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Title: ESAA NENS 05-2003 ESAA National fall protection guidelines for the Electricity Insustry

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Date: 12 Mar 2003

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ESAA NENS 05 - 2003

FOR THE ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY

NATIONAL FALL PROTECTION GUIDELINES
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GUIDELINES FOR THE

ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY
NATIONAL FALL PROTECTION
ESAA NENS 05 – 2003
 DISCLAIMER
This document refers to various standards, guidelines, calculations, legal requirements,
technical details and other information.
Over time, changes in Australian Standards, industry standards and legislative
requirements, as well as technological advances and other factors relevant to the
information contained in this document, may affect the accuracy of the information
contained in this document. Accordingly, caution should be exercised in relation to the use
of the information in this document.
The Electricity Supply Association of Australia Limited (ESAA) accepts no responsibility for
the accuracy of any information contained in this document or the consequences of any
person relying on such information.
Correspondence should be addressed to the Secretary of the Association, 6th floor,
280 Pitt Street, Sydney 2000. (PO Box A2492, Sydney South, NSW 1235).
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First published as ESAA NENS 05—2003.

COPYRIGHT
© Electricity Supply Association of Australia Ltd
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, without the written permission of the Association.
Published by Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001 for the Electricity Supply Association of
Australia Limited, PO Box A2492, Sydney South, NSW 1235.

ISBN: 0 7337 5064 8

 National Fall Protection Guidelines for
the Electricity Industry

Contents
Page
1. PREFACE .............................................................................................................................. 1
2. OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................... 2
3. SCOPE .................................................................................................................................. 2
4. LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS........................................................................................... 2
5. DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................................ 3
6. GENERAL PRINCIPLES........................................................................................................ 5
7. RISK MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................ 5
7.1 General......................................................................................................................... 5
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7.2 Electrical Hazards ......................................................................................................... 6

7.3 Suspension Trauma...................................................................................................... 6
8. CATEGORIES OF FALL ARREST......................................................................................... 6
9. ANCHORAGE CRITERIA ...................................................................................................... 6
10. ACCESS TO, EGRESS FROM AND TRANSFER BETWEEN WORK POSITIONS............... 7
10.1 Structures ..................................................................................................................... 7
10.2 Portable and Hanging Ladders ..................................................................................... 7
10.3 Transfer Between Structures and Work Platforms ........................................................ 7
11. WORK POSITIONS ............................................................................................................... 8
11.1 Lattice Structures.......................................................................................................... 8
11.2 Portable and Hanging Ladders ..................................................................................... 8
11.3 Awnings ........................................................................................................................ 8
11.4 Poles............................................................................................................................. 8
11.5 Substation Equipment................................................................................................... 8
11.6 Work platforms ............................................................................................................. 8
12. TRAINING AND COMPETENCY ........................................................................................... 9
13. RESCUE FROM ALOFT ........................................................................................................ 9
14. APPLICATION OF FALL ARREST DURING ATTACHED ACCESS TO, EGRESS FROM
AND TRANSFER BETWEEN WORK POSITIONS .............................................................. 10

ANNEX A REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ................................................................................. 11

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NOTES
the Electricity Industry
National Fall Protection Guidelines for
 National Fall Protection Guidelines for
the Electricity Industry

1. PREFACE
Restructuring of the electricity supply industry throughout Australia and New Zealand has
removed traditional geographical boundaries and greatly increased the likelihood that
employees and service providers move between organisations, States and Countries.
The Electricity Supply Association of Australia (ESAA) has produced a National Electricity
Network Safety Code as the peak hierarchical document on electricity industry safety in
Australia with the objectives to:
• promote safety as a priority for customers, the public and industry workers;
• promote nationally consistent practices;
• promote economic efficiencies through standardisation; and
• simplify the interpretation of regulatory requirements.
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These Guidelines were developed jointly by representatives of the Australian generation,

transmission and distribution electricity supply industry and the Electricity Supply
Association of Australia to support the objectives of the National Electricity Network Safety
Code and fit into the following framework.

