Work, Energy & Power
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Work
Work is said to be done whenever a force
acts on a body and the body moves
through some distance in the direction of
the force.
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Work done by a Constant Force
Thus work done is the dot product of
force and displacement vectors.
Hence work is a scalar quantity.
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+ve, -ve & Zero Work Done In Different Situations
Positive work.
Negative work.
ZERO Work.
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A force F = iƸ + 5jƸ + 7k acts on a particle and displaces
it through sԦ = 6iƸ + 9k.
Calculate the work done if the
force is in newton and displacement in metre.
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Work Done By A Variable Force
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A particle moves along the X-axis from x = 0 to x = 5 m
under the influence of a force given by
F = 7 − 2x + 3x 2 . Find the work done in the process.
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Energy
Energy of a body is defined as its
capacity or ability to do work.
(i) like work, Energy is a scalar
quantity.
(ii) The dimensional formula of energy
is same as that of work.
(iii) Energy is measured in the same
units as the Work.
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Mechanical Energy
The energy produced by mechanical
means is called mechanical energy.
It has two forms :
(i) Kinetic energy
(ii) Potential energy
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Kinetic Energy
The energy possessed by a body by virtue
of its motion is called its kinetic energy.
Examples :
(i) A moving hammer drives a nail into
the wood. Being in motion, it has
kinetic energy or ability to do work.
(ii) A bullet fired from a gun can pierce a
target due to its kinetic energy.
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Expression For Kinetic Energy
The kinetic energy of a body can
be determined by calculating the
amount of work required to bring
the body into motion from its
state of rest.
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Relation Between K.E. And Linear Momentum
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Work-Energy Theorem
It states that the work done by the
net force acting on a body is equal to
the change produced in the kinetic
energy of the body.
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Proof of Work-Energy Theorem for Constant Force
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Proof of Work-Energy Theorem for Variable Force
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Imp. Points : Work-Energy Theorem
1) The work-energy theorem is not independent of
Newton's second law (Second law is in Vector form)
Work energy theorem may be viewed as scalar
form of second law.
2) The W-E theorem holds in all inertial frames. It can
be extended to non-inertial frames provided we
include the pseudo force in the calculation of the
net force acting on the body under consideration.
3) When a body moves along a circular path with
uniform speed, there is no change in its kinetic
energy. By-E theorem, the work done by the
centripetal force is zero.
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Imp. Points : Work-Energy Theorem
(4) In the above discussion, we have assumed that the
work done by the force is effective only in changing the
kinetic energy of the body.
If both the PE and KE of the body change, then
according to work energy theorem,
Work done on the body = increase in P.E. and K.E. of the
body.
Similarly, work done by the body = decrease in P.E. and
K.E. of the body.
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Potential Energy
Potential energy is the energy stored
in a body or a system by virtue of its
position in a field of force or by its
configuration.
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Different Types Of Potential Energies
(i) Gravitational potential energy.
It is the potential energy associated with
the state of separation of two bodies, which
attract one another through the
gravitational force.
(ii) Elastic potential energy.
It is the potential energy associated with
the state of compression or extension of an
elastic (spring like) object.
(iii) Electrostatic potential energy .
The energy due to the interaction between
two electric charges is electrostatic
potential energy.
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Gravitational Potential Energy
The gravitational potential energy of a
body is the energy possessed by the
body by virtue of its position above the
surface of the earth.
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Conservative Force
A force is conservative if the work
done by the force in displacing a
particle from one point to another
is independent of the path followed
by the particle and depends only on
the end points.
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Conservative Force
A force is conservative if the work done
by the force in moving a particle around
any closed path is zero.
Examples:
(1) Gravitational force
(2) Electrostatic force
(3) Spring Force are all conservative force.
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Non-Conservative Force
If the amount of work done in
moving an object against a force
from one point to another
depends on the path along
which the body moves, then
such a force is called a non-
conservative force.
Examples.
(1) Forces of friction
(2) Viscosity
(3) Tension
(4) Air resistance etc. are non-
conservative forces.
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Potential Energy in Relation To Conservative Force
The potential energy is the energy associated
with the configuration of a system in which a
conservative force acts.
The potential energy is defined for
conservative force only.
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Imp. Points : Potential Energy
1. Potential Energy is defined only for
conservative forces. It does not exist for
non conservative forces.
2. Potential energy depends upon frame of
reference. It may be positive or
negative.
3. A body in motion may or may not have
potential energy.
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Gravitational Force is a conservative force
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Principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
This principle states that if only the
conservative forces are doing work
on a body, then its total mechanical
energy (K.E. + P.E.) remains constant.
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Derivation: Principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
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Properties of Conservative Forces
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Conservation of Mechanical Energy In Case of a Freely Falling Body
Total mechanical energy remains
constant (= mgh) at all points . Thus
total mechanical energy is conserved
during free fall of a body.
