SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY
ICHCHANATH, PIPLOD, SURAT-395007

ELECRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that:

Ms. _____________JINAL PARMAR_________________________________________

Roll no._______U18EC108______________ has satisfactorily completed the lab exercises for

EC: 402: RF AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING of B.TECH. IV- SEMESTER VIII in

the Academic Year 2021-2022.

SUBJECT CO-ORDINATOR

DATE: 27/04/22
 INDEX
PAGE
SR.NO. DATE PRACTICAL NAME SIGN
NO.
Introduction to the RFME Lab and various instruments
1
17/01/22 and components used in it.
Introduction to CST software (Computer Simulation
2 24/01/22 Technology).

3 31/01/22 Design and simulate a rectangular wave guide and plot

the E and H fields of various modes in CST.

Design and simulate a circular waveguide and plot

4 07/02/22 the E and H fields, S-parameters of the first 5 modes
at 10 GHz frequency.

Design and simulate a E Plane Tee and plot the E, H

5 14/02/22 fields and S parameters.

Design and simulate a H Plane Tee and plot the H field

6 21/03/22 and S parameters at 10 GHz

(A) To calculate the insertion and isolation loss of

7 28/03/22 Magic Tee.
(B) To calculate the insertion and isolation loss of
Isolator.

To determine the resonant frequency of the micro

8 30/03/22
strip ring resonator and to calculate the εr of the
substrate. (Known parameters are strip conductor
width in the ring W=1.84 mm, height of substrate
h=0.76mm , radius of the ring , r0=12mm)

Measurement of Power Division, Isolation

9 06/04/22 characteristics of a matched 3dB Power Divider.

13/04/22
To study characteristics of Reflex Klystron.
10

11 19/04/22 To determine the frequency & wavelength in a

rectangular waveguide working in TE10 mode.
 Practical-1
Name: JINAL PARMAR Roll No: U18EC108
AIM:
Introduction to RF & Microwave Engineering lab instruments.

Apparatus:
 Klystron Power Supply
 Gunn Power Supply
 Microwave Generator
 SWR Meter
 Network Analyzer 0.3 Mhz- 3.2 Ghz
 Digital Storage Oscilloscopes
 TEE
 Coupler
 Phase Shifter
 Klystron Mount
 Isolator and Circulator
 Variable and Fixed Attenuator
 Digital DRF Meter
 Wave Guide Detector Mount

Theory:
Klystron Power Supply:

Klystron Power Supply generates required beam and repeller voltage for the X-Band klystron tube like
2K25. It is very stable and contains the short circuit protection circuit. Also, it has amplitude and
frequency modulation circuits for the generation of 1 KHz square wave and the sawtooth wave.

Klystron Power Supply Nvis 102 , is a state-of-the-art solidstate, regulated Power Supply for
operating low power Klystrons. Nvis 102, Klystron Power Supply is an ideal platform to enhance
education, training, skills & development amongs our young minds.

 Regulated Beam Supply and Repeller Supply voltages.

 LED Digital meter for Beam voltage, current and Repeller voltage.
 Compact and Reliable.
 Modular construction for easy maintenance.
 In addition to AM and FM modulation of beam current, a provision for external modulation
is provided.
Gunn Power Supply:
The Gunn power supply delivers the DC and control voltages required for the operation of the Gunn
oscillator and PIN modulator and enables the demodulated microwave signal to be quantitatively
evaluated. Furthermore, this unit has various inputs and outputs for experiments on modulation and
characteristics.

Gunn Power Supply Nvis 101A is a Microcontroller based Equipment with LCD. A very important
feature of this instrument is the simultaneous display of Voltage and Current which is the basic
requirement of VI Characteristics experiment. Here different Modulation Modes can be selected
with a single switch display on LCD. For PC to PC Data Communication Experiment a Software is
provided with this instrument. Nvis 101A, Gunn Power Supply is an ideal platform to enhance
education, training, skills & development amongs our young minds.
Microwave Generator:

Microwave generators are used to create microwave energy. This energy is then used in many
ways, sectors, and for different purposes. Most of the time, microwaves are used in thermal
processes for their ability to heat.

Nvis 104 Microwave Generator is a generator of frequency range 2.2GHz to 3GHz. It is a low
cost and quality solution for microwave laboratories. It can be used as a source of 2.2GHz to
3GHz continuously variable frequency signal with Sweep, Internal AM, FM and External
modulation modes. It is also used to study the characteristics of Micro Strip Component
Designed in between 2.2 to 3GHz Microwave frequency ranges.

