S, Weiner M, Mandel FS, Lesser ML, Labruna

VE. Adolescent physical abuse: risk for adolescent psychiatric disorders. Am J

Psychiatry. 1998 Jul;155(7):954-9. doi: 10.1176/ajp.155.7.954. PMID: 9659863.

[47] Adolescent physical abuse: risk for adolescent psychiatric disorders Abstract

Objective: The present study examined whether physical abuse functions as an

additional risk factor for adolescent psychopathology after other important known risk

factors are controlled for. Method: The authors recruited 99 adolescents aged 12 to 18

years directly from the New York State Department of Social Services after official

documentation of physical abuse. The abused adolescents were compared to 99

nonabused adolescents matched for age, gender, race, and community income.

Diagnostic interviews and measures of selected risk factors for psychopathology were

administered to the adolescents and their parents and then entered into a multiple

logistic regression model testing the added risk contributed by physical abuse to

adolescent psychopathology. Results: Physical abuse added significantly to other risk

​ ​ 35
factors in accounting for lifetime diagnoses of major depression, dysthymia, conduct

disorder, drug abuse, and cigarette smoking. Physical abuse also contributed

significantly to prediction of current adolescent unipolar depressive disorders,

disruptive disorders, and cigarette smoking. Conclusions: Since physically abused

adolescents are at greater risk for the development of psychiatric disorders,

recognition of adolescent abuse and the provision of psychiatric and substance abuse

services may reduce morbidity.

11.

Singh S, Saini R. (2022). [49] Researcher conducted study on “Reports of child

exploitation in India's internet news media are of high quality.” highlighted that in

raising public knowledge and influencing public opinion on child physical abuse, the

media is crucial (CSA). The purpose of research was to assess exploitation reporting

of Indian internet news media. Researchers concluded that this study helps identify

areas for potential growth in the media's reporting on CSA and offers useful baseline

data regarding current media practices. Frequent workshops with media experts are

required to give them the necessary instruction and assistance for boosting the media

coverage of the CSA.

Valachovicova K, Melendez-Torres GJ, Leijten P, Knerr W, Gardner F. Parenting

Programs for the Prevention of Child Physical Abuse Recurrence: A Systematic

Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2017 Sep;20(3):351-365.

doi: 10.1447/s10567-017-0232-7. Erratum in: Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2017

Sep;20(3):366. doi: 10.1447/s10567-017-0238-1. PMID: 28378136; PMCID:

PMC5527061. Parenting Programs for the Prevention of Child Physical Abuse

Recurrence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Abstract : Child physical abuse

is an issue of global concern. Conservative estimates set global prevalence of this type

​ ​ 36
of maltreatment at 25%, its consequences and cost to society escalating with

increasing frequency and severity of episodes. Syntheses of the evidence on parenting

programs for reducing rates of physical abuse recidivism have, to date, not been able

to establish effectiveness. Paucity of data and inconsistent inclusion criteria in past

reviews made meta-analysis often impossible or uninformative. The current

systematic review updates prior reviews and overcomes some of the methodological

issues they encountered by pooling trial-level data from a well-defined scope of trials

of parenting interventions aimed at preventing the re-abuse of children by parents

with substantiated or suspected physical abuse history. Randomized controlled trials

and rigorous non-randomized designs were sought via nine online databases, two trial

registries, several clearinghouses and contact with experts. A total of fourteen studies

of variable quality were included in this review, four of which had outcomes that

enabled meta-analysis. Overall, this review presents evidence supporting the

effectiveness of parenting behavioral programs based on social learning theory for

reducing hard markers of child physical abuse recidivism. Meta-analysis found that

the absolute risk reduction in risk of recidivism was 11 percentage points less for

maltreating parents who undergo parenting programs (RD = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.22,

-0.004], p = 0.043, I 2 = 28.9%). However, the pooled effect size was not statistically

significant when calculated as a risk ratio (0.76, 95% CI [0.54, 1.07], I 2 = 38.4%).

Policy makers and practitioners should be made aware that this intervention method is

backed by promising evidence featuring modest yet significant reductions in hard

markers of child physical abuse, even though the methodological robustness of these

findings should be further explored in future research.

12.

​ ​ 37
Kumar B, Prasad I (2022). Researcher conducted study on “Indian rules against

exploitation of children are not being implemented, according to a case study” says

that despite the potential males disclose less, exploitation affects children everywhere

however girls are more affected in India, there are laws like POCSO Act, existed but

because of the country's poor socioeconomic situations, low educational levels, and

callous behaviour, it is not effectively enforced.

13.

Soldatou A, Stathi A, Panos A, Paouri B, Koutsoukou E, Krepis P, Tsolia M,

Oral R, Leventhal JM. A national educational campaign to raise awareness of child

physical abuse among health care professionals. Eur J Pediatr. 2020

Sep;179(9):1395-1402. doi: 10.1447/s00431-020-03625-4. Epub 2020 Mar 9. PMID:

32152700. Education is necessary to improve child physical abuse detection and

management. A few studies have described national child abuse training programs,

but none has measured changes in knowledge among participants. A collaboration of

child abuse experts from the USA, an academic pediatric department, and a

non-governmental organization in child protection aimed at (a) training hospital

physicians in a train-the-trainer course for the detection and management of child

physical abuse and (b) conducting workshops and measuring attendance and gain of

knowledge of participants. A train-the-trainer and a national curriculum were created.

A 78-item and a 20-item knowledge questionnaire were used pre and post the

train-the-trainer course and all workshops, respectively. Nineteen physicians from all

pediatric departments of the seven medical schools in Greece attended the course.

Eight workshops in seven cities took place with a total attendance of 1220 health care

professionals. Gain of knowledge was demonstrated for participants in the

train-the-trainer course (p = 0.0015) and local workshops (p < 0.001).Conclusion: We

​ ​ 38
successfully engaged physicians from all medical schools in Greece and conducted a

train-the-trainer module and eight workshops in major cities that improved the

participants' knowledge in child physical abuse. This approach may help address

physician deficiencies in emerging areas of child abuse clinical practice. What is

Known: • Education is necessary to improve child physical abuse detection and

management. • Although national training programs have been described, none has

measured participants' changes in knowledge. What is New: • A collaboration of child

abuse experts, all medical schools in Greece, and a non-governmental organization

resulted in a national educational campaign in child physical abuse and gains in

knowledge for participants. • This approach may help address deficiencies in

emerging areas of clinical practice.

14.

Pisimisi DC, Syrinoglou PA, Sinopidis X, Karatza A, Lagadinou M, Soldatou A,

Varvarigou A, Fouzas S, Dimitriou G, Gkentzi D. Knowledge and Attitudes of

Medical and Nursing Students in Greece Regarding Child Abuse and Neglect.

Children (Basel). 2022 Dec 16;9(12):1978. doi: 10.3390/children9121978. PMID:

36553420; PMCID: PMC9777413.Data on the knowledge and attitudes of healthcare

practitioners in training regarding child abuse and neglect (CAN) are scarce. The aim

of this study was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes regarding CAN of

medical and nursing students in Greek universities. We performed a

questionnaire-based e-survey on a convenience sample of students and recruited 609

students (366 medical and 243 nursing). An unsatisfactory level of knowledge in the

field was reported overall. Most of the students (92.2%) were aware of their future

responsibility to protect vulnerable children and report suspected cases of CAN; at the

​ ​ 39
same time, they were willing to obtain further education. Based on the above,

appropriate training in the undergraduate curriculum should be developed in order to

strengthen future healthcare practitioners and boost their confidence in dealing with

suspected cases of CAN and protect children's welfare.

15.

Poreddi V, Pashapu DR, Kathyayani BV, Gandhi S, El-Arousy W, Math SB.

Nursing students' knowledge of child abuse and neglect in India. Br J Nurs. 2016 Mar

10-23;25(5):264-8. doi: 10.12968/bjon.2016.25.5.264. PMID: 26972999. Abstract

Background: Child abuse and neglect are global phenomena. Research on knowledge

of and attitudes towards child abuse and neglect among nursing students in India is

limited.Aim: To investigate undergraduate nursing students' knowledge of and

attitudes towards child abuse and neglect.Methods: A descriptive design was adopted

for the study, in which 158 nursing students participated by responding to a

standardised questionnaire.Results: The findings revealed that students' knowledge of

child abuse and neglect is inadequate, as the total mean (M) score was 13.84±4.35

(M±standard deviation (SD)). The total attitude score of 50.37±6.196 (M±SD)

indicated participants' positive attitudes towards prevention of child abuse and

neglect. However, there was a negative relation between age and attitudes towards

and knowledge of child abuse. Older students scored higher on the total attitude and

knowledge scale compared with younger students.Conclusion: The study findings

support the hypothesis that nursing education programmes need to improve the

curricular content related to the assessment and reporting of suspected child abuse and

neglect, and prevention strategies to improve the wellbeing of children. Curricular

changes have the potential to provide nurses with an opportunity to reduce the

prevalence of child abuse and neglect in India.

​ ​ 40
16. Nair AS, Srivastava A. (2022). Investigator conducted a study on “Effectiveness

of REBT-Based Intervention for Adolescent CSA Survivors with Mental illnesses”

and mentioned that one of the most widespread societal problems, child exploitation

has a lasting harmful effect on the survivors. Understanding the effectiveness of

intervention in enhancing the psychological state of a person was the study's main

goal. In order to measure sadness and anxiety in female teenagers between the ages of

12 and 18, two scales were utilised. 30 kids received the REBT-based intervention,

were divided into two groups at random, and had a pre-post design performed on

them and concluded that intervention has assisted in reducing the depression and

anxiety in these kids and has also pointed up any gaps, including the sample size

being so small due to time constraints. Because the study was only conducted at one

institution, it is challenging to apply the results to the broader community.

