INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)

GROUP 1: Arcelao, Decena, Español | BSN 1-1 | Prof. Maricel C. Chua | SEM 1 2023

- Largest external organ; The skin

covers 2.2 square meters and
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
weighs 4.5 – 5 kilograms in adults.

The integumentary system is composed of Has two main layers, namely the
the skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, epidermis and dermis. Aside from
and sensory receptors. these the layer deep to the dermis is
hypodermis
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM EPIDERMIS

The integumentary system is important for - Outermost layer of the skin.

the following reasons: - Composed of keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium and is
➔ Protection. The skin serves as the separated from the underlying
body’s outermost covering, whereas its dermis by a basement membrane.
most apparent function is physical - Thinner and avascular layer.
protection. - The living cells in the epidermis
➔ Sensation. The integumentary system receive nutrients and excrete waste
has sensory receptors that can perceive products by the diffusion of
heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. substances between the epidermis
➔ Temperature Regulation. The skin and capillaries of the dermis.
controls the body’s temperature through
adjusting blood flow through the skin, and
the activity of sweat glands.
➔ Vitamin D production. When exposed to TYPES OF CELLS IN THE EPIDERMIS
UV light, the skin creates a molecule that
can be converted into vitamin D. ➔ Keratinocytes.
➔ Excretion. Waste products are excreted - Most common type of cell in the
through the skin and glands. epidermis.
- produces keratin; helps protect the
skin and underlying tissues from
scratches, heat, germs, and
chemicals.
THE SKIN
- also produce Lamellar Granules;
small structures that contain
- also known as the “cutaneous important fats and lipids. When
membrane” these granules release their fats and
- covers the external surface of the lipids, they create a waterproof seal
body. on skin, which prevents dehydration,
and at the same time keeps harmful
substances from getting inside.
 ➔ Melanocytes. abrasion and forms a permeability
- develop from the ectoderm of a layer,
developing embryo - As cells die, they also move
- produce the pigment melanin. upwards, forming different layers.
- Melanin is a yellow-red or These layers are divided into regions
brown-black pigment that contributes or strata.
skin color and absorbs damaging
Ultraviolet light. Watch: The Process of
Keratinization

➔ Intraepidermal macrophages
- “Langerhans cells”. THICK SKIN VS THIN SKIN
- Start in the red bone marrow and
move to the epidermis. THIN SKIN THICK SKIN
- Part of the immune system; Their
role includes helping other cells of DISTRIBUTI Can be Can be
the immune system to recognize an ON found in found in
invading microbe and destroy it most parts areas
of the body. subject to
pressure or
friction.
➔ Tactile Epithelial cells
PRESENCE Has hair Has no hair
- “Merkel cells”.
OF follicles and follicles and
- Least common cells and are found in FOLLICLES sebaceous sebaceous
the deepest layer of epidermis. AND glands. glands.
- Their main job is to sense touch by GLANDS
connecting with a special structure
called the “Tactile disc” or “Merkel PRESENCE Has arrector No arrector
OF PILI pili muscles. pili muscles.
disc” on sensory neurons.
MUSCLES
To have a clear understanding of the Layers THICKNES Has thicker Has thinner
of the Epidermis, we must first be aware of S OF dermis. dermis, but
the process of Keratinization, as well as DERMIS is still thicker
the difference between thick skin and thin because of
skin. an extra
layer.
KERATINIZATION
LAYERS OF Has 4 Has 5 layers
EPIDERMIS layers (Stratum
- Keratinocytes change shape and (Stratum Corneum,
chemical composition. Corneum, Stratum
- During keratinization, cells Stratum Lucidum,
eventually die and create an outer Granulosum Stratum
layer of dead, hard cells, that resist , Stratum Granulosum,
Spinosum, Stratum
 - When viewed on a microscopic
Stratum Spinosum,
Basale) Stratum observation, the cells usually shrink
Basale) from one another, except when the
cells are attached to desmosomes
Table 1: Thick skin vs Thin skin which make them appear spiny
- Lamellar bodies, or lipid-membrane
bound organelles and keratin fibers
form inside keratinocytes
LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS

