SALT ANALYSIS
PRELIMINARY TEST:
a) State : solid or amorphous.
b) Colour: colourless or mention the colour of the salt.
c) Solubility :
water dil HCl dil HNO3
Cold hot cold hot cold hot
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL-
GROUP-1
Experiment Observation Inference
a)Salt + dil HCl, pass the Brisk effervescence Carbonate ion (CO3 2- )
gas through a test tube liberating colourless may be present.
containing lime water. and odourless gas
which turns lime water
milky.
b) Salt + dil HCl(or Colourless vapours with Acetate ion (CH3COO - )
dil H2SO4) vinegar smell may be present.
GROUP -2
Experiment Observation Inference
c)Salt + conc. H2SO4 Colourless pungent Chloride ion ( Cl-) may
smelling gas which be present.
gives dense white
fumes with a glass rod
dipped in NH4OH.
d)Salt + conc. H2SO4 White fumes followed Bromide ion ( Br-) may
by reddish brown be present.
pungent fumes.
e)Salt + conc. H2SO4 + Reddish brown fumes Nitrate ion ( NO3-) may
paper balls + heat. are evolved. be present.
GROUP -3
Experiment Observation Inference
f)Salt + water + barium White ppt is obtained, Sulphate (SO42- ) may be
chloride solution. present.
To the above ppt + dil Ppt is insoluble. SO42- is confirmed.
HCl.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS-
Experiment Observation Inference
a)Test for carbonate
ion- Group 1-
i)Salt + water + heat, Lime water does not CO3 2- is confirmed.
pass the gas produced turn milky.
through a test tube
containing lime water.
b) Test for acetate ion- Group 1-
i) Salt + ethanol + conc. Pleasant fruity smell CH3COO – is confirmed.
H2SO4(few drops) +
heat.
ii) Salt + water + neutral Red colouration which CH3COO – is confirmed.
FeCl3 solution. turns to brownish red
ppt on boiling and the
cooling.
c)Test for chloride ion- Group 2-
i)Salt + K2Cr2O7 crystals Orange red vapours are Cl- is confirmed.
+ conc. H2SO4 (few evolved.
drops) + heat,
Pass the orange Yellow solution is
vapours into a test tube obtained,
containing NaOH + lead Yellow ppt is obtained.
acetate.
ii)Salt + water + AgNO3 Curdy white ppt which Cl- is confirmed.
solution. is soluble in excess of
ammonium hydroxide.
d)Test for bromide ion- Group 2-
i)Salt + water + chlorine Orange red globule is Br- is confirmed.
water + carbon tetra formed.
chloride (CCl4).
ii)Salt + water + AgNO3 Pale yellow ppt which is Br- is confirmed.
solution. sparingly soluble in
ammonium hydroxide.
e)Test for nitrate- Group 2-
i)Salt + water + ferrous A brown ring is formed
sulphate crystals(in at the junction of two NO3 – is confirmed.
equal amount as salt liquids.
solution) + conc.
H2SO4(few drops) alon
the side of the test
tube.(without shaking).
f)Test for sulphate- Group 3-
i)Salt + water + acetic White ppt insoluble in SO42- is confirmed.
acid solution + lead saturated ammonium
acetate. acetate.
To the above ppt +
saturated ammonium
acetate.
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL-
Original solution (O.S)- salt + solvent.( check the solubility of the salts in any
of the solvents- distilled water, dil or conc HCl or dil nitric acid-hot or cold).
Experiment Observation Inference
1)Salt + dil NaOH Colourless pungent Group 0-
solution + heat. smelling gas which NH4 + may be present.
gives dense white
fumes with a glass rod
dipped in conc. HCl.
2) O.S + dil HCl White ppt Group 1- Pb2+ may be
present.
3) O.S + dil HCl + H2S. black ppt Group 2- Pb2+ or
Cu2+may be present.
4) O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH Gelatinous white ppt Group 3- Al3+ may be
(excess). present.
5) O.S + NH4Cl + White or flesh coloured Group 4- Zn2+ or
NH4OH+ H2S. ppt Mn2+may be present.
6) O.S + NH4Cl + White ppt Group 5- Ba2+, Sr2+ or
NH4OH+ (NH4)2CO3. Ca2+may be present.
7) O.S + NH4Cl + White crystalline ppt Group 6- Mg2+ may be
NH4OH+ present.
Na2 HPO4.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS-
Experiment Observation Inference
Group 0-
a) Test for ammonium- Brown ppt is obtained NH4 + is confirmed.
O.S + Nessler’s reagent
+ NaOH(In excess).
Group 1-
b)Test for lead Pb2+ -
i)O.S + KI Yellow ppt Pb2+ is confirmed.
ii) O.S + potassium Yellow ppt Pb2+ is confirmed.
chromate( K2CrO4)
Group 2-
c)Test for lead Pb2+ -
i)O.S + KI Yellow ppt Pb2+ is confirmed.
ii) O.S + potassium Yellow ppt Pb2+ is confirmed.
chromate( K2CrO4)
d)Test for Cu2+-
i) O.S + NaOH solution Pale blue ppt insoluble Cu2+ is confirmed.
in excess of NaOH
solution.
ii)O.S + K4[Fe(CN)6] Chocolate brown ppt. Cu2+ is confirmed.
Group 3-
e)Test for Al3+ -
i)O.S + dil NaOH, White gelatinous ppt, Al3+ is confirmed.
To the above ppt + dil Ppt dissolves in excess
NaOH(excess), of NaOH,
To the above clear White ppt reappears.
solution + NH4Cl (boil
and cool it).
ii)O.S + blue litmus A blue floating mass is Al3+ is confirmed.
solution + NH4OH formed.
Group 4-
f)Test for Zn2+-
i)O.S + dil NaOH White ppt soluble in Zn2+ is confirmed.
excess of dil NaOH is
formed.
ii) O.S + K4[Fe(CN)6] Bluish white ppt Zn2+ is confirmed.
g)Test for Mn2+-
i) O.S + dil NaOH White ppt which slowly Mn2+ is confirmed.
turns to brown colour.
Group 5-
h)Test for Ba2+-
i)O.S + potassium Yellow ppt Ba2+ is confirmed.
chromate( K2CrO4).
ii)FLAME TEST-
Salt + conc HCl(few Apple green flame Ba2+ is confirmed.
drops to make a paste)
is exposed to flame
using a glass rode.
i)Test for Sr2+-
i)O.S + Ammonium White ppt Sr2+ is confirmed.
sulphate (NH4)2SO4 +
scratch the walls of the
test tube using glass
rod.
ii)FLAME TEST-
Salt + conc HCl(few Crimson red flame Sr2+ is confirmed.
drops to make a paste)
is exposed to flame
using a glass rode.
j)Test for Ca2+-
i) O.S + Ammonium White ppt Ca2+ is confirmed.
oxalate (NH4)2C2O4 .
ii) FLAME TEST-
Salt + conc HCl(few Brick red Ca2+ is confirmed.
drops to make a paste)
is exposed to flame
using a glass rode.
Group 6-
k) Test for Mg2+-
i)O.S + NH4Cl + Na2HPO4 White crystalline ppt Mg2+ is confirmed.
, scratch the inner walls
of test tube.
ii) O.S + NH4Cl + White crystalline ppt Mg2+ is confirmed.
(NH4 )2HPO4 , scratch
the inner walls of test
tube.
RESULT-
SALT
ACID RADICAL
BASIC RADICAL