SWR Meter:

The term SWR meter stands for standing wave ratio meter and alternate names of this meter are
VSWR or ISWR. These meters are used to measure the SWR (standing wave ratio) within
a transmission line. This meter ultimately measures the amount of difference between a transmission
line & an antenna. Here antenna is usually a load. SWR meter is very helpful in determining how the
RF energy is reproduced back in the direction of the transmitter as compared to the RF energy which
is transmitted out throughout operation.

SWR Meter Nvis 103A is a Microcontroller based Equipment with LCD. The Analog metres have
multiple scales which makes the instrument very complicated for the students. The Digital Display of
SWR & dB solves the problem. Since the Equipment has a Microcontroller based digital display so
there is no need of expanded scales, as it was in conventional instruments.
Network Analyzer:

The Planar 304/1 is a 3.2 GHz, full-size analyzer providing lab grade performance in a 19-inch chassis,
including both 2-port configuration and direct receiver access. All devices are ATE compatible, rack
mountable, and easy to program and share between multiple users. This full-size analyzer is
designed for operation with any Windows or Linux operating system on a PC, laptop, or tablet, or
x86 board computer. The free, lightweight VNA application connects to the 304/1 with a standard
USB cable, creating a future-proof solution that significantly enhances ease of use compared with
conventional instruments.

Digital Storage Oscilloscopes:

The digital storage oscilloscope is an instrument which gives the storage of a digital waveform or the
digital copy of the waveform. It allows us to store the signal or the waveform in the digital format, and
in the digital memory also it allows us to do the digital signal processing techniques over that signal.
The maximum frequency measured on the digital signal oscilloscope depends upon two things they
are: sampling rate of the scope and the nature of the converter. The traces in DSO are bright, highly
defined, and displayed within seconds.
The TDS2004B is a 60 MHz, 4 channel digital oscilloscope from Tektronix. Measure voltage or current
signals over time in an electronic circuit or component to display amplitude, frequency and rise
times, etc. Applications include troubleshooting, production test, and design.

TEE:
TEE Band X Frequency Range(GHz) 8.2-12.4 Waveguide WR-90 Flange UG-39/U Max. Length of cell
200 mm Plunger Movement 65 mm Tees are used to combine power from two input or divided the
microwave power from one input to two output lines. Tee is an intersection of three waveguides in
the form of alphabet T.

E-plane TEE and H-plane TEE:

E-H TEE:
Coupler:

Cross Directional Coupler:

Cross Directional Coupler consists of two waveguide sectional joint at (90°) with the coupling element
mounted into the common broad wall.

Multihole Directional Coupler:

Directional coupler are designed to measure incident and reflected power values and also provide a
signal path to a receiver or perform other desirable operation. In its most common form, the
directional coupler is a four fort waveguide junction consisting of a primary main waveguide and a
secondary auxiliary waveguide. These are available in 3, 6,10, 20, 40 dB coupling.

Phase Shifter:

Many applications require phase shift to be introduced between two given position in a waveguide
system. It consists of a dielectric slab or vane specially shaped to minimize reflection effect. Phase
shifter are used to change the effective electrical length of transmission line without changing its
physical length. They are particularly useful in microwave bridge circuit where the phase and
amplitude must be adjusted independently.
Klystron Mount:

Klystron mounts are used to transmit microwave power from reflex klystron tube to rectangular
waveguide. Klystron mounts are designed by a section of waveguide, one end of waveguide is fitted
with a movable short plunger. A small hole on the broad wall of waveguide is provided through which
coupling pin of reflex klystron tube enters into the waveguide. By moving plunger (matching the
impedance of klystron tube and waveguide) maximum output can be achieved.

Isolator and Circulator:

The ferrites isolators and circulators are matched 2 port and 3 port devices respectively, which offer
low insertion loss and high isolation over 1GHz band width.
An isolator is a 2 port device which allows signals from port 1 to port 2 & provides maximum
attenuation for transmission from port 2 to 1. A circulator is a three port device which has a peculiar
property of coupling power to the adjacent port clockwise.

Variable and Fixed Attenuator:

Attenuators are required to adjust power or attenuate the power flowing in waveguide. There
are two type of attenuators fixed and variable.