17 Kumar N, Malik JS. (2022). A research on the social and demographic variables

that affect violence among adolescent female students in rural North India schools

says that impact of sex offences effects the women’s physical, mental and physical

harm and it also involve intentional deprivation of liberty or coercion, whether they

occur in public or private life, Violence can be physiological and psychological or any

combination of these, and its degree can vary. Adolescent females are more likely

than boys to face physical violence, for example, as a result of gender discrimination,

norms, and practices. Conclusion: In our extremely conservative culture, there are a

number of constraints on the open discussion of themes connected to violence. In our

patriarchal society, victim-blaming is more often than not, and physical abuse is

​ ​ 41
frequently associated with losing one's virginity and losing one's family's honour.

Girls may therefore be less inclined to talk about their exposure to violence.

18. Kulshreshtha N. (2022). Investigator conducted study on “The contemporary

status of rape shield laws in India” and assess the current state of India's anti-rape

legislation critically. The study starts by analysing the specific laws and judicial

decisions in India using just a doctrinal methodology to determine how effective these

laws are. It also compares the status of physical assault shield legislation and their

own judicial review in England and Wales and Canada in order to draw important life

lessons for such Indian jurisdiction and concludes that conceivable ways to execute

these rules in India successfully while juggling the needs of both complainants and

accused parties.

19. Patterson A, Ryckman L, (2022). A study on “Interventions in education and

awareness aimed at preventing internet child sex abuse” Says that there is high

prevalence of The study aims to identify all empirical research on prevention

measures linked to awareness-raising and education in order to examine the

approaches' efficacy, achievements, and inadequacies to aid intervention strategies.

Online child physical assault in contemporary society is a result of technological

progression in children and adults. These results offer specific suggestions for

upcoming interventions, particularly those that concentrate on dangerous online

behaviours. Interventions needed to enhance understanding on prevention of online

safety. There was no significant improvement for risky online behaviour.

20. Rudolph JI, Walsh K, (2022). Researcher conducted study on “Parental

Discussion, Protective Practices, and Attitudes in the Abuse Prevention” says that the

prevention of child sex exploitation might be enhanced by using parental behaviours

​ ​ 42
and attitudes. An additional original emphasis of the study was adult media

regulation, which may provide protection against internet risks. Parents reported

talking more about puberty, sex, and porn than they did about other delicate subjects

including drug usage, hazards associated with abduction, and death. A significant

number of children may be chatting with people they don't know their parents aren't

being checked for objectionable content on their devices, despite parents reporting

utilising high levels of protective behaviours. Researchers concluded the necessity for

fathers to be more careful when it comes to their children's access to internet gadgets,

and that parenting may be reinforced to create safer surroundings for kids.

21. Eslek D, Irmak TY (2022). Investigator conducted a study on “Mika is teaching

me how to defend myself” The success of a teaching assistant child physical

exploitation prevention programme. Researcher concluded that from pre-test and

post-test, individual’s participants had higher self-protection abilities that those in the

queue comparison group and there was gain in the knowledge and skills improved and

recommended that the Turkish preschool curricula should take into account the

programme as a viable means of addressing the necessity for child physical assault

prevention initiatives.

22..Srivastava D, Prasad D. (2022). A study on “Victimization of crime and survey

on Safety Perception at Delhi and Mumbai” presents findings on crime victimization

and survey on safety conducted in cities of India like Delhi and Mumbai and also

draws lessons from the survey exercise. It begins by examining gaps in existing

sources of crime data in India, to emphasize the crucial need for the data points that

can only be sourced through victimization surveys towards deeper, more accurate,

measures of crime incidence, reporting, and registration by police, which in tandem

​ ​ 43
throw up rates of non-registration. These can also inform operational policing and

public safety priorities. Study highlighted the differences observed between the two

cities in terms of the profile of crime, the extent of reporting of crime, and the level of

satisfaction with the police response and concluded by sharing reflections on

improvements in the design and administration of crime surveys in order to advance

and enhance nationwide government and local surveys.

23.McElvaney R, Nixon E.(2020). A study “Parents experiences about disclosure of

child exploitation” says that telling about a child's own sexual problems are difficult

tasks for parents, as well as traumatization of children, self blame, and several

psychological challenges. Perceived by the children, the goal of study was to narrate

parents ' reaction when their child discloses about CSA and to identify how

process-oriented these reactions are, the Interviews were conducted with Ten moms

and 4 dads whose children had been sexually maltreated as part of the study. The

research revealed three major themes. These findings emphasise the need of parental

support and compassion in the wake of a kid disclosing sexual abuse.

24 Sanjeevi J, Houlihan D. (2018): Suspected child abuse is a widespread issue that

affects people all over the world. It has also been stated that empirical study has

demonstrated the detrimental effects of abuse as a child on a kid's subsequent social,

cognitive and sexual functioning many time that even after history of experiencing

child sexual abuse individual remain asymptomatic. Researcher concluded that the

cultural context is important to comprehending child sexual abuse since various

cultures have documented dangers and protective ones.

​ ​ 44
25. Madu SN, Peltzer K. (2018): Researcher conducted study on “With the aim of

determining the risk variables that might distinguish child abuse from non-abuse there

in Northern Province, this study looked at lifestyle factors and child abuse among

students in secondary schools there (South Africa). Researcher concludes that the four

key risk variables to consider when formulating prevention plans against child sexual

abuse, as well as a protracted campaign across the province. The province should

generate more employment possibilities.

26. Liu, W., Sun, Y. (2016): The many researchers conducted study on

“Relationships among both various forms of child abuse and suicide ideation among

middle school students" with the goal of examining these relationships and coming to

the conclusion that any form of childhood maltreatment should be taken into

consideration as a risk factor for suicide risk among middle school students.

27. Seth R. (2015). An article on “Child exploitation and Neglected behaviour in

India” says that about 41% of the people are aged 18 years. India has a large

proportion of kids per capita in the entire globe. Country’s progress and development

depends on the child's safety and health. Health care providers are key people and are

usually connecting people for them who were exploited. The purpose of article was to

give a general overview on child neglect and abuse in India, ranging from a

socio-legal standpoint to a medical assessment and concluded that health care

providers should have sound knowledge of latest Preservation for kids from Sex

Offenses Act 2012 that makes it necessary to report incidences of child sexual assault

or face penalties. Health care professional may help by instilling the value of privacy

and personal space in both young patients and parents can avoid child sexual assault.

​ ​ 45
28. Domhardt M, Fegert JM. (2015). Researchers conducted a study on “Resilience

in Survivors of Child exploitation” with the purpose of analyzing protective variables

and outlined empirical studies on resilience in victims of child exploitation. The result

shows that they experienced sex exploitation in the past, between 10% and 53% of

CSA survivors were found to be functioning normally. The main factor which is

protective education and good coping strategies, optimum social ties, and most

critically, assistance from family and the larger community and concluded that

Psycho-educational and cognitive techniques that are tailored to the victim's

developmental stage should be used in preventive and therapeutic treatments for CSA

survivors in order to strengthen their social support from close family and friends.

29.Chacko AZ, Paul JS. (2022). A study conducted by researcher on “child

maltreatment reported by students of urban Indian college” with objective to devise

some set of planning for prevention of sexual assaults in kids at elementary care level,

an anonymous questionnaire which were validated by the experts were administered

to the group of medical students on what Sapp and Concluded that The incidence of

CSA among college students from South India is 49.3%. The most people were girls

below 12 years and the attackers were mostly men (93.2%). Family Medicine

Physicians can have a bigger impact on CSA prevention and early identification.

30.Roopesh BN. (2022). Investigator conducted a study on “Child exploitation in a

Trusted Relationship” explains almost all civilizations and economic systems have

instances of child exploitation. It is thought that one in every five females and one in

thirteen males had childhood sex abuse, while the rate varies. Moreover, the reporting

​ ​ 46
of child and parental abuse is frequently underreported and is influenced by a number

of circumstances. When violence is employed in extreme situations, an unknown

culprit, several abusers, or persistent abuse is reported to the police. Rarely is the

other side of abuse disclosed, where there was no violence involved and the incident

occurred after extensive grooming. Even though nurturing is included, where the kid

may experience guilt and humiliation, not all children exhibit distress following the

abuse. This is an important consideration for therapists working with victims of child

sexual abuse so they may avoid approaching the case from an exclusively objective

viewpoint.

​ ​ 47
CHAPTER – III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

​ ​ ​ ​ INTRODUCTION

METHODOLOGY FLOW CHART

​ ​ 48
RESEARCH APPROACH

The research approach refers to the way in which the investigator plans

and construct a research process. The research approach helps an

investigator to know what data to collect and how to analyse it. It also

suggests the possible conclusions to be drawn from the data.

A quantitative evaluative research approach will be adopted for this study.

​ ​ 49
 RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design is a plan of how, when, and where data are to be collected

and

analysed. Research design is the investigator's overall plan for answering the

research question being studied and how to handle some of the difficulties

encountered during the research process and also enhances the specification

of the study to be used in the research process.

The research design helps the investigator in the selection of the subject,

manipulation of experimental variables, procedure of data collection and the

type of statistical analysis to be used to interpret the data .Pre-experimental

design with one group pre-test and post-test design will be used in this study.

This gave first-hand information and enhances in obtaining of accurate

and meaningful data.

​ ​ 50
VARIABLES UNDER STUDY

Within the context of a research investigation, concepts are

generally referred to as variables. In descriptive, exploratory, comparative and

qualitative research studies variables are observed or measured in natural

settings as they exist, without manipulating or imposing the effect of

intervention or treatment.

Independent variables:

Planned teaching programme on prevention of physical abuse.

Dependent variables:

Knowledge regarding prevention of physical abuse.

​ ​ 51
STUDY SETTING

Setting is the physical location and condition in

which the research is conducted.

The study will be conducted in Rani Sushma Devi Girls Inter

College, Munshiganj. It is 1km away from Indira Gandhi School and College of

Nursing, Munshiganj.In this school, there are classes from 5th to 10th

standard and girls are studying.

This school was selected based on

1. Geographical proximity

2. Availability of subjects

3. Economy of time and money access

4. Feasibility in terms of cooperation extended by the headmistress, the

school

teachers and the school children.

​ ​ 52
TARGET POPULATION, INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION

The population of the study will be adolescent children who are between the

age group of 10-19 years. 300 Adolescent children were studying in 6th to

12th standard in the selected school.