➔ Stratum Granulosum
- Superficial to Stratum Spinosum
- made up of 2-5 layers of flattened
diamond-shaped cells.
- Presence of protein granules of
Keratohyalin, which makes the skin
strong and tough
- In the most superficial layer of
Stratum Granulosum, the nucleus
and other layers of organelles
degenerate and the cell dies
Figure 1: Layers of the Epidermis

➔ Stratum Basale
➔ Stratum Lucidum
- Deepest layer
- Thin clear layer above Stratum
- Single layer of cuboidal or columnar
Granulosum. This layer can be
cells
found only in a few areas of the
- The epidermis is anchored to the
body, specifically, the thick ski
basement membrane by
- Consists of several layers of dead
hemidesmosomes (multiprotein
cells with indistinct boundaries.
complexes). In addition,
- Keratin fibers are still present, but
desmosomes (adhesive intercellular
the keratohyalin found in the Stratum
junctions) hold the keratinocytes
Granulosum has dispersed.
together

➔ Stratum Corneum
➔ Stratum Spinosum
- The last and most superficial layer of
- Superficial to Stratum Basale
the skin.
- Consists of 8-10 layers of many
- Composed of 25 or more layers of
sided cells
dead, overlapping, squamous cells
- Desmosomes break apart and new
joined by desmosomes.
ones form
 - Eventually, the desmosomes break ➔ Macrophages
apart and the dead skin cells are - For immunity
shed from the skin. - includes functions for wound repair,
cancer defense, and hair
regeneration.
REMEMBER THIS!

Mnemonic to easily remember the ➔ Adipocyte

different stratas (From superficial to - Serve as the dermal compartment of
deep) : Come Let’s Get SunBurn. the skin

DIVISIONS OF DERMIS
DERMIS

- Second deeper part of the skin

- Composed of dense irregular
connective tissue containing
collagen and elastic fibers. This
woven network of fibers has great
tensile strength and also has the
ability to stretch and recoil easily.
- Dermis is a much thicker layer than
epidermis.
- The cells present in dermis are:
fibroblasts, macrophages, and
adipocytes.

Figure 2: The Dermis

CELLS IN THE DERMIS

➔ Fibroblasts ➔ Papillary region

- Main cell type present in the dermis. - Vascular, and constitutes to ⅕ of the
- produces collagen proteins to thickness of the total layer of dermis.
maintain the structural frame of - Has thin collagen and fine elastic
tissues. fibers.
- Surface area has a great amount of
dermal papillae, which are small
nipple-shaped structures that
contain capillary loops (blood
vessels), and some also contain
 tactile receptors called “corpuscles
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
of touch” or “Meissner's Corpuscles”.
- Some also have free nerve endings
that initiate signals that give rise to SKIN COLOR
the different sensations (itchiness,
heat, coldness, etc.)
Skin colors differ from each one of us.
Some appear to have a lighter skin tone
than the other and some have a darker skin
➔ Reticular region tone than others. The presence of melanin,
- Attached to the subcutaneous layer hemoglobin, and carotene all contributes to
- Has bundles of thick collagen fibers, the wide range of skin colors.
scattered fibroblasts, and various
cells like macrophages. Colors exhibited in the skin, hair, and eye
- Also contains the blood vessels, color are produced by the pigment called
nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous melanin. There are two kinds of melanin:
glands, and sudoriferous glands.
- Adipose cells and coarse reticular a. pheomelanin - exhibits yellow to red
fibers may also be present. colors
- The collagen fibers are arranged in a b. eumelanin - exhibits brown to black
net-like manner and have a more colors.
regular arrangement compared to
the Papillary region. This Melanin is produced by the cell
arrangement, as well as the melanocytes, which is plenty in areas such
combination of collagen and elastic as the penis, nipples, face, and limbs.
fibers, provide the strength, Melanin is encased in a vesicle called
elasticity, and extensibility of the melanosomes, where synthesis occurs.
skin.
The production of melanin starts with
enzyme tyrosinase, converting the amino
SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER acid tyrosine to dopaquinone, a molecule
that can be converted to brown to black
pigments and some to yellowish or reddish.
- “hypodermis”
The variations in skin colors is due to the
- located underneath the skin
amount and type of melanin, and size,
- Has areolar and adipose tissue,
number, and distribution of melanosomes.
which extends from the dermis and
anchors the skin to the
NOTICEABLE OVER PRODUCTION OF
subcutaneous layer.
MELANIN AND MELANOCYTES:
- Also has lamellated corpuscles,
which is sensitive to pressure.
➔ Nevus - a benign localized
overgrowth of melanocytes; also
known as moles.
 ➔ Freckles - accumulation of melanin ➔ Vitiligo - partial to complete loss of
in individuals who are genetically melanocytes, causing some areas or
predisposed patch of the skin to appear lighter or
have white spots