Digital DRF Meter:

Direct Reading frequency meters are used to measure the microwave frequency accurately. Digital
Display LCD provides high resolution which is particularly useful while measuring frequency difference
of small frequency changes.
Wave Guide Detector Mount:
The crystal detector can be used for the detection of microwave signal. At low level of microwave
power, the response of each detector approximates to square law characteristics and may be used
with a high gain selective amplifier having a square law meter calibration.

Microwave Test Bench:

The Microwave Test Benches are precision made microwave systems, which use standard type
rectangular wave-guide components to illustrate the essential elements of this field for study.

Conclusion:
In this experiment we discussed about various apparatus and their functionalities available in the
RF&ME lab.
 Practical-2
Name: JINAL PARMAR Roll No: U18EC108
AIM:
Introduction to CST software (Computer Simulation Technology)

Theory:
CST MICROWAVE STUDIO is a fully featured software package for electromagnetic analysis and design in the
high frequency range. It simplifies the process of creating the structure by providing a powerful graphical solid
modelling front end which is based on the ACIS modelling kernel. After the model has been constructed, a fully
automatic meshing procedure is applied before a simulation engine is started. An advanced visualization
engine and flexible post-processing allow you to analyze and improve your design in a relevant and efficient way.

A key feature of CST MICROWAVE STUDIO is the Complete Technology approach which gives the
choice of simulator or mesh type that is best suited to a particular problem, seamlessly integrated into
one user interface. Since no one method works equally well for all applications, the software contains
several different simulation techniques (time domain solvers, frequency domain solvers, integral equation
solver, multilayer solver, asymptotic solver, and eigenmode solver) to best suit various applications.

The largest simulation flexibility is offered by the time domain solvers, which can obtain the entire broadband
frequency behaviour of the simulated device from a single calculation run. These solvers are
remarkably efficient for many high frequency applications such as connectors, transmission lines,
waveguide components, and antennas, amongst others.

Common Electromagnetic Analysis Problems Include:

 Antenna and filter design

 Electromagnetic compatibility and interference (EMC/EMI)
 Exposure of the human body to EM fields
 Electro-mechanical effects in motors and generators
 Thermal effects in high-power devices

Who Uses CST MICROWAVE STUDIO?

Anyone who has to deal with electromagnetic problems in the high frequency range should use CST
MICROWAVE STUDIO. The program is especially suited to the fast, efficient analysis and design of
components like single and multi-element antennas (including phased arrays), filters, transmission lines,
couplers, connectors (single and multiple pin), printed circuit boards, resonators, optical devices, and many
more. Due to the various independent solver strategies CST MICROWAVE STUDIO can solve virtually any
high frequency field problem.

Steps for creating a new project:

1. Choose an application area and then select one of the workflows:
Click on the create Project button in the New Project section. Next you should choose the
application area, which is MW & RF & Optical, and then select the workflow by double-clicking on
the corresponding entry.

2. Select solver for the selected workflow:

3. Select the units:

Now you are requested to select the units which best fit your application.

4. Specify the Frequency range

It is possible to already define a frequency range as well as typical 3D field monitor specifications for
your template, in case these settings are reusable for several of your models. However, we can define
these settings later on during the model setup, so we can continue by again clicking the Next button.

Now you can give the project template a name and review a summary of your initial settings:
Finally click the Finish button to save the project template and to create a new project with
appropriate settings. CST MICROWAVE STUDIO will be launched automatically due to the choice of
the application area MW & RF & Optical.

Please note: All settings made for a project template can be modified later on during the
construction of your model. For example, the units can be modified in the units dialog box (Home:
Settings => Units) and the solver type can be selected in the Home: Simulation => Setup Solver
dropdown list.

5. Next, the CST Microwave Studio Interface appears as shown below.

Introductory Example
To get familiar with the EM simulation tool, an introductory example is illustrated below aiming to
simulate a rectangular waveguide.

Procedure:
1. First of all define the three parameters of the substrate “Length, Width and height” in the
parameters list bar.

2. From the main menu tool bar choose Modelling>> Shapes >> Brick.

Define the parameters in the menu shown below. And from the Material icon >> Load from Material
Library and choose aluminium (99.5%) (loss free).
3. After clicking load then ok from the parameters list menu. It is drawn as shown below

4. Repeat same process for another brick but for 1mm less in both a,b. and cut away the newly
created brick from old one.
5. After click ok in waveguide port it looks like shown in below

6. Repeat the same process for another face.

7. From the main menu tool bar choose Simulation >> Filed Monitor

Choose type E-Filed, H-Filed, etc. And then specify the frequency at which we want to observe

8. From the main menu tool bar choose Simulation >> Filed Monitor >> Start the simulation
9. After completion of simulation go to

Navigation Tree >> 2D plots >> e-filed/ h-filed >> Required frequency and required face

Conclusion:
In this experiment we discussed about cst software where we saw how to create
a wave guide step by step. Finally, we have designed a hollow rectangular
waveguide by following above steps.
 Practical-3
Name: JINAL PARMAR Roll No: U18EC108
AIM:
Design and simulate a rectangular wave guide and plot the E and H fields of various modes in CST.

