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01_Introduction to DBMS

The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS), outlining key concepts such as databases, DBMS, and their applications. It discusses the limitations of file-based systems compared to the advantages of using a DBMS, including improved data integrity, security, and accessibility. Additionally, it covers the components of a DBMS environment, roles of personnel involved, and the historical evolution of database systems.

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3 views

01_Introduction to DBMS

The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS), outlining key concepts such as databases, DBMS, and their applications. It discusses the limitations of file-based systems compared to the advantages of using a DBMS, including improved data integrity, security, and accessibility. Additionally, it covers the components of a DBMS environment, roles of personnel involved, and the historical evolution of database systems.

Uploaded by

isabellanuwagaba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database

Management
systems
Lecturer 1:
Introduction to Databases

Mr. Kenneth Baguma


0782 285102
[email protected]
Chapter 1 - Objectives
 Some common uses of database systems.
 Characteristics of file-based systems.
 Problems with file-based approach.
 Meaning of the term database.
 Meaning of the term Database Management System (DBMS).
 Typical functions of a DBMS.
 Major components of the DBMS environment.
 Personnel involved in the DBMS environment.
 History of the development of DBMSs.
 Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.
Key Definitions
 Database
 Is a collection of related data
 Self-describing collection of integrated records
designed to meet the information needs of an
organization
 Database Management System (DBMS)
 The software that manages and controls access to
the database
 A software system that enables users to define,
create, maintain, and control access to the
database
Key Definitions II
 Database Application
 A program that interacts with a database (by issuing
an appropriate request using a query language via
the DBMS) at some point in its execution.

 Database System
 A collection of application programs that interact
with a database along with the DBMS and the
database itself
Examples of Database Applications

 Purchases from the supermarket


 Booking a holiday at the travel agents
 Taking out insurance
 Using the Internet
 Studying at university
 Etc......
File-Based Approach
 File-Based System
 Is a Collection of application programs that perform services
for the end users (e.g. reports).
 Distinguishing Characteristic
 Each program defines and manages its own data while
database applications...?
 When does a manual filling system become inappropriate?
 We use the scenario of a real estate company
 The file based system was developed in response to the need to
have access to cross-reference or processed data
File-Based Processing
Limitations of File-Based Approach
 Separation and isolation of data
 Each program maintains its own set of data.
 Users of one program may be unaware of potentially
useful data held by other programs.

 Duplication of data
 Same data is held by different programs.
 Wasted space and potentially different values and/or
different formats for the same item.
Limitations of File-Based Approach
 Data dependence
 File structure is defined in the program code.

 Incompatible file formats


 Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot
easily access each other’s files.

 Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs


 Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
 Any new requirement needs a new program.
Database Approach
 Arose because:
 Definition of data was embedded in application programs,
rather than being stored separately and independently.
 No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that
imposed by application programs.

 Result:
 the database and Database Management System (DBMS).
Database
 Shared collection of logically related data (and a description
of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an
organization.

 System catalog / data dictionary / metadata (the data about


data) provides description of data to enable program–data
independence.

 Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and


relationships of an organization’s information.
Database Management System (DBMS)

A software system that enables users to define, create,


maintain, and control access to the database.

 (Database) application program: a computer program that


interacts with database by issuing an appropriate request
(SQL statement) to the DBMS.
Database Management System
(DBMS)
Database Approach
 Data definition language (DDL).
 Permits specification of data types, structures and any
data constraints.
 All specifications are stored in the database.

 Data manipulation language (DML).


 General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.
Database Approach

Controlled access to database may include:


 a security system
 an integrity system
 a concurrency control system
 a recovery control system
 a user-accessible catalog.
Views
 Allowseach user to have his or her own view of the
database.

A view is essentially some subset of the database.


Views - Benefits
 Reduce complexity
 Provide a level of security
 Provide a mechanism to customize the appearance of the
database
 Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the structure of
the database, even if the underlying database is changed
Components of DBMS Environment
Components of DBMS Environment
 Hardware
 Can range from a PC to a network of computers.
 Software
 DBMS, operating system, network software (if
necessary) and also the application programs.
 Data
 Used by the organization and a description of this data called
the schema.
Components of DBMS Environment

 Procedures

 Instructions and rules that should be applied to


the design and use of the database and DBMS.
 People
The DB environment and the
people involved
Roles in the Database Environment
 DataAdministrator (DA)
 Database Administrator (DBA)
 Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
 Application Programmers
 End Users (naive and sophisticated)

 Data base guys hold responsible


jobs and are
well-paid!
History of Database Systems
 First-generation
 Hierarchical and Network

 Second generation
 Relational

 Third generation
 Object-Relational
 Object-Oriented
Advantages of DBMSs
 Control of data redundancy
 Data consistency
 More information from the same amount of data
 Sharing of data
 Improved data integrity
 Improved security
 Enforcement of standards
 Economy of scale
 Balance conflicting requirements
 Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
 Increased productivity
 Improved maintenance through data independence
 Increased concurrency
 Improved backup and recovery services
Disadvantages of DBMSs
 Complexity
 Size
 Cost of DBMS
 Additional hardware costs
 Cost of conversion
 Performance
 Higher impact of a failure
Any Questions???
Questions
 State 3 other examples of database applications
 Explain the difference between the database Approach and File-
based Approach
 List chronologically the three different Approaches to storing,
managing and retrieving data
 For the first two use a scenario to explain why they would be
inappropriate. This question seeks justifications for using one
approach against the other
 What are the characteristics of file-based Systems
 Define the terms Database, DBMS, Database Application,
Database System, file-based application, System Catalog.
 Explain the need for a DBMS.
 State the major components of a DBMS Environment and the
function of each.
 Describe the functions of personnel normally working within the
DBMS Environment
 What are the advantages and disadvantages of a DBMS?

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