UNIT : 2 CRYPTOGRAPHY

Contents

• Introduction to Encryption Scheme

• Symmetric Encryption algorithm / Cipher-Encryption

and Decryption using:

• Caesar’s cipher, shift cipher, playfair cipher,

Vigenere cipher, one time pad (vernam cipher), hill
cipher (encryption only)

• Transposition techniques: rail fence

• Steganography
 Contents

• Hashing function : SHA1

• Asymmetric encryption:
Maintain Confidentiality
Maintain Authentication
Maintain Authentication And Confidentiality

• Digital Signatures, Key escrow

 Basic Terms

•Plain Text: Data that can be read and understand without

any special measure.

• Cipher Text: Data that is transformed or converted by

Encryption algorithm.

•Encryption: Algorithm for transforming plain text to

cipher text.

•Decryption: Algorithm for transforming cipher text

toplain text.
 Basic Terms

•Key: It is used for encryption and decryption of message.

•Cryptography: It is the science of using mathematics to

encrypt and decrypt data.

•Objectives of Cryptography:

1.Confidentiality
2. Integrity
3. Non repudiation
4. Authentication
 SYMMETRIC
ENCRYPTION AND ASYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION

Symmetric Encryption:

Both sender and receiver use single same key for

Encryption and Decryption.

It is also known as Conventional Cryptography/Secret

Key /Private Key.
 SYMMETRIC
ENCRYPTION AND ASYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION

Asymmetric Encryption:

It is also known as Public key cryptography.

It uses two keys:

1. Public key known to every one.

2. Private key known to receiver.
 ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM

CAESAR CIPHER

It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in

the plaintext is 'shifted' a certain number of places down the
alphabet.

For example, with a shift of 1, A would be replaced

by B, B would become C, and so on.

First translate all of characters to numbers, 'a'=0,

'b'=1, 'c'=2, ... , 'z'=25.
For Encryption, C=E(P)=(P+K) mod 26
For Decryption, P=D(C)=(C-k)mod 26
 CAESAR CIPHER

Algorithm for Caesar Cipher:

Input:
A String of lower case letters, called Text.
An Integer between 0-25 denoting the required shift.

Procedure:
Traverse the given text one character at a time .
For each character, transform the given character as per the
rule, depending on whether we’re encrypting or decrypting
the text.
Return the new string generated.
 CAESAR CIPHER

Example:

Plain Text=HELLO
Key=3

Encryption:

Cipher Text=KHOOR

Decryption:

Plain Text=HELLO
 CAESAR CIPHER

Example:

Plain Text= ATTACKATONCE

Key=4
 CAESAR CIPHER

Example:

Encryption:

Cipher Text=EXXEGOEXSRGI

Decryption:

Plain Text= ATTACKATONCE

 PLAYFAIR CIPHER

First Find Matrix for KEY.

1.Double characters are removed.

2.Arrange in 5*5 matrix.

3.Write down other letters of character set.

4.I/J should be on the same position.

 PLAYFAIR CIPHER

Split the message (Plain Text) in pair of characters.

If a pair is a repeated letter, insert filler like 'X’
Example: TEXT: TE XT
HELLO →HE LL O →HE LX LO
Rules:
1) If both letters fall in the same row, replace each with letter
to right (wrapping back to start from end) For example, AR is
encrypted as RM
 PLAYFAIR CIPHER

2) If both letters fall in the same column, replace each with

the letter below it (wrapping to top from bottom)
For example, MU is encrypted as CM

3) Otherwise each letter is replaced by the letter in the same

row and in the column of the other letter of the pair For
Example, SH becomes PB and EA becomes IM
 PLAYFAIR CIPHER

2) If both letters fall in the same column, replace each with

the letter below it (wrapping to top from bottom)
For example, MU is encrypted as CM

3) Otherwise each letter is replaced by the letter in the same

row and in the column of the other letter of the pair For
Example, SH becomes PB and EA becomes IM
 PLAYFAIR CIPHER

EXAMPLE

If key=“keyword” and plaintext=“secret message” then

Encrypt the message using play fair cipher.

If key=“summer” then write play fair matrix(table)

 VERNAM CIPHER

It is also known as One Time Pad(OTP).

It is unbreakable encryption technique.

Vernam cipher is a stream cipher where the plain text is

add with a random stream of data of the same length to
generate the encrypted data.
 VERNAM CIPHER

•Encryption Algorithm:

•Assign a number to each character of the plain-text and the

key according to alphabetical order.

•Add both the number (Corresponding plain-text character

number and Key character number).

•Subtract the number from 26 if the added number is greater

than 26, if it isn’t then leave it.
 VERNAM CIPHER

Example:
Plain-Text: RAMSWARUPK
Key: RANCHOBABA

PT: R A M S W A R U P K
NO: 17 0 12 18 22 0 17 20 15 10

KEY: R A N C H O B A B A
NO: 17 0 13 2 7 14 1 0 1 0

CT-NO: 34 0 25 20 29 14 18 20 16 10
After mod 26
CT-NO: 8 0 25 20 3 14 18 20 16 10
CIPHER-TEXT: I A Z U D O S U Q K
 VIGENERE CIPHER

It is a polyalphabetic cipher.