Theory:
A hallow waveguide is a transmission line that looks like an empty metallic pipe. It supports the
propagation of transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes, but not transverse
electromagnetic (TEM) modes. There is an infinite number of modes that can propagate as long as
the operating frequency is above the cutoff frequency of the mode. The notation TEmn and TMmn
are commonly used to denote the type of wave and its mode, where m and n are the mode number
in the horizontal and vertical directions respectively. The mode with the lowest cutoff frequency is
called the fundamental mode or dominant mode.

The modes of the waveguide are typically classified into following types:

 Transverse Electric (TE) modes have no electric field component in the direction of
propagation.
 Transverse Magnetic (TM) modes have no magnetic field component in the direction of
propagation.
 Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) modes have neither electric nor magnetic field
Calculations:

𝒄 𝒎 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐
𝑻𝑬𝒎𝒏 = √( ) +( )
𝟐 𝒂 𝒃

where c = 3x108 m/s

Given, a = 22.86 x10-3 m, b = 10.16 x10-3 m

𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐
𝑻𝑬𝒎𝒏 = √ ( ) +( )
𝟐 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟔

For TE10

𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟏 𝟎
𝒇𝒄 𝟏𝟎 = √( ) +( )
𝟐 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟔

𝒇𝒄 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝑮𝑯𝒛

For TE01

𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟎 𝟏
𝒇𝒄 𝟎𝟏 = √( ) +( )
𝟐 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟔

𝒇𝒄 𝟎𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟔𝑮𝑯𝒛

For TE11

𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇𝒄 𝟏𝟏 = √ ( ) +( )
𝟐 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟔

𝒇𝒄 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟓𝑮𝑯𝒛
For TE20

𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟐 𝟎
𝒇𝒄 𝟐𝟎 = √( ) +( )
𝟐 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟔

𝒇𝒄 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝑮𝑯𝒛

For TE12

𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
𝒇𝒄 𝟏𝟐 = √( ) +( )
𝟐 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟔

𝒇𝒄 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝑮𝑯𝒛

For TM11

𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇𝒄 𝟏𝟏 = √ ( ) +( )
𝟐 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟔

𝒇𝒄 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟓𝑮𝑯𝒛

For TM12

𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
𝒇𝒄 𝟏𝟐 = √ ( ) +( )
𝟐 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟔

𝒇𝒄 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝑮𝑯𝒛
For TM21

𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
𝒇𝒄 𝟐𝟏 = √( ) +( )
𝟐 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟔

𝒇𝒄 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟕𝟓𝑮𝑯𝒛
Observations:

Results:
1. E-Field
For TE10
fc10 = 6.56GHz
For TE01
fc01 = 14.76GHz

For TE11
fc11 = 16.15GHz
For TE20
fc20 = 13.12GHz

For TE12
fc12 = 30.24GHz
2. H-Field
For TE11
fc11 = 16.15GHz

For TM12
fc12 = 30.24GHz
For TM21
Fc21 = 19.75GHz

Conclusion:
In this experiment we have designed and implemented the rectangular wave guide for a = 22.86mm,
b = 10.16 mm for various TE and TM modes. And also, we observed the behaviour and patterns of
electric field and magnetic field for different TE and TM modes and compared our practical results
with the theoretical results.
 Practical-4
Name: JINAL PARMAR Roll No: U18EC108
AIM:
Design and simulate a circular waveguide and plot the E and H fields, s parameters of the first 5
modes at 10 GHz frequency.

Theory:
Circular waveguides are waveguides with a circular cross-section with an inner radius a. Similarly, as
in the case of rectangular waveguides, propagation in circular waveguides is determined by a cutoff
frequency. The cutoff frequency is unique for a particular waveguide mode that is supposed to be
propagating in a waveguide of a given diameter and determines the lower frequency of the
waveguide’s operating frequency range.