Acts and
Regulations

Codes

Standards and
Guidelines

Organisational
Policies Practices
and Approved
Procedures

These guidelines reflect current Electricity Industry interpretation of legislative requirements

and relevant Standards. These guidelines are intended to provide a basis for a uniform and
consistent approach to the provision of safe systems of access to, egress from, transfer
between work positions upon and working aloft on poles, lattice structures, substation
equipment and related structures.
It is not the intent of these Guidelines to set out detailed procedures for access to work on
apparatus and as such, the Guidelines herein should be supplemented by approved
procedures.
These Guidelines include terminology that could appear unfamiliar to some sectors of the
electricity supply industry, however, the terms adopted have been selected on their general
usage and acceptability.

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 National Fall Protection Guidelines for
the Electricity Industry

The Guidelines include mandatory and advisory provisions and are formulated in such a
way that, depending on statutory requirements, sections that use the word ‘shall’ provide
mandatory provisions and sections that use the word ‘should’ provide advisory or
discretionary provisions.
The use of italics indicates the word or words are as defined in these Guidelines.
The ESAA will monitor the use and impact of these Guidelines and, consequently, may seek
to review and amend them, as may be appropriate from time to time. Comments are
welcome and can be sent to the Association.

2. OBJECTIVES
The objective of these guidelines is to establish the principles applicable to fall protection
when working at heights within the Electricity Industry.
Their adoption and application will enable the development and maintenance of safe
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systems of access to, egress from, transfer between work positions upon and working aloft
on poles, lattice structures, substation equipment and related structures, consistent with
prevailing legislative requirements.

3. SCOPE
These guidelines are specific to work carried out within the Electricity Industry involving the
activities specified above.
These guidelines exclude work on aircraft used for patrols and maintenance activities.
These guidelines should be read in conjunction with but do not override the requirements of
any Act, Regulation, Code or Standard applicable within any State, Territory or National
jurisdiction.
All methods, equipment and anchorages mentioned in these guidelines refer to individual
personal attachment applications when engaged in activities specified above.

4. LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS
Prevailing Occupational Health and Safety Legislation in general prescribes obligations
upon employers to ensure the health, safety and welfare of their employees and require the
employer to provide and maintain safe places and systems of work, without risk to the
health of both workers and others.
Falling from heights during access to, egress from, transfer between work positions or
working aloft is a hazard that may result in serious injury or death. In order to comply with
the various Acts and Regulations, it is necessary that the likelihood of falling is assessed
and that control measures are established and maintained to eliminate or minimise the risk.

There is significant variation in the level of legislative prescription covering fall protection
and in possible application of requirements which ensure safe work at heights including
requirements for the safe access to, egress from and transfer between work positions.