Inclusion criteria:

a) The adolescent children who are studying in the selected school.

b) The adolescent child who met the age group criteria of 10-19 years.

c) The adolescent child who is present at the time of data collection.

Exclusion criteria:

a) The adolescent children who are not willing to participate.

b) The children who are not meeting age group criteria.

c) The adolescent child who is absent on time of data collection.

​ ​ 53
SAMPLE SIZE

i-Sampling Size

The sample size will be 300 adolescent children between

the age group of 10-19 years.

SAMPLE TECHNIQUES

The technique used to select samples is the Simple random

sampling technique by lottery method.

SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION

Systematic random sampling techniques will be adopted for selecting the

samples for the study.

The total number of Adolescent children from the 6th to 12th

standard is 300. The sample size is 300 .

The samples will be selected based on the availability

K = Total number of samples / Sample size

K = 300/300 = 0.00

That means every adolescent child will be selected for the study.

​ ​ 54
DESCRIPTION OF TOOLS

Data collection tool used for the study consisted of two sections.

Section A

Demographic data: It consists of demographic characteristics. i.e. age,

educational status, type of family, occupational status of parents, income

status, religion.

Section B-

Structured Knowledge Questionnaire. The investigator constructed

30 multiple choice questions to assess the knowledge regarding Physical

abuse in selected schools and a blueprint was prepared.

The scores were distributed as follows:

S.NO. KNOWLEDGE LEVEL SCORE

1.​ Adequate Knowledge 21-30

2.​ Moderate Knowledge 11-20

3.​ Inadequate Knowledge 0-10

​ ​ 55
i. Development and Description of Tools:

The tool to collect data from the selected samples consists of three sections

such as

Section – I: Demographic data Demographic variables include age, gender,

residence, attainment of menarche, class studying, mode of transport to the

school, previous knowledge regarding prevention

of physical abuse, sources of information, education of parents, family

socioeconomic status, occupation of parents, hours spent outside the home ,

communication with parents, way of communication with others

Section – II: Self-structured questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding

the prevention of child physical abuse

A structured questionnaire on the prevention of physical abuse consists of an

introduction to physical abuse, incidence and forms of physical abuse,

causes, effects and prevention of physical abuse.

Section III: Structured teaching programme on prevention of child physical

abuse The teaching program includes a definition of physical abuse, forms,

and characteristics of abusers, at-risk victims, methods to convince children

into physical activity, reporting personnel of the suspected child physical

abuse, signs and symptoms, management, prevention and protection.

​ ​ 56
The above table 1.1 shows the frequency and % distribution of subjects in

relation to their knowledge regarding physical abuse among adolescents.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The research problem and objectives were approved by the research

committee and followed by the procedure mentioned below.

1. Prior permission was obtained from the institutional ethics committee.

2. Prior permission was obtained from the concerned school principal

3. The subjects were informed their participation was voluntary, and they

had freedom to withdraw from the study.

5. The subjects were assured that confidentiality of the information would

be maintained.

6. No ethical issues were confronted while conducting study.

7. Coding system was maintained.

​ ​ 57
 PILOT STUDY

It was conducted in Rani Sushma Devi Girls Inter College , Munshiganj ,

Amethi from 05. 03 . 2024 with sample size of n=30 adolescents, 15

adolescents representing study group and 15 representing the control group.

Prior formal permission obtained from the nursing speciality guide and

principal, Indira Gandhi School and College of Nursing and principal of

school. Before starting the pilot study, the instrument was corrected by

experts. The selection of sample was by providing equal chance to all the

adolescents and it was done by lottery method and through randomization.

The odd numbers were allotted to adolescents of the control group and even

numbers were allotted to adolescents of the experimental group.

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

The validity of the tool will be obtained based on the opinions of medical and

nursing experts (one medical expert from paediatrics, one medical expert from

psychiatry and seven nursing experts. The tool was found adequate and

minor suggestions given by the experts were incorporated.

Validity is the degree to which an instrument measures what is intended

to measure. The validity of tool obtained from the experts in the field of

community nursing, statistician, language expert and community medicine.

The suggestions and advice given by experts were considered and corrected.

​ ​ 58
​ ​ ​ ​ RELIABILITY

Reliability is the degree of consistency or accuracy with which an instrument

measures the attribute which it designs to measure.

- Polit and Hungler,1998

To measure stability or consistency about test scores. It was evaluated by

using Pre-test, Post-test and the reliability value r=0.8 which revealed that the

tool was highly reliable.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

The investigator will plan to obtain the necessary permission from the

concerned authorities for the study. The investigator will approach the subject

by meeting Adolescent children in selected schools ,then introduce himself

and inform the subject about the nature of the study so as to ensure better

cooperation during the data collection. The investigator will prepare a

sampling frame of those who meet the inclusion criteria, the purpose of the

study and how it will be beneficial for them. The investigator will enquire their

willingness to participate in the study and will obtain consent from the subject.

The investigator will provide a self-structured knowledge questionnaire that is

used to know the level of knowledge regarding physical abuse and prevention

is to know the level of practice regarding Physical abuse.

After that analysis will be done and the result will be interpreted.

The investigator obtained permission from the School

Principal to conduct the research study. Data collection technique used was

​ ​ 59
self- reporting. The investigator personally approached each subject and

explained the purpose of the study and explained how it will be beneficial for

them and confirmed their willingness to participate in the study. consent was

obtained from the study subjects and confidentiality of their response was

maintained by coding.

Subjected were also informed that they can withdraw the study at any time if

they wish. The investigator collected the subject in classroom to assess the

knowledge, attitude and practice among adolescents to the study and

administered self structured questionnaires to them, instructed them not to

interact with each other and their doubts were clarified. The subjects took a

mean time of 40 minutes to complete the structured knowledge, attitude and

practice questionnaire. Once the questionnaire was replenished, investigators

collected them back. After the data gathering process, the investigator

thanked all the study subjects as well as authorities for their cooperation.

Pre-test:

The study will be started on 10.04.2024. The investigator will select 300

adolescent children from 6th to 12th standard through a systematic random

sampling technique.

Good rapport will be maintained with the children. After obtaining the

permission from the Principal of Rani Sushma Devi Girls Inter College,

Munshiganj on 09.04.2024. The pretest will be done for 300 samples with the

help of a self-structured questionnaire to assess the level of knowledge of

adolescent children regarding prevention of physical abuse which took 40

minutes.

​ ​ 60
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF RESEARCH

TARGET POPULATION
Adolescents of Selected School
⬇
STUDY SUBJECTS
Adolescents who met inclusive criteria

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ⬇
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
​
Simple random sampling technique & Sample size = 300

⬇
INSTRUMENTS
Self structured questionnaire on Adolescent physical abuse

⬇
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP CONTROL GROUP
n = 150 n = 150

⬇
PRE - TEST PRE - TEST

⬇ ⬇
PLANNED INTERVENTION NO PLANNED
INTERVENTION
Planned Teaching Programme on
Physical Abuse

⬇
POST TEST

⬇
ANALYSIS OF COLLECTED DATA ⇩⇩

​ ​ 61
Planned teaching programme

The adolescent children will be educated regarding the prevention of physical abuse

by using a PowerPoint slide presentation.

The prior knowledge will be given to the adolescent children regarding this session.

The duration of each session will be around 30 minutes.

The strategies that will be followed for the effectiveness of the Planned Teaching

programme are:

Introduction related to Physical Abuse

• Definition of Physical Abuse

• Categories of abuse

• Strategy of the offender

• Impacts of Physical Abuse on Adolescent

• The law on Physical Abuse

• Preventing Adolescent from Physical Abuse

Post-test:

The posttest will be conducted on 01.05.2024 for 300 samples by using the

self-structured questionnaire.

​ ​ 62
PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

It was done as per the study objectives. Analysis is done by using descriptive

statistics.

Descriptive statistics such as percentage mean and standard

deviation will be used to categorize the data. Inferential statistics such as

paired t’-tests will be used to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching

programmes on knowledge regarding the prevention of physical abuse and a

chi-square test will be used to associate the knowledge on prevention of

physical abuse with selected demographic variables of adolescent childrens.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

1. Frequency and percentage for distribution of demographic variables.

2 Frequency and percentage of assessment of existing knowledge, attitude

and practices related to physical abuse among adolescents in selected

schools.

3. Mean and Standard deviation used for assessment of knowledge, attitude

and practices regarding practices and prevention related physical abuse

among adolescent children in selected schools.

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

1. Chi-Square method was used to determine the association of knowledge,

attitude and prevention with demographic variables such as Age, Gender,

Religion, school attendance , educational status

​ ​ 63
SUMMARY

This chapter has dealt with the research methodology adopted for the study. It

includes the research approach, research design, setting, sampling

technique, tools, pilot study, reliability, validity, process of data collection and

plan for data analysis. This adopted a quantitative research approach. This

study was conducted in a selected area.

​ ​ 64
.

CHAPTER – IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

“You must be the change you wish to see in the world.”

-Mahatma Gandhi

This chapter has dealt with analysis and interpretation of the data collected

from 300 subjects from selected schools. The present study has been taken

up to assess the knowledge, prevention and practice regarding physical

abuse related among selected schools.

Analysis and interpretation are based on the objectives of

the study. A self structured knowledge questionnaire was used for data

collection. The analysis was done with the help of inferential and descriptive

statistics.

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

1. To assess the existing knowledge on Physical abuse among adolescent

children in selected High Schools.

2. To determine the effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on

knowledge about Physical abuse in adolescent children by comparing pretest

and post-test.

3. To associate the post-test knowledge score regarding the prevention of

physical abuse among adolescent children with their selected demographic

Variables.

​ ​ 65
HYPOTHESIS

H0 = Null Hypothesis no statistical significance exists in a set of given

observations.

H1 = There will be a significant difference between pre and post-test

knowledge scores of adolescent children regarding the prevention of physical

abuse.

H2 = There will be a significant association between the post-test knowledge

score among adolescent children regarding the prevention of physical abuse

and their selected demographic variables.

ORGANIZATION OF FINDINGS

The analysis and interpretation of the observations are given in the following

Section:

• Section -I: Distribution of subjects in relation to their Socio demographic

variables.

