DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
A seminar report submitted to the
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
OF
VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOGY
BURLA
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted By:
Sonam Pradhan
1602061062
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
BURLA-768018
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ABSTRACT
Power quality is one of the major problems in today’s scenario.it has become important with the
introduction of complex devices, whose performance is very sensitive to the quality of power
supplied. Power quality problem is an occurrence developed as a nonstandard voltage, current or
frequency that result in a failure of end use equipment. Some of the major problem dealt here is
power and swell. This presentation describes the effectiveness of using dynamic voltage
restorer(DVR) in order to mitigate voltage sags and swells in low voltage distribution systems.
Dynamic voltage restorer can provide the most cost effective solution to mitigate voltage sags
and swells that is required by customer. The dynamic voltage restorer(DVR) is a rapid, flexible
and resourceful solution to power quality problems
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TABLE OF CONTENT
• ABSTRACT…………………………………………….02
• INTRODUCTION…………………………………………04
• DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER……………………….05
• BASIC COMPONENTS…………………………………...06
• BLOCK DIAGRAM………………………………………08
• VOLTAGE SAG………………………………………….09
• VOLTAGE SWELL……………………………………….10
• SIMULATION……………………………………………11
• RESULT………………………………………………….12
• ADVANTAGES…………………………………………..12
• CONCLUSION……………………………………………13
• REFERENCES……………………………………………14
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INTRODUCTION
The IEEE defines power quality as the ability of a system or equipment to function satisfactorily
in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances
to anything in that environment. Electrical energy is the simple and well regulated form of energy,
can be easily transformed to other forms. Along with its quality and continuity has to maintain for
good economy. Power quality has become major concern for today’s power industries and
consumers. Power quality issues are caused by increasingly demand of electronic equipment and
non-linear loads. Many disturbances associated with electrical power are voltage sag, voltage
swell, voltage flicker and harmonic contents. This degrades the efficiency and shortens the life
time of end user equipment. It also causes data and memory loss of electronic equipment like
computer. Due to complexity of power system network voltage sag/swell became the major power
quality issue affecting the end consumers and industries. It occurs frequently and result in high
losses. Voltage sag is due to sudden disconnection of load, fault in the system and voltage swell is
due to single line to ground fault results in voltage rise of unfaulted phases. The continuity of
power supply can be maintained by clearing the faults at faster rate. Other power quality issues i.e.
voltage flickering, harmonics, transients etc has to be compensated to enhance the power quality.
Power electronic devices i.e. Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) and Dynamic
Voltage Restorer (DVR) been recently used for voltage sag/swell compensation. In this project
DVR is proposed which can protect the end-consumer load from any unbalance of voltage supply.
It is a series compensating device, can maintain the load voltage profile even when the source side
voltage is distorted
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DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER
A DVR is a series connected custom device that injects the appropriate/desired voltage to the load
bus in order to maintain the voltage profile. However, in standard condition it is in stand-by mode.
The compensating voltage is injected by three single phase transformers whose property can be
controlled. These voltages are in synchronism with the load voltage. DVR has three mode of
operation:
1 Protection mode:
In order to isolate DVR from the system during overload current caused by short circuit or large
inrush current, bypass switches are provided. The current is supplied to the system using other
path.
2 Standby mode:
In this mode, Low Voltage winding of injection transformer is shorted. No switching operation occurs in
this mode.
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3 Injection mode
In this mode, DVR injects the compensating voltage through injection transformer. DVR in
injection mode is carried out in following steps: 1. To find any voltage unbalance in the distribution
network. This can be done by comparing the terminal voltage with load reference voltage. The
difference is the desired voltage. 2. To initiate switching signals for Voltage Source Inverter (VSI),
to track the desired voltage generated above by using satisfactory switching techniques such as
SVPWM. 3. To filter harmonics by using passive filter, present in injected voltages. 4. To inject
the filtered voltage using single phase transformers either connected in series with the load bus.
BASIC COMPONENT OF DVR
• Voltage source inverter
• Injection transformer
• Passive filter
• Energy storage unit
• Control unit
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI):
VSI converts fixed supply voltage stored into variable supply voltage. The converted voltage is
boosted through the transformer. The rating is usually low voltage and high current since step up
injection transformer is used. The output voltage of VSI should be:
i. Balanced and pure sinusoidal
ii. Same phase sequence as that of system
iii. Desired magnitude
iv. For particular time duration
v. Should be instantaneous
Voltage injection transformer:
The AC voltage supplied by VSI is stepped up by using injection transformer to the desired
voltage level. The winding connection of injection transformer depends on step down
transformer connected in distribution line. It is either connected in star/open star winding or
delta/open star winding. The former connection allows injection of zero sequence components as
well whereas the latter connection does not allow it. Here three phase single transformer is used.