➔ Age Spots - increase in number of

melanocytes; commonly seen in
older individuals

The amount of melanin in the dermis of

dark-skinned individuals is usually large,
and the amount for light-skinned individuals
is little.

For light-skinned people, the pink to red

color appearance on the skin is due to the
oxygen content of the blood, but responsible
for the red color is hemoglobin, the
CONDITIONS RELATED TO MELANIN:
oxygen-carrying pigment in RBCs.
➔ Albinism - the lack of ability of an
Carotene, on the other hand, has a
individual to produce melanin; skin
yellowish to orange pigment often seen in
appears to be pale than usual
carrots. Consuming too much of carotene
makes the skin turn yellowish.
 EFFECTS OF AGING THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM AS A
DIAGNOSTIC AID
As the body ages, the skin is more easily
In diagnosis, the integumentary system can
damaged because the epidermis thins and
be used because it reflects events or
the amount of collagen in the dermis
changes occurring in the body.
decreases.

➔ Cyanosis - When the skin appears to

The skin starts to sag and produce wrinkles
be bluish, it's because of decreased
due to the decrease in the number of elastic
blood oxygen content, indicating of
fibers in the dermis and loss of adipose
impaired cardiovascular or
tissue from the subcutaneous tissue.
respiratory function.
Skin becomes drier as sebaceous gland
activity decreases.

The activity of sweat glands and blood

supply to the dermis also decreases
resulting in the reduced ability to regulate
body temperature.

Number of functioning melanocytes

decreases, which results in gray hair, but in
some areas, melanocytes increase in
number resulting in age spots.
➔ Jaundice - When skin appears
yellowish, it is due to the excess bile
IMPORTANT INFO pigments accumulated in the blood.

Skin exposed to sunlight ages rapidly

than non exposed skin.

➔ Erythema - redness of the skin

caused by engorgement of
capillaries in the dermis with blood.
 scalp. The eyebrows and eyelashes
protect our eyes from any
substances that could harm them, it
has a similar function with the hair in
our nostrils and external ear canal.
- Touch receptors or hair root
plexuses are activated whenever a
hair is moved even slightly, it is also
associated with hair follicles.
➔ Pallor - the paleness of the skin
usually caused by shock or anemia.
Anatomy of a Hair
- A hair is divided into the shaft, which
protrudes above the surface of the
ACCESSORY SKIN STRUCTURES skin, and the root, located below the
surface.
- Hair, muscles, and skin glands are
the accessory skin structures that
develop from the embryonic
epidermis and have important roles
and functions. For example, hair,
nails, and muscles protect the body
while the sweat glands help in
regulating one’s temperature.

HAIR

- This skin accessory structure is Figure 3: Anatomy of Hair

visible on most parts of the body - Most of the root and the shaft are
surface aside from the palms, composed of columns of dead, keratinized
palmar surfaces of the fingers, the epithelial cells arranged in three concentric
soles, and plantar surfaces of the layers: the medulla, the cortex, and the
feet. cuticle.
- The thickness of the hair and the
pattern of hair distribution could be
because of the genetic and
hormonal influences.
- Despite offering limited protection,
the hair is still an important part of
our body. For example, the hair on
our head guards the scalp from
injury and sun’s rays. It also
decreases the heat loss from our
 replaces the old hair, which falls out
Figure 4: Cross section of a hair within a of the hair follicle.
hair follicle.
Hair Color
- Melanocytes within the hair bulb
- The central axis of a hair is the matrix produce melanin and pass it
medulla which also has two or three to keratinocytes in the hair cortex
layers of cells that contain soft and medulla.
keratin. It is surrounded by the - Blonde hair has little black-brown
cortex that is the one responsible for melanin, whereas jet black hair has
forming the bulk of the hair. The cells the most.
of the cortex contain hard keratin.
The cortex is covered by the cuticle,
a single layer of cells that also
MUSCLES
contain hard keratin.