The cutoff frequency for circular waveguide is calculated using the following formula:
𝐾𝑐 𝑛𝑚 𝑝𝑛𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑝′𝑛𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑛𝑚 = ; 𝐾𝑐𝑛𝑚 =
2𝜋√𝜇𝜀 𝑎
1
𝑓𝑐𝑛𝑚 = ∗ (𝑝𝑛𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑝′ 𝑛𝑚 )
2𝜋𝑎√𝜇𝜀
𝑐
𝑓𝑐𝑛𝑚 = ∗ (𝑝𝑛𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑝′ 𝑛𝑚 )
2𝜋𝑎
(for air 1/√𝜇𝜀 = c (speed of light))

where a is inner radius, pnm is n-th root of m-th Bessel function used to calculate cutoff frequency of
TMnm mode and p’nm is n-th root of the m-th Bessel function derivative used to calculate cutoff
frequency of TEnm mode.
The lowest order propagation mode in a circular waveguide is TE11, which offers minimal
degradation of signals. The possible TM modes in circular waveguides are TM01 , TE21 , TE01, and
TM11.

Bessel Function Tables

n p'n1 p'n2 p'n3 n pn1 pn2 pn3

0 3.832 7.061 10.174 0 2.405 5.520 8.654

1 1.841 5.331 8.536 1 3.832 7.016 10.174

2 3.054 6.706 9.970 2 5.135 8.417 11.620

Table1: Roots of derivative of Bessel Function Table2: Roots of Bessel Function

Calculations:
For TE11: (from Table 1, p’11 = 1.841 given radius a = 5mm)
3 ∗ 108
fc(11) = ∗ 𝑝′
2π ∗ 5 ∗ 10−3 11
3 ∗ 108
fc(11) = ∗ 1.841
2π ∗ 5 ∗ 10−3
𝐟𝐜(𝟏𝟏) = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟖 𝐆𝐇𝐳

For TM01: (from Table 2, p01 = 2.405)

3 ∗ 108
fc(01) = ∗𝑝
2π ∗ 5 ∗ 10−3 01
3 ∗ 108
fc(01) = ∗ 2.405
2π ∗ 5 ∗ 10−3
 𝐟𝐜(𝟎𝟏) = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟔 𝐆𝐇𝐳

For TE21: (from Table 1, p’21 = 3.054)

3 ∗ 108
fc(21) = ∗ 𝑝′
2π ∗ 5 ∗ 10−3 21
3 ∗ 108
fc(21) = ∗ 2.405
2π ∗ 5 ∗ 10−3
𝐟𝐜(𝟐𝟏) = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟔 𝐆𝐇𝐳

For TE01: (from Table 1, p’01 = 3.832)

3 ∗ 108 ′
fc(01) = −3
∗ 𝑝01
2π ∗ 5 ∗ 10
3 ∗ 108
fc(01) = ∗ 3.832
2π ∗ 5 ∗ 10−3
𝐟𝐜(𝟎𝟏) = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟗 𝐆𝐇𝐳

For TM11: (from Table 2, p11 = 3.832)

3 ∗ 108
fc(11) = ∗𝑝
2π ∗ 5 ∗ 10−3 11
3 ∗ 108
fc(11) = ∗ 3.832
2π ∗ 5 ∗ 10−3
𝐟𝐜(𝟏𝟏) = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟗 𝐆𝐇𝐳

Design:

Results:
E-FIELD:

H-FIELD:

S-Parameter:

Mode 2=> TM01: (fc = 22.96 GHz)

E-FIELD:

H-FIELD:

S-Parameter:

Mode 3=> TE21: (fc = 29.16 GHz)

E-FIELD:

H-FIELD:

S-Parameter:

Mode 4=> TE01: (fc = 36.59 GHz)

E-FIELD:

H-FIELD:

S-Parameter:

Mode 5=> TM11: (fc = 36.59 GHz)

E-FIELD:

H-FIELD:

S-Parameter:

Observation Table:
 Modes Fcutoff (Theortical) (GHz) Fcutoff (Practical) (GHz)

TE11 17.58 17.69

TM01 22.96 23.13

TE21 29.16 29.34

TE01 36.59 36.8

TM11 36.59 36.82

Conclusion:
The circular waveguide was implemented and simulated in this experiment. Its S-parameter plot
resembles that of a high pass filter's frequency plot. As a result, the circular waveguide performs the
function of a high pass filter. The simulated observation of the E field and H field patterns of the first
five modes is identical to the theoretical observation. In the S-plot, the simulated cut-off frequencies
of five modes are almost identical to those computed theoretically, as indicated in the observation.
 Practical-5
Name: JINAL PARMAR Roll No: U18EC108
AIM:
Design E -plane tee using CST .