For Vigenere Cipher, use Tabula Recta in which each row

of the table corresponds to a Caesar Cipher. The first row is
a shift of 0; the second is a shift of 1; and the last is a shift of
25.

The Vigenere cipher uses this table together with a

keyword to encipher a message.
VIGENERE CIPHER
 VIGENERE CIPHER

To encrypt a message using the Vigenère Cipher you first

need to choose a keyword

for each plaintext letter, find the letter down the left hand
side of the tabula recta. You take the corresponding letter
from the key stream, and find this across the top of the
tabula recta.

Where these two lines cross in the table is the

Cipher text letter you use.
 VIGENERE CIPHER

Encrypt the plaintext "a simple example" using the

keyword battista.

First we must generate the keystream, by repeating the

letters of the keyword until it is the same length as the
plaintext.

The keystream b means choose the column with B at the

top, and the plaintext "a" means we choose the row with A at
the left. We get the ciphertext "B".
VIGENERE CIPHER
 VIGENERE CIPHER

• For the second plaintext letter "s", we go down to S on the

left, and use the keystream a to go to A along the top. We get
the ciphertext letter "S".
 VIGENERE CIPHER

With the plaintext letter "i", we go down to I on the left,

and the keystream letter t means we go to T across the top.
We get the ciphertext letter "B".
 VIGENERE CIPHER

Continuing in this way we get the final cipher text

"BSBF XDXEYA FITW".
 HILL CIPHER

Encryption

To encrypt a message using the Hill Cipher ,first turn

keyword into a key matrix (either in 2x2 matrix or 3x3
matrix).

Also turn the plaintext into digraphs (or trigraphs) and

each of these into a column vector.

We then perform matrix multiplication modulo the

length of the alphabet (i.e. 26) on each vector
 HILL CIPHER

2 x 2 Example

Plaintext : "short example"

Key : hill

The first step is to turn the keyword into a matrix. If the

keyword was longer than the 4 letters needed, we would
only take the first 4 letters, and if it was shorter, we would
fill it up with the alphabet in order.
 HILL CIPHER

Now convert this into a key matrix.

A = 0, B = 1, C= 2, D = 3, etc.

Now split the plaintext into digraphs, and write

these as column vectors.

Each letter is replaced by its appropriate number.

 HILL CIPHER

Encryption process of the first digraph :

 HILL CIPHER

Encryption process of the second digraph :

 HILL CIPHER

This gives us a final cipher text of "APADJ TFTWLFJ".

 HILL CIPHER

This gives us a final cipher text of "APADJ TFTWLFJ".

 TRANSPOSITION TECHNIQUE

Here, Plaintext symbols are rearranged to produce

Ciphertext.

Example, Rail Fence Cipher

 RAIL FENCE CIPHER

Rail fence cipher is a type of transposition cipher.

It involves rearranging of letters in plain text to encrypt

the message.
Example,
Plain Text=THIS IS A SECRET MESSAGE
Key(Rail)=3
For Encryption, write message in zigzag(vertically)
 RAIL FENCE CIPHER

For Decryption,
Total letter =21
Divided in to 3 groups of letter( bcz no. of rails=3)

Key(Rail)=3,

The message is read vertically:

THIS IS A SECRET MESSAGE
 STEGANOGRAPHY

Steganography means hiding a message within another

message or image.

Steganography is an art of hiding a message, image, or

file within another message ,image, or file.

The word steganography combines the Ancient Greek

words steganos meaning "covered or protected", and
graphein meaning "writing".

For example, the hidden message may be in invisible ink

between the visible lines of a private letter.
STEGANOGRAPHY
 STEGANOGRAPHY

Digital Stegnography:

We can insert date or we can hide data in the image by

replacing bits of image.

Most common technique are:

1)LSB,
2)DCT and
3)Append type.
 LSB: Least Significant Bit

Replace LSB bit with a bit from hidden data.

LSB has smallest effect on the amount of color.

Replacing LSB to hidden data will have small effect on

the picture.
DCT stands for Discrete Cosine Transform

It works by calculating the frequencies of the image then

replace some of them.
 Append

Instead of hide the data in the photo by manipulating the

picture, Append algorithm appends the data to the end of
the file as appending.

This algorithm will change the size of the file.

 DIGITAL SIGNATURE

When there is not complete trust between sender and

receiver, Digital Signature is needed.

Property of Digital Signature

• It must verify the sender, date and time of signature

• It must authenticate the content at the time of signature

• It must be verifiable by third parties to resolve disputes.

DIGITAL SIGNATURE
 DIGITAL SIGNATURE

Digital Signature give two algorithm:

One for sender which involve user’s private key and one
for verifying signature which involve user’s public key.

Digital Signature is an electronic signature that can be

used to authenticate the identity of the sender of a message
and ensure that content of the message that has been sent is
unchanged.
 KEY ESCROW

It is a cryptographic key exchange process in which a key

is held in escrow or stored by a third party.

Key escrow provides a backup source for cryptographic

keys.

It is a risky because a third party is involved.

Key Escrow is to serve as a backup if the parties with

access to the cryptographic key lose the data, such as
through some natural diaster or a crack attack.