- The hair follicle is a tubelike - Each hair follicle is associated with

invagination of the epidermis that smooth muscle cells called the
extends to the dermis, and it is arrector pili. The arrector pili extends
where a hair develops and grows. from the dermal root sheath of the
hair follicle to the papillary layer of
- The hair bulb is an expanded knob the dermis. When the arrector pili
at the base of the hair root. Inside muscles contract, causes the hair to
the hair bulb is a mass of “stand on end.” Movement of the
undifferentiated epithelial cells called hair follicles produces raised areas
the matrix. The matrix produces the called “goosebumps.”
hair and the internal epithelial root
sheath. GLANDS

Hair Growth
- The major glands of the skin are the
- Hair is produced in cycles which
sebaceous glands and the sweat
involves two stages, the growth and
glands.
resting stage.
- During the growth stage, the hair
increases in length as new matrix
cells are produced, differentiate, and
become keratinized. The hair grows
longer as cells are added at the
base of the hair root. Eventually, hair
growth stops; the hair follicle
shortens and holds the hair in place.
A resting period follows, after which
a new cycle begins and a new hair
Figure 5: Glands
 EPIDERMAL WOUND HEALING
Sebaceous Glands
- Sebaceous glands are located in the
dermis. They are simple or
compound alveolar glands that
produce sebum, an oily, white
substance rich in lipids. Due to
sebum, sebaceous glands are
considered as holocrine glands.
- Most sebaceous glands are
- Even though the central portion of
connected by a duct to the upper
an epidermal wound may extend to
part of the hair follicles, from which
the dermis, the edges of the wound
the sebum oils the hair and the skin
usually involve only slight damage to
surface. The secretion of sebum
superficial epidermal cells.
onto the hair and surrounding skin
prevents drying and protects against
- Common types of epidermal wounds
some bacteria.
include abrasions, in which a portion
of skin has been scraped away, and
Sweat Glands
minor burns.
- Eccrine and Apocrine are two types
of sweat or sudoriferous glands.
- After an epidermal injury, basal cells
of the epidermis surrounding the
Eccrine Sweat Glands
wound break contact with the
- Is also known as Merocrine Sweat
basement membrane. The cells then
Glands
enlarge and migrate across the
- Are the most common type of sweat
wound.
glands
- These sweat glands help in
Contact Inhibition - A cellular response
regulating temperature in humans.
where epidermal cells stop migrating when
they encounter one another.
Apocrine Sweat Glands
- Apocrine Sweat Glands are found in
Epidermal Growth Factor - As the basal
the axillae and genitalia and around
epidermal cells migrate, this hormone
the anus.
stimulates basal stem cells to divide and
- Unlike the Eccrine or Merocrine
replace the ones that have moved into the
Sweat Glands, This type of sweat
wound
glands do not help in regulating a
human’s temperature.
- It only functions once a person DEEP WOUND HEALING
reaches puberty.
- Deep wound healing takes place
WOUND HEALING PROCESS when an injury extends to the dermis
and subcutaneous layer.
 - Multiple tissue layers are involved, - The scab sloughs off once the
therefore it is a much more complex dermis has restored to its normal
process compared to epidermal thickness.
wound healing. - Collagen fibers become more
- In addition, because scar tissue is organized.
formed, the healed tissue may lose - Fibroblasts decrease in number.
some of its normal functions. - Blood vessels are restored to
normal.
Deep wound healing occurs in 4
processes:

➔ Inflammatory phase
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%20are%20the%20main,and%20in%
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20bioengineering%20of%20skin
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