• Section -II: Self-structured questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding

the

prevention of child physical abuse

• Section - III: Structured teaching programme on prevention of child physical

abuse

​ ​ 66
SECTION - I

Distribution of subjects in relation to their demographic variables.

This section has dealt with percentage wise distribution of subjects from

selected High School in relation to their knowledge, attitude and prevention

Regarding physical abuse among adolescent children and its interpretation

with their demographic variables. Non Probability Convenient sampling

technique with a sample of 300 subjects was drawn from the selected High

School in Munshiganj . The data was obtained to describe the sample

characteristics including age in years, class , religion etc , related to physical

abuse among adolescent children in selected highschool respectively.

Table 2: Distribution of subjects in relation to their demographic

variables.

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ( n = 300 )

​ ​ 67
​ ​ 68
The table shows the Variables Distribution between the samples of the both

groups.

• Regards to age majority in study group adolescents 112 (74.4%) belongs to

age group of 15-16 years, followed by 30 (20.0%) from 17-18 years and 8

(5.6%) of 13-14 years and in control group 114 (76.0%) belong to 15-16

years, followed by 30 (20.0%) of 17-18 years and 6 (4.0%) of 13-14 years.

• Regarding gender in study group adolescents 104 (69.6%) were male

followed by 46(30.4%) were female in the control group majority of

adolescents 108 (72,0%) were male followed by 42(28.0%) were female.

• Regards to religion in study group of adolescents 128 (85.6%) belongs to

Hindu, followed 10 (6.4%) belongs to Muslim and 10 (6.4%) belongs to Sikh

and 2(1.6%) belongs to Christian and in control group majority of adolescents

132 (88.0%) belongs to Hindu, followed by 10 (6.4%) belongs to Muslim and 6

(4.0%) belongs to Sikh and 2(1.6%) belongs to Christian.

With regards to education of father in Experimental group 0(0.0%) were

illiterate, 7(4.8%) were having primary education, 46(30.4%) were having

secondary education, 59(39.2%) were graduates and 38(25.6%) were post

graduate and in control group 0(0.0%) were illiterate, 8(5.6%) were having

primary education, 44(29.6%) were having secondary education, 62 (40.8%)

were graduates and 36 (24.0%) were post graduate.

​ ​ 69
• With regards to education of mother in Experimental group 0(0.0%) were

illiterate, 16(10.4%) were having primary education, 52(35.2%) were having

secondary education, 59 (39.2%) were graduates and 23(15.2%) were post

graduate and in control group 0(0.0%) were illiterate, 14(9.6%) were having

primary education, 52(34.4%) were having secondary education, 64(42.4%)

were graduates and 20(13.6%) were post graduate.

• With regards to occupation of father in experimental group 17(11.2%) were

unemployed, 30(20.0%) were self-employed, 103(68.8%) were private

employee, and 0(0.0%) were government employee and in control group

12(8.0%) were unemployed, 31(20.8%) were self-employed, 107 (71.2%)

were private employee, and 0(0.0%) were government employee.

Regards to family type in study group 107 (71.2%) from joint family,

43(28.8%) from nuclear family and 0(0.0%) from extended family and in

control group 101(67.2%) from joint family, 49(32.8%) from nuclear family and

0(0.0%) from extended family.

• With regards to domicile place in study group 112(74.4%) belongs to urban

area and 38(25.6%) belongs to rural area and in control group 113(75.2%)

belongs to urban area and 37(24.8%) belongs to rural area.

• With regards to monthly income in experimental group 8(5.6%) having

income of less than 5000, 7(4.8%) having income of 5000-10,000 and

30(20.0%) having income of 10,000-20,000 and 105(69.6%) having income

more than 20,000 and in control group 6(4.0%) having income of less than

​ ​ 70
5000, 7(4.8%) having income of 5000-10,000 and 31(20.8%) having income

of 10,000-20,000 and 106(70.4%) having income more than 20,000.

The Cylindrical graph depicts the demographic presentation of variables in

experimental group with respect to the age group reveals that nearly 8(6.0%)

adolescents were 13-14 years, 112(74.0%) were 15-16 years and 30(20.0%)

were from 17-18 years and in control group 6(4.0%) adolescents were 13-14

years 114(76.0%) were 15-16 years and 30(20.0%) were from 17-18 years

​ ​ 71
The cylindrical graph shows the demographic presentation of variables with

respect to the gender in study group 104(70%) male and 46 (30%) female and

in control group 108(72%) male and 42(28%) female.

​ ​ 72
The Cylindrical graph depicts the demographic presentation of variables in

experimental group with respect to the religion reveals that 128(86.0%)

adolescents were Hindu, 10(6.0%) were Muslim,10(6.0%) were Sikh and

2(2%) were Christen and in control group 132(88.0%) adolescents were

Hindu, 10 (6.0%) were Muslim, 6(4.0%) were Sikh and 2(2.0%) were

Christian.

​ ​ 73
The Cylindrical graph depicts the demographic presentation of variables in

experimental group as per education of father in study group 0(0.0%) were

illiterate, 7(5%) were having primary education, 46(30%) were having

secondary education, 59(39 %) were graduates and 38(26%) were post

graduate and in control group 0(0.0%) were illiterate, 8(6%) were having

primary education, 44(30%) were having secondary education, 62(41%) were

graduates and 36(24.0%) were post graduate.

​ ​ 74
The Cylindrical graph depicts the demographic presentation of variables in

experimental group as per the mother education in study group 0(0.0%) were

illiterate, 16(10%) were having primary education, 52(35%) were having

secondary education, 59(39%) were graduates and 23(15%) were post

graduate and in control group 0(0.0%) were illiterate, 14(10%) were having

primary education, 52(34%) were having secondary education, 64(42%) were

graduates and 20(14%) were post graduate.

​ ​ 75
The Cylindrical graph depicts the demographic presentation of variables in

experimental group with respect of job of father in study group 17(11.0%)

were unemployed, 30(20.0%) were self-employed, 103(69%) were private

employee, and 0(0.0%) were government employee and in control group

12(8%) were unemployed, 31(21%) were self-employed, 107(71%) were

private employee, and 0(0.0%) were government employee

​ ​ 76
The Cylindrical graph depicts the demographic presentation of variables in

experimental group with respect to family type in study group 107(71%) from

joint family, 43(29%) from nuclear family and 0(0.0%) belongs to extended

family and in control group 101(67%) from joint family, 49(33%) from nuclear

family and 0(0.0%) from extended family.

​ ​ 77
The Cylindrical graph depicts the demographic presentation of variables in

study group as per place of domicile in experimental group 112(74%) from

urban area and 38(26%) from rural area and in control group 113(75%) from

urban area and 37(25%) from rural area.

​ ​ 78
The Cylindrical graph depicts the demographic presentation of variables in

experimental group as per monthly income in study group experimental group

8(6.0%) having income of less than 5000, 7(5.0%) having income of

5000-10,000 and 30(20.0%) having income of 10,000-20,000 and 105(70.0%)

having income more than 20,000 and in control group 6(4.0%) having income

of less than 5000, 7(5%) having income of 5000-10,000 and 31(21%) having

income of 10,000-20,000 and 106(70%) having income more than 20,000.

​ ​ 79
Section B: Assessment of pre-test knowledge of samples in

experimental and control groups.

Table No 4.2: Sample Distribution of pre- test knowledge score

TABLE NO: 4.2

The table shows distribution of adolescents of pre-test knowledge on sex

exploitation in experimental group majority of the sample 83(55.2%) had

inadequate knowledge, whereas 67(44.8%) had moderate knowledge and

none of sample were present with adequate knowledge and in control group

sample 80(53.6%) had inadequate knowledge, whereas 70(46.4%) had

moderate knowledge and no adolescents were present with adequate

knowledge.

​ ​ 80
The above graph depicts the distribution of adolescents of pre-test knowledge

in study group sample 83(55.0%) had inadequate knowledge, whereas

67(45.0%) middle knowledge and 0(0% had good knowledge and in control

group majority of the sample 80(54.0%) had inadequate knowledge, whereas

70(46.0%) had moderate knowledge and almost 0(0%) had adequate

knowledge.

​ ​ 81
TABLE 4.3:

The table depict the before knowledge in study group of adolescents total

mean scores 14.12, the SD = 5.055, median score = 10, the maximum was

20, the minimum was 08, the range was 12 and the mean percentage was

47.07 and in control group total mean scores 14.15, the SD = 5.027, median

score 10, maximum 20, minimum 08, range 12 and the mean percentage was

47.17.

​ ​ 82
The bar graph depicts the knowledge in study group total mean = 14.12, SD =

5.055, the median score = 10, maximum = 20, minimum = 08, range = 12 and

in control group total mean scores 14.15, the SD = 5.027, median score = 10,

maximum = 20, minimum = 08 range = 12.

​ ​ 83
TABLE NO. 4.4

The table shows samples of post-test knowledge in study group majority

sample 138(92%) had adequate knowledge, whereas 12(8%) had moderate

knowledge and none of sample were present with inadequate knowledge and

in control group 3(2.4%) had adequate knowledge, While 88 (58.4%) had

inadequate knowledge and 59 (39.2%) had moderate knowledge.

​ ​ 84
The above graph shows samples of post-test knowledge in study group

majority sample 138(92%) had adequate knowledge, whereas 12 (8%) having

moderate knowledge and no adolescents were present with inadequate

knowledge and in control group 3(2.4%) had adequate knowledge, whereas

59(39.2%) had moderate knowledge and 88(58.4%) had inadequate

knowledge.

​ ​ 85
TABLE 4.5: -

Table shows adolescents in study group's post-test knowledge total mean

scores 21.88, the SD = 3.562, median score = 22, maximum = 27, minimum =

11, range = 16 and mean percentage was 72.93 and in control group total

mean = 13.84, SD = 5.005, median score = 10, maximum = 21, minimum =

08, range= 13 and mean = 46.13.

​ ​ 86
The graph depicts the after knowledge of adolescents in experimental group

total mean scores 21.88, SD = 3.562, median score =22, maximum = 27,

minimum = 11, range = 16 and in control group mean = 13.84, SD = 5.005,

median score = 10, maximum = 21, minimum = 08 range = 13.