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5. DEFINITIONS
‘Access, egress and transfer’ vertical or horizontal movement of a person.
‘Aloft’ at or above the minimum height specified by jurisdictional requirements at which fall
prevention measures are to be applied.
‘Attached’ continuously connected to a structure or work platform.
‘Attached climbing’ continuously connected to a structure or work platform while
accessing, egressing from, working upon or transferring between.
‘Anchorage’ a secure attachment on a structure to which a fall arrest device, or lanyard
assembly or restraint line may be attached.
‘Competency’ acquisition through training, qualification or experience or a combination of
those things, of the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to undertake the assigned task
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competently.
‘Fall arrest system’ an assembly of interconnected components comprising a harness
connected to an anchorage or anchorage system either directly or by means of a lanyard,
lanyard assembly or pole strap, and whose purpose is to arrest a fall.
‘Fall arrest harness’ an assembly of interconnected shoulder and leg straps, with or with
out a body belt, designed for attachment to a lanyard, pole strap or fall arrest device as
specified in AS/NZS 1891.3, and used where there is a likelihood of free fall or restrained
fall.
‘Footed’ physically supporting a portable ladder at the base, to prevent unintentional
movement.
‘Free fall’ any fall or part of a fall where the person suffering the fall is under the
unrestrained influence of gravity over any fall distance, either vertically or on a slope, on
which it is not possible to walk without the assistance of a handrail or handline.
‘Free fall arrest’ the arrest of a fall where the fall distance before the fall arrest system
begins to take loading, is in excess of 600 mm either vertically or on a slope on which it is
not possible to walk without the assistance of a handrail or hand line. The fall distance shall
not exceed 2000 mm.
‘Hanging ladder’ a special use ladder designed and constructed in accordance with
AS/NZS 1892 and used in a suspended mode.
‘Hazard’ a source of potential harm or a situation with potential for harm.
‘Horizontal lifeline’ a flexible line supported by two or more anchorages such that the
slope of a straight line joining any two adjacent anchorages does not exceed the system
manufacturer’s recommended slope or, in absence of such recommendation, five (5)
degrees.
‘Horizontal life rail’ a structurally rigid rail for the attachment of a lanyard or personal fall
arrest device via a mobile attachment device and having a slope not exceeding the system
manufacturer’s recommended slope or, in absence of such recommendation, three (3)
degrees.
‘Lanyard’ a line, usually as part of a lanyard assembly, used to connect a harness to an
anchorage or static line in situations where there is a risk of a free fall.
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 National Fall Protection Guidelines for
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‘Lanyard assembly’ an assembly of a lanyard and a personal energy absorber.

‘Lattice structure’ a structure with diagonally crossing strips of steel forming a support.
‘Limited free fall’ any fall or part of a fall where the person suffering the fall is under a
restrained influence of gravity over any fall distance, either vertically or on a slope, on
which it is not possible to walk without the assistance of a handrail or handline.
‘Limited free fall arrest’ the arrest of a fall occurring under the conditions described for a
free fall except that under reasonably foreseeable circumstances the fall distance will not
exceed 600 mm.
‘Lineworker’s body belt’ a body belt designed for use with a pole strap, which is fastened
around the waist.
‘Mechanically stabilised’ to be stabilised by a means, device or assembly fitted to or
attached to a portable ladder to prevent slippage of the ladder head and ladder footing.
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‘Portable ladder’ a ladder designed, constructed and used in an inclined standing mode,
in accordance with AS/NZS 1892.
‘Pole strap’ an adjustable work-positioning strap designed to be placed around a pole and
attached at two points on each side of a line workers body belt, work positioning harness or
fall arrest harness, whilst the wearer is working on the pole.
‘Restrained fall’ any fall where the person suffering the fall is under less than the
influence of gravity, due to the action of a restraining device such as a pole strap.
‘Restrained fall arrest’ the arrest of a fall where the person suffering the fall is partially
restrained by the actions of a restraining device such as a line workers belt with pole strap
(normally used under tension), or is sliding down a slope where it is possible to walk without
the assistance of a handrail or hand line.
‘Risk’ the chance of something happening that has the potential to cause injury or harm
the health of a person. It is measured in terms of consequences and likelihood.
‘Secured’ lashing, clamping or otherwise fixing of the ladder top to the structure against
which the ladder has been placed.
‘Static line’ a horizontal (or substantially horizontal), line or vertical line to which a lanyard
may be attached and which is designed to arrest a free fall.
‘Shall’ indicates that a statement is mandatory.
‘Should’ indicates a recommendation.
‘Work platform’ an approved device that provides a working area for the duration of the
work carried out at heights, and which by the design prevents persons from falling.
‘Work positioning harness’ an assembly of a body belt and leg loops for use as a work-
positioning device and for use where there is a likelihood of a restrained fall or limited free
fall only.

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 National Fall Protection Guidelines for
the Electricity Industry

6. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Persons required to access, egress from or transfer between work positions or work aloft on
poles, lattice structures, substation equipment and related structures, shall maintain
attachment at all times except where gaining access by portable ladder, or where
jurisdictional or particular task requirements permit or require alternative means of
managing the prevention of falls.
Fall protection principles are based on a hierarchy of controls. The selection of appropriate
fall protection equipment shall be based on identification of the hazards associated with
access to, egress from or transfer between work positions or working aloft and the
assessment of the risk of restrained fall, limited free fall or free fall.