Theory:
A waveguide tee is a 3-port device that is similar to a power divider. When the axis of the side arm is
parallel to the Electric Field (E) of the collinear, then the tee is called a E-Plane Tee Junction. Two
arms of the Tee junction are collinear arms. Signal entering at one port is divided among other two
ports in such a way that the signals are out of phase with each other. The output of the E-plane will
be the difference between input signals. The side arm of E-plane Tee is also known as difference
arm. The outputs we get in this type of tee are 180° out of phase with each other, irrespective of
from which port the input is fed.

If the input signal is fed to port 3, then the output will be split across port 1 and 2 and will be 180
degrees out of phase with each other.
Since the E-Plane Tee is a 3-port network, the general ‘S’ matrix is represented as

The wave fed into port-3 appears at port 1 and port 2 with equal magnitude and opposite phase.ie,

S13 = -S23
By the property of symmetry,
S12 = S21
S13 = S31
S23 = S32
Design:

Results:
E-FIELD:
For (f=5) [3]
For (f=6) [3]

For (f=7) [3]

For (f=8) [3]

H-FIELD:
For (f=4) [3]

For (f=5) [3]

For (f=6) [3]

For (f=7) [3]

For (f=8) [3]

S-Parameter:
S11
S21

S31

S12
S22

S32

S13
S23

S33

Conclusion:
In the experiment E-plane Tee was implemented and simulated. We have observed its E-filed at
different frequencies and observed that their outputs we get in this type of tee are 180° out of phase
with each other, irrespective of from which port the input is fed.
 Practical-6
Name: JINAL PARMAR Roll No: U18EC108
AIM:
Design and simulate a H Plane Tee and plot the H field and S parameters at 10 GHz.

Theory:
An H-Plane Tee junction is formed by attaching a simple waveguide to a rectangular waveguide which
already has two ports. The arms of rectangular waveguides make two ports called collinear ports i.e.,
Port1 and Port2, while the new one, Port3 is called as Side arm or H-arm. This H-plane Tee is also
called as Shunt Tee.
As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the magnetic field, this junction is called H-Plane Tee junction.
This is also called as Current junction, as the magnetic field divides itself into arms. The cross-
sectional details of H-plane tee can be understood by the following figure.

The following figure shows the connection made by the sidearm to the bi-directional waveguide to
form the serial port.
The properties of H-Plane Tee can be defined by its [S]3×3 matrix.
It is a 3×3 matrix as there are 3 possible inputs and 3 possible outputs.

Scattering coefficients S13 and S23 are equal here as the junction is symmetrical in plane.
From the symmetric property,

Sij=Sji
S12=S21 S23=S32 S13=S31
Design:

Results:
H-FIELD:
For (f=10) [3]
Port1:

Port2:
S-Parameter:
S11

S21
S31

S12

S22
S32

S13

S23
S33

Conclusion:
In the experiment, we have implemented and simulated H-plane Tee. We have observed H field at 10
GHz and observed that their outputs signals are in phase with each other, irrespective of from which
port the input is fed. We also observed from the S parameter plot that when we give input to one
collinear port, we get the most power at the other collinear port and the least power at the side arm
port, and that when we give input to the side arm port, the output power is shared evenly between
the collinear ports.
 Experiment no. 11
Objective:
To determine the frequency & wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working in TE10 mode.
Apparatus required:
1 Klystron Power Supply
2 Klystron tube
3 Isolator
4 Frequency meter
5 Variable attenuator
6 Slottedsection
7 Tunableprobe
8 Wave guide stand
9 SWR meter
10 Matched termination.
Theory:
Mode represents in wave guides as either
TE m, n/ TM m,n
Where
TE – Transverse electric,
TM – Transverse magnetic
m – Number of half wave length variation in broader direction.
n – Number of half wave length variation in shorter direction.

Where d1 and d2 are the distance between two successive minima/maxima

It is having highest cut off frequency hence dominant mode.
For dominant TE10 mode in rectangular wave guide λo, λg and λc are related as below.

Where
λo is free space wave length
λg is guide wave length
λc is cutoff wavelength
For TE10 mode,
Where m = 1 in TE10 mode and ‘a' is broad dimension of waveguide. The following
relationship can be proved
C = ƒλ
Where c = 3 x 108 m/s is velocity of light and f is frequency.