Section D:- Pre and post-test knowledge comparison of adolescents in both

groups.

​ ​ 87
TABLE 4.6:-

Shows pre-test knowledge in study experimental group 0(0%) had adequate

knowledge , 67(44.8%) scored moderate knowledge and 83(55.2%) had

insufficient knowledge whereas in after test adolescents in study group

138(92%) scored adequate knowledge, 12(8%) scored moderate knowledge

and 0(0%) had insufficient knowledge and in the pre-test adolescents of the

control group 0(0%) had adequate knowledge, 70(46.4%) scored moderate

knowledge and 80(53.6%) had insufficient knowledge whereas in the post-test

adolescents of the control group 3(2.4%) had adequate knowledge,

59(39.2%) had moderate knowledge and 88(58.4%) had inadequate

knowledge.

​ ​ 88
In the pre-test adolescents of the experimental group 0(0%) had adequate

knowledge , 67(45.0%) had moderate knowledge and 83(55.0%) had

inadequate knowledge whereas In the post-test adolescents of the

experimental group 138(92%) had adequate knowledge , 12(8%) scored

moderate knowledge and 0(0%) had insufficient knowledge and in the pre-test

adolescents of control group 0(0%) had adequate knowledge , 70(46.0%)

scored moderate knowledge and 80(54%) had insufficient knowledge and in

post-test adolescents of control group 3(2.0%) had adequate knowledge ,

59(39.0%) had moderate knowledge and 88 (58.0%) had insufficient

knowledge.

​ ​ 89
TABLE 4.7:-

Shows pre and post-test scores on child exploitation. There is a reasonable

difference between both group scores. Experimental group adolescents of

pre-test score mean = 14.12and S.D. = 5.055 and the adolescents of the

post-test had a score of total mean= 21.88 S.D. = 3.562 consequently, the

pre- and post-test results are statistically different. Difference is statistically

significant. In the control group adolescents of the pre-test had a score of total

mean= 14.152 and S.D. = 5.027 and the adolescents of the post-test had a

score of total mean= 13.84 S.D. = 5.005 in the control group with no

difference in pre- and post-tests. The change is negligibly small. Distinction is

not statistically significant and it was checked by paired t-test.

​ ​ 90
Figure showing score in the experimental group: the adolescents of the

pretest had a total knowledge mean score = 14.12 and S.D.= 5.055 and the

adolescents of the post-test had a total knowledge mean score = 21.88 S.D.=

3.562 so statistically speaking. In the control group adolescents pre-test had a

total knowledge mean score = 14.152 and S.D.= 5.027 and adolescents of

post-test had total knowledge mean score = 13.84 S.D.= 5.005 in the control

group with no difference in both groups. Change is negligible and distinction

not significant and it was determined using the paired t test.

​ ​ 91
Table 4.8: - Shows pre- and post-test scores for both groups.

In pre-test adolescents of study group had total knowledge mean score=

14.12 and S.D.= 5.055 and control group adolescents had mean score =

14.15 S.D.= 5.027 both groups samples scored equally. There is a very

meagre difference and is not statistically important and assessed by unpaired

t-test. In the post-test experimental group adolescents had a total knowledge

mean score = 21.88 and S.D. = 3.562 and control group adolescents had

knowledge mean score = 13.84 S.D.= 5.005 Samples scored more in

treatment group than control group and the difference is large.

​ ​ 92
In pre-test adolescents of the experimental group had mean score= 14.12 and

S.D. = 5.055 and in control group mean score = 14.15 S.D.= 5.027 so there is

no difference, both scored the same. There is a meagre difference and is not

statistically important. It was assessed by an unpaired t-test. In the post-test

adolescents experimental group had a total knowledge mean score = 21.88

and S.D.= 3.562 and in the control group adolescents had total knowledge

mean score = 13.84 S.D.= 5.005 so there is statistically difference in both

groups. Experimental group scored more than the control group. There is a

large difference so it is statistically important. It was calculated by unpaired

t-test.

​ ​ 93
Section E: Association between overall post-test knowledge and

sociodemographic variables of both groups.

Table No 4.9:- Association of post-test knowledge of experimental group

with socio-demographic variables

​ ​ 94
Above table demonstrates the relationship of gain score and socio variables.

As per objective chi-square test was performed to link certain demographic

characteristics with knowledge level. The learning score and family revenue

are significantly correlated, according to analysis, the 0.05 level of

significance, estimated values exceeded table value. There is no meaningful

connection in knowledge and socio variables characteristics including,

religion, and levels of education of the parents, father’s occupation, and types

of family and place of domicile. At the 0.05 level of statistical importance, the

estimated values were lower than table value.

​ ​ 95
Table No 4.10:- Association of post-test knowledge of Control group with

sociodemographic variables

​ ​ 96
Shows association in post-test between control group and socio demographic

variable. As per objective the chi-square test was performed to link certain

demographic characteristics with knowledge level. There is a clear relation in

both knowledge score and Chi-square value and variables e.g. Age and

gender, father’s education, mother’s education, types of family and place of

domicile. At the 0.05 level of statistical significance, the estimated chi-square

values were higher than the table value. No clear relationship in knowledge

scores and variables e.g. religion, father’s occupation and monthly family

income. At the 0.05 level of statistical importance, estimated values were

lower than the table value.

​ ​ 97
DISCUSSION

It discusses study finding related to study aims. It quotes the various similar

studies which have been done in the past and is supporting the findings. The

aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of the planned teaching on physical abuse

in adolescents of selected schools of Munshiganj. Study was

true-experimental and the total sample were 300 school going adolescents

who fall in inclusion criteria. In the current study technique of simple random

sampling is used. Self structured questionnaire was employed in data

gathering. Statistics were used for both analyses.

For the purpose of discussion, major findings discussed below as per

objectives. First study objective is “Identify existing knowledge of adolescents

on physical abuse” On the basis of above objective findings of pre-test in

experimental group 14.12 and SD = 5.055, and in control group total mean

scores 14.15, SD = 5.027. It shows that adolescents are having the most

equal knowledge and that is found to be inadequate in both groups.

It is well supported by a study conducted on “Adolescent

physical abuse risk factors among subjects ” with the objective to investigate

research that examines the risk variables in the selected Area .

Researcher concludes that the four key risk variables to consider when

formulating prevention plans against adolescent physical abuse. The province

should generate more employment possibilities.

​ ​ 98
The second study objective is

“Assessment of acquired knowledge of adolescents on physical abuse”

The basis of objective findings shows post-test knowledge in study group

mean score = 21.88 SD = 3.562, and in control group total mean scores

13.84, the standard deviation was 5.005, thus these findings show that

adolescents had increased their knowledge after the administration of

education module. Above objective is well supported by a study conducted

on Effectiveness of teaching programs on physical abuse . Investigator says

that physical abuse is an issue that might have effects on children. Programs

for education and prevention are therefore essential and conclude that

adolescents in participating schools learned much more about proper and

inappropriate contact and how to respond to physical abuse.

The third study objective is

“Compare results before and after introducing the teaching program on

physical abuse”

On the basis of study objective findings shows post-test score on physical

abuse in both groups after introducing planned teaching post-test mean score

= 21.88 and S.D.= 3.562 and mean score = 13.84 S.D.= 5.005 adolescents

having knowledge in control group so the difference in both mean score is

only 8.04 in the post-test. This mean score 8.04 between both groups is the

total benefit of adolescents of the experimental group. This is mainly due to

the teaching program

​ ​ 99
 Above objective is well supported by a study

conducted on “Physical Abuse on Adolescents” that says that the initiatives to

decrease physical abuse inside the Munshiganj, preventive measures has

been added to after-the-fact interventions. Prevention of adolescent physical

Abuse perpetration, missing from these efforts, explored the physical abuse

problems and highlighted the potential perpetration-focused prevention

programme and the danger of relying too much on post-event treatments.

Preventive strategies emphasise teaching adolescents how to defend

themselves against future physical abuse.

​ ​ 100
CHAPTER V

SUMMARY , CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS

This chapter promotes the research process employed in this study. The

primary aim of the study was to identify the pre-test and post-test knowledge

after introducing the teaching programme in the experimental group and to

find out the association between the knowledge score and related

demographic variable between the experimental and control group.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the existing knowledge on Physical abuse among adolescent

children in selected High Schools.

2. To determine the effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on

knowledge about Physical abuse in adolescent children by comparing pretest

and post-test.

3. To associate the post-test knowledge score regarding the prevention of

physical abuse among adolescent children with their selected demographic

variables.

METHODOLOGY

Research design chosen for this study was an experimental design and the

research approach is an experimental approach which helps to explain the

effects of independent variables on the dependent variable.

​ ​ 101
Study was conducted at selected schools of Munshiganj. The sample

consists of school going adolescents and sample size consists of 300

adolescents of the selected school of Munshiganj.

The instrument used for the data collection was self structured

questionnaires organized into three sections.

SECTION - I Demographic Data

SECTION-II: Self Structured Questionnaire on Prevention of Physical Abuse

among

adolescent children

The feasibility of conducting the research study was ensured. Data collection

was started from 12th May to 14th May 2024 and the collected data was

summarized and tabulated by utilizing descriptive analysis and inferential

analysis.

​ ​ 102
 RESULTS

The results of the study show that in the pre-test findings the score and

standard deviation in the experimental group was mean scores 14.12 and

standard deviation was 5.055, and in control group total mean scores 14.15,

the standard deviation was 5.027. in post-test findings the score and standard

deviation in experimental group was mean scores 21.88 and standard

deviation was 3.562, and in control group total mean scores 13.84, the

standard deviation was 5.005, there for the comparison in the pre-test and

post-test score in experimental group mean score 7.76 difference during the

assessment whereas in the control group adolescents are only having mean

score 30 difference between pre-test and post-test assessment.