7. RISK MANAGEMENT
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7.1 General
Risks associated with access to, egress from and transfer between work positions and
working aloft shall be managed.
The risk management shall include the identification of hazards, the assessment of
those hazards to determine risks that need to be managed, and the development and
implementation of risk mitigation procedures.
Risk assessments shall be carried out in two separate stages.

1. A work method risk assessment, which should identify:

• the nature and duration of the task;
• the alternative methods of access such as climbing, work platforms, scaffolding
or other methods of access;
• the risks associated with each method of access;
• the method of access chosen;
• the fall protection equipment to be used; and
• an appropriate rescue procedure.

2. A work site risk assessment shall be carried out prior to the commencement of the
work having exposure to the risk of a fall from height to confirm the suitability of the fall
prevention control measures to be adopted relative to the identified site specific
hazards. The work site risk assessment may be incorporated into an overall risk
assessment.

In identifying and managing the risks, the nature of the intended tasks should be
considered in the selection and use of fall protection methods. Considerations such as
the following should be included:
• anchorage security and strength;
• control over the movement of the connection along the anchorage;
• abrasion or damage to components;

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 National Fall Protection Guidelines for
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• use of welding, cutting, heating or sand / water cleaning equipment;

• effect of chemicals on the components of fall protection systems; and
• electrical hazards.

7.2 Electrical Hazards

Fall arrest equipment shall be configured and used in such a way as to limit any
potential free fall to a minimum practicable distance.
A work site risk assessment shall identify necessary control measures to be adopted
to prevent inadvertent bodily contact with live electrical lines or apparatus in the event
of the fall of a person working in proximity thereto.

7.3 Suspension Trauma

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Suspension trauma is the subject of current research and electricity industry review.
Suspension trauma is the physiological state that can be experienced by persons
subject to motionless suspension and or a fall arrest. Some persons may be
susceptible to suspension trauma more so than others and the effects may be harmful
or fatal.
The effect of suspension trauma is minimised by ensuring immediate rescue of a
person who is suspended in a harness as a result of a fall.

8. CATEGORIES OF FALL ARREST

Restrained Fall Arrest –
The arrest of a fall where the person suffering the fall is partially restrained by the
actions of a restraining device such as a line workers belt with pole strap (normally
used under tension), or is sliding down a slope where it is possible to walk without the
assistance of a handrail or hand line.
Limited Free Fall Arrest –
The arrest of a fall occurring under the conditions described for a free fall except that
under reasonably foreseeable circumstances the fall distance will not exceed 600 mm.
Free Fall Arrest –
The arrest of a fall where the fall distance before the fall arrest system begins to take
loading, is in excess of 600 mm either vertically or on a slope on which it is not
possible to walk without the assistance of a handrail or hand line. The fall distance
shall not exceed 2000 mm.

9. ANCHORAGE CRITERIA
Anchorage requirements are as follows:
1. Anchorages should be as close as practicable to and preferably vertically above the
work position to reduce the fall distance and the influence of a pendulum effect.

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 National Fall Protection Guidelines for
the Electricity Industry

2. Anchorages shall have the following minimum strength without breakage in the
direction of loading for:
• A restrained fall arrest 6 kN
• A limited free fall arrest 12 kN
• A free fall arrest 15 kN
3. Certain structures may not be capable of providing anchorages of adequate strength
for fall arrest purposes. In such cases, alternative methods of protecting persons at
heights, based on an appropriate risk assessment, shall be required.

10. ACCESS TO, EGRESS FROM AND TRANSFER BETWEEN

WORK POSITIONS
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10.1 Structures
Persons required to access, egress from or transfer between work positions on
structures attached, shall use either restrained fall arrest, limited free fall arrest or free
fall arrest, depending upon which type best achieves fall protection for the
circumstances.
Where permitted, access to a structure by means of a fixed ladder which complies
with relevant standards, may be undertaken using the method of free climbing to the
point at which the ladder terminates.