Procedure:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure 1.
2. Set the variable attenuator at maximum position (at no attenuation).
3. Keep the control knobs of SWR Meter as below:
Range dB : 50 dBposition
Crystal : At 200ohm Impedance
Mode select : Normal Position
Gain (Coarse & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB : dB position
4. Keep the Control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below.
Mod-Switch : AM
Beam Voltage Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage : Fullyclockwise AM-
Amplitude Knob : Fullyclockwise AM-
Frequency : Mid Position

Figure 1: Setup for study of frequency & wave length

measurement

5. Switch on the klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and coolingfan.

6. Turn the meter switch of Power Supply to beam voltage position and set beam voltage
at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob, current around 15 to20mA.
7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reading in SWR Meter.
8. Maximize the reading with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of Power
Supply.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum reading.
10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum reading on SWRmeter.
11. Tune the probe for maximum reading in SWRmeter.
12. Tune the frequency meter to get a 'dip' on SWR meter and note down the frequency
directly from frequency meter and detune the DRF
13. Move the tunable probe along with the slotted line to get the reading in SWR meter.
Move the tunable probe to a minimum reading position. To get accurate reading, it is
necessary to increase the SWR meter range dB switch to higher position, record the
probe position i.e. d1
14. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again i.e.d2.
15. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minimum
positions obtained as above.

16. Measure the wave-guide inner broad dimension 'a' which will be around 22.86 mm for
X band and Calculate

For TE10 mode

17. Calculate the frequency by following equation:

Where
c =3 x 108 meter/sec. i.e. velocity of light.
18. Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter.
19. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.

Observations:
 Experiment no. 10

Aim: To study characteristics of Reflex Klystron.

Apparatus Required:
1. Klystron power supply
2. Klystron mount with tube
3. Isolator
4. Frequency meter
5. Variable attenuator
6. Detector mount
7. Wave guide stands
8. SWR Meter
9. Cables and accessories

Theory:
The Reflex Klystron makes the use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous electron
beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated & passed
through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which retards and finally, reflects the
electrons and the electrons turn back through the resonator. Suppose an rf-field exists between
the resonators the electrons traveling forward will be accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at the
resonator changes in amplitude.

Fig 1: Schematics Diagram of Klystron 2K25

The accelerated electrons leave the resonator at an increased velocity and the retarded electrons
leave at the reduced velocity. The electrons leaving the resonator will need different time to
return, due to change in velocities. As a result, returning electrons group together in bunches, as
the electron bunches pass through resonator, they interact with voltage at resonator grids. If the
bunches pass the grid at such a time that the electrons are slowed down by the voltage then
energy will be delivered to the resonator; and Klystron will oscillate.
 Fig 2: Modes of reflex klystron

Procedure:
1. Set the components and equipment as shown in the figure 3.
2. Initially set the variable attenuator at maximum position (no attenuation).

3. Keep the control knob of SWR meter as below:

Range dB : 50 dB position
Crystal : 200 ohm
Mode Switch : Normal Position
Gain (Course & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB switch : dB position
4. Switch ‘On’ the klystron Power Supply SWR Meter and cooling fan and tune the setup.
5. After tunning the setup, by changing the repeller voltage from -90V to -10V ,Note down
the corresponding power(dB) values from SWR meter .
6. Plot repeller voltage (V) vs power(mW),and observe characteristics.

Klystron
power supply

Klystron Isolator Frequency Detector SWR

mount meter mount Meter
with tube

Fig 3: Setup for study of Klystron Tube

 Experiment no. 7(A)
Objective: To calculate the insertion and isolation loss of Magic Tee.

Apparatus required:
Microwave source, Isolator, Variableattenuator, Frequency meter, Slottedline, Tunableprobe,
MagicTee. Matchedtermination, Wave guidestand, Detectormount, SWR meter andaccessories.
Theory:
The device Magic Tee is a combination of the E and H plane Tee. Arm 3, the H-arm forms an
H plane Tee and arm 4, the E-arm forms an E plane Tee in combination with arm 1 and 2 a
side or collinear arms. If power is fed into arm 3 (H-arm) the electric field divides equally
between arm 1 and 2 in the same phase, and no electrical field exists in arm 4. Reciprocity
demands no coupling in port 3 (H-arm). If power is fed in arm 4 (E-arm), it divides equally
into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3. Further, if the power is fed from
arm 1 and 2, it is added in arm 3 (H-arm), and it is subtracted in E-arm, i.e. arm 4.