The paired ‘t’ test value was= 15.4 which is significant at p=0.001 level and

the chi test shows that there was significant association between post-test

knowledge scores in the experimental group. The findings of the study

support the need for conducting education programme to increase the level of

knowledge on adolescent physical abuse the study has proved that school

going adolescents who have received teaching knowledge on physical abuse

have greater knowledge than those who did not receive the education module

on physical abuse and providing them correct information, can help them to

know about physical abuse.

​ ​ 103
 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

● The findings of this study will be limited to the adolescent children in the age

group of 12-18 years.

● The sample size will be limited to 300 only.

● The study period will be limited only to 21 days.

Here are the sampling limitations:

Sampling Limitations

Age Limitation

The findings of this study will be limited to adolescent children in the age

group of 12-18 years, and may not be generalizable to other age groups.

Sample Size Limitation

The sample size will be limited to 300 participants only, which may not be

representative of the larger population.

Time Frame Limitation

The study period will be limited to 21 days only, which may not be sufficient to

capture the full range of experiences and outcomes related to physical abuse

among adolescents.

​ ​ 104
IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY

It is the responsibility of health care professionals to educate adolescents, as

it will help them to live a healthy life in future. Majority of adolescent physical

abuse can be prevented if adolescents get aware and have adequate

knowledge regarding physical abuse. The finding of the study has implications

for nursing education, nursing practice, nursing administration and nursing

research.

NURSING PRACTICE

Nurses need to accept the responsibility of helping school going adolescents

to gain knowledge and skill to manage prevention of physical abuse.

Understanding the needs of health care professionals, it may help

adolescents to gain knowledge regarding prevention of child physical abuse.

Education modules may be helpful to prevent physical abuse.

NURSING ADMINISTRATION

Nursing leaders are challenged to undertake the health care needs of most

vulnerable groups especially child health by effective organization and

management. The nursing personnel in the administration should take interest

to promote community and school health services that facilitate the

adolescents on prevention of adolescent physical abuse and can make

necessary policies to implement the education module on physical abuse

among school going children. The nurse administrators have to motivate the

caregivers regarding prevention of adolescent physical abuse.

​ ​ 105
NURSING RESEARCH

Research is needed to examine the role of nurses in educating school going

adolescents on physical abuse. The study can be conducted at the

institutional level to promote child health programs in nursing. At the

community level the community health nurse needs to lay more emphasis on

prevention of adolescent physical abuse. steps should be taken to develop

and implement the research utilization by preparing nurses to read critique,

read research. Nurses need to encourage identifying and reviewing research

studies to develop a research base transforming the research based

knowledge into a protocol in the clinical area and evaluate it to see whether it

is producing predicted results. The present study is helpful for the nursing

professionals and nursing students to conduct further studies to assess the

knowledge on adolescent physical abuse.

RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE STUDY

• A similar study can be conducted by using other strategies like stress and

coping.

• A study can be conducted in comparison among Adolescent children and

foster home children.

• In the same setting experimental study can be conducted with a large

number of samples.

• A descriptive study can be done to find out the prevalence of adolescent

physical abuse.

​ ​ 106
CONCLUSION

From the findings of the study it was concluded that the level of the

knowledge regarding Adolescent Physical abuse was inadequate among the

experimental and control group during the pre-test assessment however the

findings of the posttest in the experimental group, the level of knowledge has

improved and the score has indicated an adequate level of knowledge among

school going adolescent. The improvement in the level of knowledge is due to

the administration of education teaching. Therefore, the knowledge of

adolescents can be further improved by providing on-going teaching and

health education programmes.

Based on the findings of the study there was an

association between the pretest knowledge score of school going adolescents

in the experimental group was mean scores 14.12 and standard deviation was

5.055, and post-test knowledge score was 21.88 and standard deviation was

3.562. There was a difference between pre-test and post-test scores. The

overall knowledge gain was 7.78 and in the control group pretest knowledge

mean scores 14.15, the standard deviation was 5.027 and post-test

knowledge score was mean scores 13.84, the standard deviation was 5.005.

Hence the difference is not significant. The adolescent’s knowledge gain is

associated with selected demographic variables among the adolescents.

The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a planned

teaching program on knowledge regarding prevention of physical abuse

among adolescent children. The results of the study indicate that the planned

teaching program was effective in improving the knowledge of adolescent

children regarding prevention of physical abuse.

​ ​ 107
 The study highlights the importance of educating adolescent children

about physical abuse and its prevention. It also emphasizes the need for

parents, teachers, and healthcare professionals to be aware of the signs and

symptoms of physical abuse and to provide a supportive environment for

adolescents.

The findings of this study can be used to develop and implement

school-based programs and community-based initiatives to prevent physical

abuse among adolescents. Further research is recommended to explore the

experiences of adolescents who have experienced physical abuse and to

identify effective strategies for prevention and intervention.

Overall, the study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on physical

abuse among adolescents and highlights the need for education and

awareness to prevent this complex issue.

​ ​ 108
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ANNEXURE- I

INDIRA GANDHI SCHOOL AND COLLEGE OF NURSING

(Under the management of Sanjay Gandhi memorial Trust,

Amethi, Uttar Pradesh)

(Affiliated to Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University, Uttar

Pradesh)

Date:

ETHICAL CLEARANCE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that MS Ashwini Rathod, final year M. Sc (N) Student is here

permitted to conduct the study on the topic conduct “Effectiveness Of Planned

Teaching Programme On Knowledge Regarding Prevention Of Physical Abuse

Among Adolescent Children Of Selected High Schools At Munshiganj, Amethi, UP”

As per the recommendations of the ethical committee.

CHAIRMAN

ETHICAL COMMITTEE

​ ​ 116
ANNEXURE- II

REQUESTING LETTER FOR SEEKING PERMISSION TO CONDUCT A

PILOT STUDY

DATE:
FROM PLACE: Munshiganj, Amethi.
Ms Ashwini Rathod
M.Sc Nursing II Year,
Indira Gandhi School and college of Nursing,
Amethi, Uttar Pradesh.
TO,
--------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
//Through Proper Channel//

Respected Sir / Madam

SUB: PERMISSION TO CONDUCT PILOT STUDY
I Ms. Ms Ashwini Rathod, M.Sc Nursing II Year Student ( Mental Health Nursing) of
Indira Gandhi School and college of Nursing, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh, has undertaken
the dissertation as the partial fulfillment of Master of Science in Nursing Programme.
I am planning to conduct “Effectiveness Of Planned Teaching Programme On
Knowledge Regarding Prevention Of Physical Abuse Among Adolescent Children Of
Selected High Schools At Munshiganj, Amethi, UP ” So, I request you to grant me
the permission to conduct the Pilot study at your esteemed institution. I will adhere to
the rules and regulations of your institution.

Thanking You Sir

Yours Faithfully,
Ms Ashwini Rathod
M.Sc Nursing II Year,
Indira Gandhi School and college of Nursing,
Amethi, Uttar Pradesh.

​ ​ 117
ANNEXURE- III

REQUESTING LETTER FOR SEEKING PERMISSION TO CONDUCT A

RESEARCH STUDY

DATE:

FROM PLACE: Amethi.

Ms Ashwini Rathod

M.Sc Nursing II Year,

Indira Gandhi School and college of Nursing,

Amethi, Uttar Pradesh.

TO,

--------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------

//Through Proper Channel//

Respected Sir / Madam

SUB: PERMISSION TO CONDUCT RESEARCH STUDY

I Ms. Ashwini Rathod, M.Sc Nursing II Year Student Mental Health Nursing ) of
Indira Gandhi School and college of Nursing, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh, has undertaken
the dissertation as the partial fulfillment of Master of Science in Nursing Programme.
I am planning to conduct “EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING
PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF PHYSICAL
ABUSE AMONG ADOLESCENT CHILDREN OF SELECTED HIGH SCHOOLS
AT MUNSHIGANJ, AMETHI, UP” So, I request you to grant me the permission to
conduct the main study at your esteemed institution. I will adhere to the rules and
regulations of your institution.

Thanking You Sir

Yours Faithfully,
Ms Ashwini Rathod
M.Sc Nursing II Year,
Indira Gandhi School and college of Nursing,
Amethi, Uttar Pradesh.

​ ​ 118
ANNEXURE- IV

REQUESTING LETTER FOR CONTENT VALIDITY

FROM PLACE: Amethi.

Ms Ashwini Rathod
M.Sc Nursing II Year,
Indira Gandhi School and college of Nursing,
Amethi, Uttar Pradesh.
TO,
--------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Through proper channel

SUB: Request for opinions and suggestions of experts for content validity of
tools.

Respected Madam/Sir,
I, Ms. Ashwini Rathod, M.Sc Nursing II Year Student (Mental Health Nursing) of
Indira Gandhi School and college of Nursing, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh, have undertaken
the dissertation as the partial fulfillment of Master of Science in Nursing Programme.
I am planning to conduct “EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING
PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF PHYSICAL
ABUSE AMONG ADOLESCENT CHILDREN OF SELECTED HIGH SCHOOLS
AT MUNSHIGANJ, AMETHI, UP” With regards to this, I request you to kindly
validate my tool for its appropriateness and relevance. I am enclosing the statement of
the problem, objectives of the study, Operational definitions, Methodology, Tool used
for the study related to dissertation. I would be highly obliged and remain thankful to
you for the content validity.
Thanking you,
LIST OF ENCLOSURES
1. Statement of problem
2. Objectives of the study
3. Operational definitions
4. Methodology
5. Tool used for the study

DATE: Yours faithfully

SIGNATURE
PLACE: Amethi SIGNATURE

Before introduction abstract

​ ​ 119
ANNEXURE- V

CERTIFICATION OF VALIDATION

This is to certify that the Research tool developed by Ms.

Ashwini Rathod, M.Sc (N) II year student, (Mental Health Nursing ), Indira Gandhi

school and college of Nursing, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh. Affiliated to Atal Bihari

Vajpayee Medical university, Uttar Pradesh is validated by undersigned faculty and

the student can proceed with this tool for data collection of Dissertation,

“EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON

KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF PHYSICAL ABUSE AMONG

ADOLESCENT CHILDREN OF SELECTED HIGH SCHOOLS AT

MUNSHIGANJ, AMETHI, UP”

Signature of the expert: ……………………………….