The amount of voltage sag/swell compensated by DVR depends upon the rating of injection
transformer and inverter.
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Passive filter:
It filters out the harmonics present in the output of the VSI. It can be kept either at the inverter
side or at the HV side of the transformer. If filter is placed at the inverter side, switching
harmonics are prohibited to enter the injection transformer thereby reduces rating and voltage
stress on it. If the filter is placed at HV side of injection transformer, harmonics can enter into
HV side hence rating of transformer increases.
Energy storage unit:
During compensation, this unit provide the required real power to generate compensating
voltage. Energy storage devices are lead acid batteries, flywheels, dc capacitors and super
capacitors. Its capacity has great effect on compensation capability of DVR. The system with
large disturbance requires real power compensation. DC to AC conversion required for batteries
whereas AC to AC conversion required for flywheels.
Control circuit:
Control circuit steadily observe the system. Its function is to detect any disturbance in the system
done by comparing the supply voltage with reference voltage and generate the switching
command signals for VSI in order to generate the compensating voltage by DVR. Calculation of
Voltage injected by DVR. When voltage unbalance occurs, DVR injects the desired voltage
through injection transformer to maintain constant voltage profile. Zth is the equivalent system
impedance whose value depends upon the fault type.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DVR
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VOLTAGE SAG(OR DIP)
The voltage sag or dip can be stated as decrease in nominal voltage level by 10-90% for short duration
for half cycle to one minute as shown in fig Sometime, voltage sag last for long duration such prolonged
low voltage profile referred as ‘under-voltage’. Voltage sag is further divided in three categories:
instantaneous, momentary and temporary sags respectively. Voltage sag are mainly caused due to
occurrence of faults in power system, overloading of the electrical network and starting current drawn
by heavy electrical loads like motors and refrigerators. Voltage sag in power system network results in
failure of relays and contactor, dim light and fluctuating power.
CAUSES
• Faults on the transmission or distribution network(most of the times on parallel feeders).
• Faults in consumer’s installation.
• Connection of heavy loads and start-up of large motors.
CONSEQUENCES
• Malfunction of microprocessor-based control system(PCs,PLCs,ASDs,etc)
• Tripping of contactors and relays
• Disconnection and loss of efficiency in rotating machines.
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VOLTAGE SWELL
Voltage swell can be stated as voltage rise by 10-80% of normal value for duration of half cycle
to one minute as shown in fig. Likewise voltage sag, prolonged high voltage profile is referred as
‘over-voltage’. Voltage swell is subdivided as: i. Instantaneous swell ii. Momentary swell iii.
Temporary swell.
CA
CAUSES
• Stop of heavy loads
• Single line to ground fault
• Poorly regulated transformer(mainly during off-peak hour)
CONSEQUECES
• Data loss, flickering of lighting and screen
• Stoppage or damage of sensitive equipment if the voltage values are too high.
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SIMULATION
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RESULT
Voltage waveform during 3 phase sudden short circuit.
during 3 Voltage waveform phase sudden short circuit after using DVR
ADVANTAGES.
• UPS requires a lot of maintenance which may be due to problems of battery leakage
and replacement.
• DVR is small in size and is a better power effective device as compared to others
link UPS, SMES(Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage) and DSTATCOM.
• DVR also compensates line voltage harmonics along with mitigation of voltage sag
and swell.
• DVR is mostly preferred because it is less expensive. If compared to DSTATCOM
and UPS, DVR is a lot cheaper.
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CONCLUSION
• The simulation shows that the DVR performance is satisfactory in mitigating voltage
sags/swells.
• The DVR handles both balanced and unbalanced situations without any difficulties and
injects the appropriate voltage component.
• From simulation results also show that the DVR compensates the sags/swells quickly and
provides excellent voltage regulation.
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REFERENCES
1. Y.Praksh, Dr.S.Sankar,”Power Quality Improvement using DVR in Power System”,IEEE
Trans.no.1,pp.1-6,2014.
2. S.P.Mishra,B.Biswal,J.P.Roselyn,D.Devaraj,”Simulation and Analysis of DVR for
Mitigating Voltage Sags and Swells”,IEEE Trans.pp.341-350,2013.
3. R.Omar,N.A.Rahim,M.Sulaiman,”Dynamic Voltage Restorer application for Power
Quality Improvement in Electrical Distribution System”,pp-379-396,2011.
SUBMITED BY
SONAM PRADHAN
1602061062
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