10.2 Portable and Hanging Ladders

Where a portable ladder, other than hanging ladder, is used as the means of gaining
access, the ladder shall be footed or mechanically stabilised, until secured. Three
points of contact should be maintained with the ladder during ascent and descent.
Where a hanging ladder is used as a means of gaining access, the ladder shall be
secured and the persons shall use limited free fall arrest or free fall arrest, depending
upon which type best achieves fall protection for the circumstances.

10.3 Transfer Between Structures and Work Platforms

Where the practice is permitted persons who transfer between a structure and work
platform shall use limited free fall arrest or free fall arrest, depending upon which type
best achieves fall protection for the circumstances. Consideration shall be given to
minimising the time persons are attached at two points, the relative movement of the
work platform, the condition and suitability of the structure and an appropriate rescue
path.
Table 1 in Section 14, recommends a range of attachment methods that users of this
guide may utilise for the situation described above.

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 National Fall Protection Guidelines for
the Electricity Industry

11. WORK POSITIONS

11.1 Lattice Structures
Persons at the work position on lattice structures shall use restrained fall arrest,
limited free fall arrest or free fall arrest, depending upon which type best achieves fall
protection for the circumstances.

11.2 Portable and Hanging Ladders

Persons at the work position on a portable ladder other than a hanging ladder shall
secure the ladder before commencing the work and shall utilise restrained fall arrest.
Where the ladder cannot be secured, the ladder shall remain footed or mechanically
stabilised at the base.
Where a hanging ladder is used as a work position, the ladder shall remain secured
and the persons shall use limited free fall arrest or free fall arrest, depending upon
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which type best achieves fall protection for the circumstances.

11.3 Awnings
Where work on awnings involves the risk of a free fall, restrained fall arrest, limited
free fall arrest or free fall arrest shall be used as appropriate to achieve the best fall
protection for the circumstances. Consideration must be given to the use of other
means of fall protection eg temporary work platforms where the above methods are
not able to be practicably deployed.

11.4 Poles
Persons required to perform work upon poles shall use restrained fall arrest. Where
obstructions or other factors prevent the use of restrained fall arrest, then limited free
fall arrest or free fall arrest shall be used until such time as restrained fall arrest can
be resumed.

11.5 Substation equipment

Persons at the work position on substation or related equipment, who are required to
work attached, shall use restrained fall arrest where practicable. Where this is
impracticable, limited free fall arrest or free fall arrest shall be used, depending upon
which type best achieves fall protection for the circumstances. Consideration must be
given to the use of other means of fall protection where the above methods are not
able to be practicably deployed.

11.6 Work Platforms

Persons working from a work platform shall use restrained fall arrest, limited free fall
arrest or free fall arrest as appropriate to achieve the best fall protection in the
circumstances. The fall arrest system used shall be attached to an approved
anchorage.
Section 10.3 provides guidance on safe management of transfer from a work platform
to a position outside the work platform, where jurisdictions allow this practice.
Table 1 in Section 14, recommends a range of attachment methods that users of this
guide may utilise for the situations described above.

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 National Fall Protection Guidelines for
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12. TRAINING AND COMPETENCY

Employers shall ensure that employees are trained and have current competency to climb
and work aloft.
Employee training should be competency based, aligned to the National Industry training
package standards and documented for individuals.
Training shall include but not be limited to:

principles and methods of fall protection for access to, egress from and transfer
between work positions and working aloft;

equipment types, use, care, inspection and maintenance;

hazard identification associated with fall and fall arrest situations; and

techniques for rescue aloft specific to fall protection methods used.
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Competencies for access to, egress from and transfer between work positions and working
aloft, should be assessed regularly, and at intervals not exceeding three years.
As a minimum, assessment should cover knowledge, skills and attitude necessary for an
individual to perform specified activities and tasks.
Assessments should also include physical and psychological suitability.