Name: ... ………………………………………………….

Designation: …………………………………. ……………

Place: ……………………………………………………….

​ ​ 120
ANNEXURE- VII

INFORMED CONSENT

I am giving my consent to participate in the research that focuses

“EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON

KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF PHYSICAL ABUSE AMONG

ADOLESCENT CHILDREN OF SELECTED HIGH SCHOOLS AT

MUNSHIGANJ, AMETHI, UTTAR PRADESH” have been informed that my

participation is voluntary and the information given by me is kept confidential. I can

refuse to participate at any time I have been fully informed about the nature of the

study, the researcher’s responsibilities and likely benefits for myself.

Date: Signature of the Participant

​ ​ 121
अनब
ु ंध- VII

मैं उस शोध में भाग लेने के लिए अपनी सहमति दे रहा हूं जो “मंश
ु ीगंज, अमेठी, उत्तर प्रदे श के

चयनित उच्च विद्यालयों के किशोर बच्चों में शारीरिक शोषण की रोकथाम के संबंध में ज्ञान

पर नियोजित शिक्षण कार्यक्रम की प्रभावशीलता” पर केंद्रित है , यह सचि

ू त किया गया है कि

मेरी भागीदारी स्वैच्छिक है और मेरे द्वारा दी गई जानकारी गोपनीय रखी जाती है । मैं किसी

भी समय भाग लेने से इनकार कर सकता हूं जब मझ

ु े अध्ययन की प्रकृति, शोधकर्ता की

जिम्मेदारियों और खद
ु के लिए संभावित लाभों के बारे में परू ी तरह से सचि
ू त किया गया है ।

दिनांक:

प्रतिभागी के हस्ताक्षर

​ ​ 122
ANNEXURE VIII
TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION SECTION
SECTION - I DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

Instructions: Please read the instructions carefully and respond to the item by
placing a tick mark in the appropriate space provided. The information
provided by you will be kept confidential and used only for project work.
निर्देश: कृपया निर्देशों को ध्यान से पढ़ें और दिए गए उचित स्थान पर टिक का निशान लगा
कर आइटम का जवाब दें । आपके द्वारा प्रदान की गई जानकारी गोपनीय रखी जाएगी और
केवल परियोजना कार्य के लिए उपयोग की जाएगी ।

Name - …………………. Sample No.- ………

Gender -.................

1.​ Age in years

A) 10-12 B) 12-14
C) 14-16 D) 17-18

2.​ Studying in class

A) 5-6 std B) 7-8 std

C) 9-10 std D) 11-12 std

3.​ Attendance in class

A) 100 % B) 50 %
C) less than 50 % D) regular absent

4.​ Type of family

A) Nuclear B) Joint

5.​ Residence

A) Urban Area B) Rural Area

6.​ Education of parents

A) Graduate B) High School

C) Primary School D) Illiterate

​ ​ 123
7.​ Occupation of Father

A) Government B) Private sector

C) Business D) Self Occupation

8.​ Staying with

A) Guardians B) Relatives
C) Hostels C) Rented rooms

9.​ Way of communication

A) Formal B) Informal
C) Sincere D) fearful

10.​ Hours spent outside from home

A) 2-5 hrs B) 6-8 hrs

C) 8-10 hrs D) more than 10 hrs

11.​ Communication with parents

A) Friendly B) Strict

12.​ Mode of transport to the school

A) Walking B) School bus

C) Local Transport C) with parents

13.​ Do you know about ‘ Good touch and Bad touch

‘?

A) Yes B) No

14.​ If yes, source of information

A) Family members B) Teachers

C) Friends D) From Social media

15.​ You know touching forcefully without your wish

is Bad things ?

A) Yes B) No

​ ​ 124
SECTION – II

Self Structured Questionnaire on Prevention of Physical Abuse among

adolescent children
Instructions: Please read the statements carefully and respond to the items by
placing “tick mark” against any one item which you feel is correct to the
appropriate space provided. The information provided by you will be kept
confidential and used only for project work.
अनद ु े श: कृपया कथनों को ध्या न से पढ़ें और आइटम रखकर उत्तर दें कि सी भी एक आइटम के
सामने
उचित स्थान पर "टिक का निशान" लगा एं जो आपको सही लगता है प्रदान कि या । आपके द्वारा
प्रदान
की गई जानकारी गोपनीय रखी जाएगी और केवल इसके लिए ही उपयोग की जाएगी |

PART - A INTRODUCTION AND INCIDENCE OF PHYSICAL ABUSE

16.​ What do you know about physical abuse ?

A) Painful Grabbing
B) Kicking / Punching
C) Burning
D) Hitting by hand or objects intentionally

17.​ Physical abuse is

A) Criminal and punishable offence

B) Not a Crime
C) Crime but not punishable
D) I don’t having any idea

18.​ Which gender is at more risk to physical abuse?

A) Female
B) Male
C) Both

19.​ The age group who are at high risk for physical
abuse ?

A) 10-12 yrs
B) 13-15 yrs
C) 16-18 yrs
D) More than 18 yrs

​ ​ 125
 20.​ What do you think can physically abuse you ?
A) Outsiders or Strangers
B) Relatives and Neighbours
C) School Personnels
D) Family and Parents

PART B - FORMS OF PHYSICAL ABUSE

21.​ According to you, which activity is physical abuse
?

A) Hitting you without any reason

B) Intentionally harming you
C) Touching or grabbing you forcefully
D) Treating you in harsh way

22.​ Incidence rate of physical abuse is increasing

due to

A) Poverty
B) Lack of knowledge among childrens
C) Lack of confidence to speak about
D) The weak bond between parents and children

PART C - CAUSE OF PHYSICAL ABUSE

23.​ The rates of physical abuse are increasing
because

A) Mass Media
B) Negligence towards children
C) Lack of communication
D) Lack of guidance and support

24.​ The abusers most of the time are

A) Unknown person
B) Known person
C) Related to schools
D) Related to Family

25.​ Who is more prone to physical abuse?

A) Little Children

​ ​ 126
 B) Handicapped Children
C) Low confident children
D) Girls

PART D - EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ABUSE

26.​ The effects of physical abuse are

A) Depression and Anxiety

B) Social Phobia
C) Fever
D) Constant Crying

PART E - PREVENTION OF PHYSICAL ABUSE

27.​ If you feel any physical incident, whom will you report
first ?

A) Friends
B) Family
C) Teacher
D) No one

28.​ If any person known or unknown is physically abusing

you for
unwanted demands, then you should do

A) Raise your voice and call for help

B) Immediately report to your parents
C) Ask help from your teachers
D) Nothing to do

29.​ The most easiest way to prevent physical abuse

A) Get help from your teachers

B) Get help from your parents
C) Report to police
D) Take a stand for yourself

30. Do you Know any helpline number for Physical abuse

?

A)​ Yes
B)​ No

​ ​ 127
TRANSLATED TOOLS IN HINDI
SECTION I - जनसांख्यिकीय डेटा
PART - A
निर्देश: कृपया निर्देशों को ध्यान से पढ़ें और दिए गए उचित स्थान पर टिक का निशान लगा
कर आइटम का जवाब दें । आपके द्वारा प्रदान की गई जानकारी गोपनीय रखी जाएगी और
केवल परियोजना कार्य के लिए उपयोग की जाएगी ।

Name - ………….. Sample No- ……….

Gender - …………

1.​ उम्र वर्ष में

A)10 -12 B) 12 -14
C)14 -16 D)17-18

2.​ कक्षा में अध्ययन

A)5 - 6 कक्षा B) 7 - 8
कक्षा
C)9 - 10 कक्षा D)11 - 12
कक्षा

3.​ कक्षा में उपस्तिथि

30
A)100% B) 50 %
C)50 % से कम
D)नियमित अनप ु स्थित

4.​ परिवार का प्रकार

A)एकल परिवार B)सयक्
ु त
परिवार

5.​ निवासस्थान

A)शहरी इलाका B) ग्रामीण

क्षेत्र

6.​ माता पिता की शिक्षा

A)स्नातक B) हाईस्कूल
C)प्राइमरी स्कूल D) निरक्षर

7.​ पि ता का पेशा
A)सरकारी B) निजी क्षेत्र
C)व्यापार D) स्वयं का
व्यवसाय

8.​ के साथ रहते है

A)अभिभावक B) रिश्तेदार
C)हॉस्टल्स D)किराएका

​ ​ 128
 कमरा

9.​ संचार का तरीका

A)औपचारिक
B)अनौपचारिक
C)ईमानदार D)भयभीत

10.​ घर से बाहर इतना समय

रहते हो
A)2 - 5 घंटे B) 6 - 8 घंटे
C)8 - 10 घंटे D)10 घंटे से
ज्यादा

11.​ माता पिता के साथ संचार

A)मित्रता B) कठोर

12.​ स्कूल तक परिवहनका

साधन
A)चलकर B)स्कूल बस
C)स्थानीय परि वहन
D)माता पिता के साथ

13.​ क्या आप “अच्छे स्पर्श और

बरु े स्पर्श” के बारे में जानते
हैं ?
A)हा B)नही

14.​ यदि हा , सच
ू ना का स्त्रोत
A)परिवार B) शिक्षको के
द्वारा
C)दोस्त से D)सामाजिक
मीडिया

15.​ क्या आप जानते है की

आपकी इच्छा के बिना
जबरदस्ती छूना बरु ी बात
है ?
A)हा B) नही

16.​ आप शारीरिक शोषण के बारे

में क्या जानते है ?
A)दर्दनाक हथियाना
B)लात मारना
C)जलाना
D)जान बझ ू कर हाथ या
वस्तस ु े मारना

17.​ किस लिंग को शारीरिक

शोषण से ज्यादा खतरा है ?
A)परु
ु ष
B)महिला

​ ​ 129
 C)दो नो

18.​ वह आयु वर्ग जो शारीरिक

शोषण के उच्च जोखिम में है
?
A)10 से 12 वर्ष
B)13 से 15 वर्ष
C)16 से 18 वर्ष
D)18 वर्ष से अधि क