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Derivation: Conservation of Mechanical Energy In Freely Falling Body
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GRAPH: K.E. & P.E. during free fall of a body
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Q. Fig. shows a frictionless hemispherical bowl of radius R.
A ball of mass m is pushed down the wall from a point A.
It just rises up to the edge of the bowl. Calculate the
speed with which the ball is pushed down along the wall.
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Potential Energy of a Spring
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Derivation: Potential Energy of a Spring
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Derivation: Potential Energy of a Spring
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P.E of an Elastic Stretched Spring By Graphical Method.
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Conservation of Energy in an Elastic Spring
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GRAPH of Conservation of Energy in an Elastic Spring
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Power
• Power is defined as the rate of doing work.
• Power is a scalar quantity
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Unit of Power
• The SI unit of power is watt (W).
• The power of an agent is one watt if it
does work at the rate of 1 joule per second.
• The bigger units of power are kilowatt
(kW) and horse power (hp).
1 horse power = 746 watt
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Instantaneous Power
The instantaneous power is defined as the
limiting value of the average power as the
time interval approaches zero.
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Collisions
A collision is said to occur between two
bodies, either if they physically collide
against each other or if the path of one is
affected by the force exerted by the other.
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Collisions
Two key rules of the collision :
1. Law of conservation of linear momentum
(in all collisions the Total linear momentum is
conserved)
2. Law of conservation of energy.
(Elastic Collision- K.E. conserved
Inelastic collision- KE not conserved)
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Types of Collisions
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Elastic Collision
If there is no loss of kinetic energy during a collision, it is
called an elastic collision.
Examples
1) Collision between atomic particles
2) Collision between glass balls, etc.
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Characteristics Of Elastic Collision
1) The linear momentum is conserved.
2) Total energy is conserved.
3) The kinetic energy is conserved.
4) Forces involved during the collision are
conservative.
5) The mechanical energy is not converted
into heat, light, sound, etc.
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Inelastic Collision
If there is a loss of kinetic energy during a collision, it is
called an inelastic collision.
Examples
1) Collision between two vehicles
2) Collision between a ball and floor.
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Characteristics of Inelastic Collision
1) The momentum is conserved.
2) Total energy is conserved.
3) The kinetic energy is not conserved.
4) Some or all of the forces involved are
non-conservative.
5) A part of the mechanical energy is
converted into heat, light, sound, etc.
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Perfectly Inelastic Collision
If two bodies stick together after the collision and move as
a single body with a common velocity, then the collision is
said to be perfectly inelastic collision.
Examples.
1) Mud thrown on a wall and sticking to it.
2) A man jumping into a moving trolley
3) A bullet fired into a wooden block and
remains embedded in it, etc.
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Superelastic or Explosive Collision
In such a collision, there is an increase in
kinetic energy.
This occurs if there is a release of potential
energy on an impact.
Examples:
1) Bursting of a cracker when it hits the floor
forcefully.
2) The collision of a trolley with another may
release a compressed spring and thereby
releasing the energy stored in the spring.
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Head-On Or One-dimensional Collision
It is the collision in which the colliding bodies
move along the same straight line path before
and after the collision.
Example: Collision between two railway compartments.
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Oblique Or Two-dimensional Collision
If two bodies do not move along the same
straight line path but lie in the same plane before
and after the collision, the collision is said to be
oblique or two-dimensional collision.
Example: Collision between two carrom coins,
58 Billiards balls
Elastic Collision In One Dimension
In an elastic one-dimensional
collision, the relative velocity of
approach before collision is equal
to the relative velocity of
separation after the collision.
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Proof: Elastic Collision In One Dimension
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Velocities after Elastic Collision in One Dimension
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Special Cases: Velocities after Elastic Collision in One Dimension
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Perfectly Inelastic Collision
When the two colliding bodies stick
together and move as a single body
with a common velocity after the
collision, the collision is perfectly
inelastic.
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Elastic Collision in Two Dimensions
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Special Cases in Elastic Collision in Two Dimensions
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Special Cases in Elastic Collision in Two Dimensions
Imp. NOTE: When two equal masses
suffer a glancing collision with one
of them at rest, after the collision,
the two masses move at right
angles to each other.
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Coefficient of Restitution (e)
Most of the real collisions are neither
perfectly elastic nor perfectly plastic.
They are partially elastic collisions, in
which the K.E. reduces and so the
speed of separation is less than the
speed of approach.
It is defined as the ratio of the
magnitude of relative velocity of
separation after collision to the
magnitude of relative velocity of
approach before collision.
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Motion In A Vertical Circle (Non uniform circular Motion)
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Motion In A Vertical Circle (Non uniform circular Motion)
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Motion In A Vertical Circle (Non uniform circular Motion)
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At point C, the string becomes slack and
the velocity of the bob is horizontal and
to the left.
If the connecting string is cut at
this instant, the bob will execute
a projectile motion with
horizontal projection akin to a
rock kicked horizontally from the
edge of a cliff.
Otherwise the bob will continue on
its circular path and complete the
revolution.
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