13. RESCUE FROM ALOFT

Appropriate rescue procedures shall be developed and rescue equipment provided for use
at each work site to enable the rescue of a person aloft.
Fall protection for the rescuer must be sufficient to meet the particular circumstances.
Procedures must also exist to minimise risk of harm from suspension trauma or other
injuries.
Persons who may be required to undertake the rescue of a person aloft shall be competent
to do so and be competent in the performance of Resuscitation to the standard required by
individual jurisdictions. Rescuers should also be competent in the performance of
Emergency First Aid procedures.
Table 1 in Section 14, recommends a range of attachment methods that users of this guide
may utilise for the situation described above.

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 National Fall Protection Guidelines for
the Electricity Industry

14. APPLICATION OF FALL ARREST DURING ATTACHED

ACCESS TO, EGRESS FROM AND TRANSFER BETWEEN
WORK POSITIONS
Table 1 provides for a range of methods for achieving various categories of fall arrest for
attached access to, egress from and transfer between work positions.

TABLE 1
APPLICATION OF CATEGORIES OF FALL ARREST

Categories Minimum Anchorage

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Category Typical
Of Fall Equipment Requirements
Description Applications
Arrest Requirements (see Note 1)

Restrained A combination of Lineworker’s body 6 kN minimum Access to, egress

fall arrest anchorage belt or work strength without from and transfer
placements and positioning breakage between work
restraint line or harness. Fixed positions and
pole strap length, length restraint line working aloft where
which will permit or pole strap. no free fall is
only a restrained possible.
fall at the work
position.
Limited free Combinations of Work positioning 12 kN minimum Any situation where
fall arrest anchorage harness. Fixed strength without the use of either a
placement and lanyard. breakage or short lanyard or a
lanyard length equivalent static fall arrest device or
that will permit line, cable or both, where
only a limited free rail. applicable, will limit
fall of less than or any free fall to less
equal to 600 mm. than or equal to 600
mm.
Free fall Any suitable fall Fall arrest harness 15 kN minimum Any situation in
arrest arrest system, lanyard assembly strength without which a free fall of
which permits a or fall arrest device, breakage or greater than 600
free fall of greater which will limit free equivalent static mm and less than
than 600 mm and fall to 2000 mm. line, cable or or equal to 2000
less than, or equal rail. mm is possible.
to 2000 mm.

Note:
The use of personal fall protection equipment not meeting the requirements of Australian and New
Zealand Standards, may create hazards such as fall arrest forces which will exceed the anchorage
strengths specified in the Table 1.

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 National Fall Protection Guidelines for
the Electricity Industry

ANNEX A
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
The standards listed below are relevant to these Guidelines but do not represent all the standards,
codes and guidelines that may need to be consulted in meeting the requirements of these
Guidelines.

The reference documents are correct at the time of publication of these Guidelines, however they
should be checked before use to ensure that they remain the current and most appropriate
document, and that all associated amendments are considered.
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AS 1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders—Design, construction and

installation

AS/NZS 1891.1 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices—Safety belts and harnesses

AS/NZS 1891.2 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices—Horizontal lifeline and rail systems

AS/NZS 1891.3 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices—Fall-arrest devices

AS/NZS 1891.4 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices—Selection, use and maintenance

AS/ NZS 1892.1 Portable ladders—Metal

AS/NZS 1892.2 Portable ladders—Timber

AS/NZS 1892.3 Portable ladders—Reinforced plastic

AS/NZS 1892.5 Portable ladders—Selection, safe use and care.

AS/NZS 4576 Guidelines for scaffolding

11
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12
NOTES
the Electricity Industry
National Fall Protection Guidelines for
 ESAA Secretariat
PO Box A2492
Sydney South
NSW 1235
Telephone 02 9261 0141
Facsimile 02 9261 3153
Website www.esaa.com.au

Standards Australia
Website www.standards.com.au
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ISBN 0 7337 5064 8