19.​ आप क्या सोचते है कोन

आपका शारीरिक शोषण कर
सकता है ?
A)बाहरी लोग या अजनबी
B)रिश्तेदार और पड़ो सी
C)स्कूल कार्मि क
D)परिवार और माता पिता

20.​ आपके अनस ु ार कौन सी

गति विधि शारीरिक शोषण
है ?
A)बिना किसी कारण के
आपको मारना
B)जानबझ ू कर आपको
नक ु सान पहुंचाना
C)आपको जबरदस्ती छूना
या पकड़ना
D)आपके साथ कठोर
व्यवहार करना

21.​ शारीरिक शोषण की घटना

दर बड रही है ?
A)गरीबी
B)बचो में ज्ञान की कमी
C)बोलने में आत्मविश्वास
की कमी
D)माता पिता और बच्चो के
बीच कमजोर बंधन

भाग C शारीरिक शोषणका कारण

22.​ शारीरिक शोषण के दरी

इसलिए बढ़ रही है ?
A)मास मीडिया
B)बचो के प्रति लापरवा ही
C)संचार की कमी
D)मार्गदर्शन और समर्थन

​ ​ 130
 का अभाव

23.​ दर्व्य
ू वहार करने वाले
अधिकांश समय यही हो ते है
?
A)छोटे बच्चा
B)विकलांग बच्चे
C)काम आत्मविश्वास वाले
बच्चे
D)लड़किया

भाग D शारीरिक शोषण के प्रभाव

24.​ शरीरिक शोषण के प्रभाव है

?
A)अवसाद और चिंता
B)सामाजिक भय
C)बख
ु ार
D)लगातार रोना

25.​ यादि आपको कोई शारीरिक

घटना महसस ू हो तो आप
सबसे पहले
किसे रिपोर्ट करें गे ?
A)दोस्त
B)परिवार
C)शिक्षक
D)कोई नही

26.​ यदि आपको कोई शारीरिक

घटना महसस ू हो तो आप
सबसे पहले
किसे रिपोर्ट करें गे ?
A)दोस्त
B)परिवार
C)शिक्षक
D)कोई नही

27.​ यदि कोई बी ही ज्ञात या

अज्ञात व्यक्ति अवांछत
मांगो के लिए आपका
शारीरिक शोषण कर रहा है ,
तो आपको ऐसा करना
चाहिए
A)अपनी आवाज उठाए और
मदद के लिए पक ु ा रे
B)तरु ं त अपने माता पिता

​ ​ 131
 को सचिू त करे
C)अपने शिक्षको से मदद
मांगे
D)कुछ नही करना

28.​ शारीरिक शोषण रोकने का

सबसे आसान तरीका
A)अपने शिक्षको से सहायता
प्राप्त करे
B)अपने माता पितासे मदद
ले
C)पलि ु स को रिपोर्ट करे
D)अपने लिए स्टैंड ले

29.​ शारीरिक शोषण को रोकने

का सबसे आसान तरीका

A) अपने शिक्षकों से मदद लें

B) अपने माता-पिता से
मदद लें
C) पलि
ु स को रिपोर्ट करें
D) खदु के लिए खड़े हों

30. क्या आप शारीरिक शोषण

के लिए कोई हे ल्पलाइन
नंबर जानते हैं?

A)​ हाँ
B)​ नहीं

​ ​ 132
ANNEXURE IX

PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ​

​ ​ 133
HEALTH

TEACHING

HEALTH EDUCATION ON ADOLESCENT PHYSICAL ABUSE

TOPIC : Prevention of Physical Abuse among adolescent

GROUP : Adolescent Children

VENUE : Rani Sushma Devi Mahavidyalaya , Munshiganj Amethi

DURATION : 30 minutes

EVALUATOR : Mr Achudha Kumar , Professor , IGSCON

STUDENT TEACHER : Ms Ashwini Rathod

​ ​ 134
METHOD OF TEACHING : Lecture cum discussion

A.V.AIDS : flash cards

CENTRAL OBJECTIVE: Help the Adolescent children to gain adequate

knowledge, desirable attitude and skill about physical abuse and adopt preventive

measures of physical abuse.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:

The Adolescent children will be able to

​ ​ 135
 ●​ to understand meaning of physical abuse

●​ illustrate the incidence of physical abuse

●​ mention the causes of physical abuse

●​ state the risk factors of physical abuse

●​ explain the types of physical abuse

●​ describe the effects of physical abuse

●​ list down the physical abuse organizations

●​ explain the preventive measures of physical abuse

Sr General Contents Teachers Learners Time Evaluation

No Objectives Activity Activity

meaning of Physical abuse is 2min

Physical any intentional act
1 abuse causing injury or
trauma to another -​
person or animal Introduci
by way of bodily ng topic
contact. In most
cases, children are
the victims of
physical abuse, but What's
adults can also be physical
victims, as in cases abuse ?
of domestic

​ ​ 136
 violence or
illustrate workplace 2min
2 the aggression.
incidence Alternative terms
of physical sometimes used
abuse include physical
assault or physical Explainin
violence, and may g
also include sexual
abuse. Physical
abuse may involve
more than one
abuser, and more
than one victim.
What's the
incidence ?

INCIDEN INCIDENCE:
CE: According to
3 national child
abuse statistics: • 4min
A report of child
abuse is made
every ten seconds.
• Almost five
children die
everyday as a
result of child
abuse. More than
three out of four
are under the age
of four. • About 2min
30% of abused and
neglected children
will later abuse
their own children, Explainin
continuing the g
horrible cycle of
abuse. • Nearly
65% of school
going children
reported facing Causes of
punishment 2min physical
beatings by abuse
4 teachers. • 90% of
child sexual abuse
victims know the
perpetrator in
some way; 68%

​ ​ 137
 are abused by
family members.

CAUSES OF
CAUSES CHILD ABUSE: ™
OF CHILD Ignorance of
ABUSE: parents or
caretakers ™ Stress
of an adult ™ Single
parent ™ Young 2min
parents without
sufficient emotional
support ™ Lack of
parenting skill

RISK FACTORS:
5 RISK The risk factors for Explainin
FACTORS the child abuse can g
: be divided into
three different
categories. 1. What's the
Community/societa risk factors
l: • High crime rate ?
• High poverty rate
• High
unemployment rate
• Lack of or few
social services 2.
Parent related: • 4min
History of physical
or sexual abuse •
Teenage parents •
Single parent •
Emotional
immaturity • Poor
coping skills • Low
self-esteem •
Substance abuse •
6 Known past history
of child abuse •
Lack of social Explainin
support • Domestic g
violence • Lack of
parenting skills •
Lack of preparation
for the stress of a
new infant •
Depression or

​ ​ 138
 other mental Risk factors

illness • Multiple 2min

young children •
Unwanted
pregnancy • Denial
of pregnancy 3.
Child related: •
7 Prematurity • Low
birth weight •
Handicap

PHYSICA PHYSICAL CHILD

L CHILD ABUSE Meaning:
ABUSE Physical child
abuse is a bodily 2min
injuries resulting
from physical Explainin
aggression that g
require medical
treatment. Forms
of physical abuse:
9 Beating,
slapping, or hitting
9 Pushing,
shaking, kicking or
throwing 9
Pinching, biting,
chocking, or
hairpulling
9 Burning with
cigarettes, scalding
water, or other hot
objects 9 Severe
physical
punishment

Signs of Signs of physical

8 physical abuse ƒ frequent Sign and
abuse injuries or 4min symptoms of
unexplained physical
bruises, welts, or abuse
cuts, bites, broken
bones ƒ has fading
bruises or other
marks noticeable
after an absence

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 from school ƒ Explainin
seems frightened g
of the parents and
protests or cries
when it is time to 2min
go home ƒ shrinks
at the approach of
adults ƒ reports
injury by a parent
or another adult
caregiver.

EFFECTS EFFECTS OF
OF CHILD CHILD ABUSE
ABUSE Child abuse has
9 various effects on 4min
health of the child.
These are SHORT
TERM EFFECTS
¾ Academic
difficulties ¾
Aggressive
behavior ¾ Alcohol
& other drug abuse
¾ Physical injuries
¾ Failure to thrive
¾ Fear or shyness
Learning problems
Sleep disorders
Suicidal attempts
Thumb sucking Explainin
Separation anxiety g

LONG TERM
LONG EFFECTS
TERM
EFFECTS Lack of social
adjustment
Violent criminals
cardiovascular
10 problems
Immune
suppression
Brain damage

2min
AVAILABLE CHILD

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 CARE SERVICES
• Child welfare
agency Sign and
• Social welfare Explainin symptoms of
AVAILABL agency g physical
E CHILD • Police abuse
CARE department
SERVICE • Mental health
S centre
• Child guidance
clinic

CHILD ABUSE 2min

PREVENTION
TIPS FOR THE
PARENTS ™
CHILD
ABUSE See children as
PREVENT beginners.
ION TIPS Children are able
FOR THE to do it according
PARENTS to their stage of
™ development.
Unreasonable
expectations will
stimulate
aggressive actions
among parents and
this act as a basis
for child abuse. ™
Making physical 2min
injuries alone is not
a child abuse.
Violent verbal
words and actions
can also cause
deep wounds in
the mind of
children. ™
Becoming aware of
triggers is a good
child abuse
prevention strategy
for parents. ™
When the child’s
behavior irritates
the parent, taking a Prevention
timeout is an of physical

​ ​ 141
excellent child abuse
abuse prevention
strategy. If the child
is young, place the
child in the crib
then go to a quiet
place where she
can spend five explainin 2min
minutes in the g
bathroom. She
advises to take
three deep
breaths. After the
parent has calmed
down, she can
approach the child.
™ Teach children
their rights. ™
Instead of
punishing, a child
needs parents to
teach them what to
do, when and why.
Because
punishment only
teaches what not
to do. ™ After acting
aggressively
parents should
realize their
mistakes and
should spend time
in playing with the
children. ™ Parents
should have
knowledge about
the stages of child
development. ™
Parents should
gain knowledge
about the child
abuse and their
signs. ™ If a child
being harmed or
see evidence of
abuse, make a
report to states
child protective
services

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department or local
police.

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