Figure 1: Magic Tee

The basic parameters to be measured for magic Tee are defined below.
Procedure:

Measurement of Isolation and insertion loss.

a. Remove the tunable probe and Magic Tee from the slotted line and connect the
detector mount to slottedline.
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the
detector mount for maximumoutput.
c. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter, set any
power level in the SWR meter and note down. Let it beP3.
d. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain controlknob,
carefully place the Magic Tee after slotted line keeping H-arm connected to
slotted line, detector to E arm and matched termination to arm 1 and 2. Note
down the reading of SWR meter. Let it beP4.
e. Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as P3-P4 indB.
f. Determine the insertion loss from equation given in the theorypart.
g. The same experiment can be repeated for other portsalso.
h. Repeat the above experiment for otherfrequencies.

Observation:
 Experiment no. 7(B)
Objective: To calculate the insertion and isolation loss of Isolator and Circulators.
Apparatus required:
1. Microwave source
2. Power Supply forsource
3. Isolators
4. Circulators
5. Frequency meter
6. Variableattenuator
7. Slotted line
8. Tunableprobe
9. Detectormount
10. SWRmeter
11. Test isolationand
12. Circulation andaccessories

Theory:
Isolator: An isolator is a two-port device that transfers energy from input to output with
little attenuation and from output to input with very high attenuation.

Circulat
or: The circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged such that energy entering a port
is coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to other ports. Refer to the figure. A wave
incident on port 1 iscoupled to port 2 only, a wave incident at port 2 is coupled to port 3 only
and soon.

Following are the basic parameters of isolator and circulator for study.
1. Insertionloss
The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input port to the power detected by a
detector in the coupling arm, i.e. output arm with other port terminated in the matched
load, is defined as insertion loss or forward loss. .
2. Isolation
It is the ratio of power fed to input arm to the power detected at not coupled port with
other port terminated in the matched load
 3. InputVSWR
The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is the ratio of voltage maximum to voltage
minimum of the standing wave existing on the line when one port of it terminates the line and
other have matched termination.
Note: When port which is not coupled to input port is terminated by matched termination it marks
as Isolator. (Two port device).

Procedure:
1. Measurement of Insertion Loss and Isolation.
a. Remove the probe and isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect the detector
mount to the slotted section. The output of the detector mount should be connected
b. Energize the microwave source for maximum output particular frequencyof
operation. Tune the detector mount for maximum output in the SWRMeter.
c. Set any reference level of power in SWR meter with the help of variable attenuator and
gain control knob of SWR meter. Let it beP1.
d. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing the position of
set up. Insert the isolator/circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keeping
input port to slotted line and detector at its output port. A matched termination should be
placed a third port in case ofcirculator.
e. Record the reading in the SWR meter. If necessary change range -dB switch to high or
lower position and 10dB change for one step change of switch position. Let it beP2.
f. Compute insertion loss on P1 – P2 indB.
g. For measurement of isolation, the isolator or circulator has to be connected inreverse i.e.
output port to slotted line and detector to input port with another port terminated by
matched termination (in case circulator) after setting a reference level without isolator or
circulator in the set up as described in insertion loss measurement. Let same P1 level isset.
h. Record the reading of SWR meter inserting the isolator or circulator as given instep 7.
Let it beP3.
i. Compute isolation as P1 - P3 indB.
j. The same experiment can be done for other ports ofcirculator.
k. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies ifrequired.
Experiment no. 9
 Results:

Freq. Pin(dB ) P2out(dB) P3out(dB) P32out(dB) Power Power division Isolation

F(GHz) division port port 1to 3 between port
1to 2 -S31(dB) 2to 3
-S21(dB) -S32(dB)

Table: Power division and isolation characteristics of matched power divider

Conclusion:
 Experiment no. 8

Aim: To determine the resonant frequency of the micro strip ring resonator and to calculate
the εr of the substrate. (Known parameters are strip conductor width in the ring W=1.84 mm,
height of substrate h=0.76mm , radius of the ring , r0=12mm)

Equipments:
1. Microwave signal source with 1khz modulating frequency.
2. VSWR Meter.

Components:
1. Microstrip Ring Resonator
2. Stripline directional coupler
3. Detector
4. Matched load,50Ω
5. Cables and adapters

Theory:
Observations:
Frequency(GHz) VSWR meter VSWR meter Transmission loss
reading without reading with DUT -S21(dB)
DUT Pout(dB)
Pin(dB)

Calculations:

Conclusion: