Phonetics- a branch of linguistics accents and durations in music or open or closed, open end with a of sound i.e.

ith a of sound i.e. stop- top, addition of

that deals with speech sounds. Looks speech vowel while closed end with a sound i.e. mbus.
at individual speech sounds i.e. /k/ /d/ Differences between phonetics and consonant. phonological disorder- attributed to a
/b/ and their properties, also looks at phonology- phonetics is the study of pattern of sound errors. Voice
universal speech sounds. speech sounds in natural language disorders; hearsness, stammering,
Varieties of phonetics- articulatory- and language specific whereas apraxia of speech- inconsistent
production of sounds, acoustic- phonology is the organization of production of speech rearranging
properties of sounds, auditory- speech sounds in a particular sounds in a word, dysatria- inability
perception of sound. language. Phonetics have both to produce speech i.e. cerebral palsy,
Articulatory phonetics- meaningful and meaningless speech muteness- complete inability to
classification of sound (consonants, structures that include translation, speak.
vowels) articulation and perception of sounds Symptoms of speech disorder-
Consonants- there’s obstruction in whereas phonology looks at repeating certain sound, adding extra
the vocal tract, maybe voiced or meaningful/distinctive sounds sounds in words, rearranging
voiceless. Classification of including speech sound patterns and Tempo- rate of speech. syllable, hearsness, blinking severally
consonants- place of articulation- is meaning. Phonetics has branches like Functions of prosody/ while talking.
where the obstruction takes place. i.e. articulatory, acoustic and auditory suprasegmental phonology- used to Varieties of English- is a universal
Bilabial- /b/ /p/ /m/, labiodental- /f/ whereas phonology has segmental add meaning by expressing emotions, sociolinguistic phenomenon. i.e.
/v/, alveolar- /t/ /d/ /s/ /n/, palatal- and supra-segmental. Phonetics deals remove ambiguity from speech, British English, American English.
/j/ /s/, velar- /k/ /g/, glottal- /h/, with actual speech sounds whereas create rhythm in poetry. other; Indian, Canadian, Australian.
dental- /f/, post alveolar- /ts/ /dƷ/, phonology deals with abstract speech Phonological disorders and Language varies at different levels
choir- /k/ chair /ts/ chores. Manner of sounds/mental representation of process- phonological process- i.e. phonetic, phonological,
articulation- how the airstream is speech sounds. Phonetics provides patterns of sound error that typically morphological.
obstructed. i.e. stops/plosives- /p/ raw materials for phonology whereas develop in children, used to simplify Phonological features of Kenyan
/b/ /t/ /d/ /g/, fricatives- /dƷ/ /ts/ /f/, phonology builds on phonetics. speech as they start to talk or change English- it follows the 5-vowel
nasals- /n/ /m/ /s/, approximants- Phonotactics- made up of phonemes in sound, undergo in a particular system i.e. at, heart, hat. non-rhotic
/w/ /s/ /r/, laterals- /l/. voiced and deals with the system of phonological environment. i.e. car, water. Less vowel length
consonants- /b/ /m/ /n/ /d/ /v/ /s/ /g/. permissible sound patterns in a Substitution phonological process- contrast i.e. hard, had. Lack of mid
voiceless consonants- /k/ /s/ /h/ /p/ /t/. particular language, it is language backness- /t/ /d/ alveola replaced central vowels i.e. cut, cat, about.
Vowels- produced with no specific, examines syllable and word with /k/ /g/ which are behind the Monothongnization. Consonant
obstruction. There’s free flow of air, clusters explaining what is possible mouth i.e. dog- gog. substitution i.e. results of first
all vowels are voiced and nasal. and not possible and how different Fronting- when velar /k/ /g/ are language of influence. Insertion i.e.
classification of vowels- tongue patterns affect different meanings. replaced with alveola /t/ /d/. boy, mboy. Shrubbing i.e. sugar, suga
height, tongue backness, lip i.e. consonant cluster ‘ts’ may occur Stoping- when fricative is replaced Phonological features of British
rounding, tenseness. in initial word in English- strong, with a stop i.e. fun- pun English – non- rhotic i.e. car, water.
street, strand but not permissible in Labialization- when a non-labial is T- stopping i.e. fifth. R- dropping i.e.
the end of the word, consonant pronounced like a labial i.e. tie- pie. car, water. Diphthongization i.e. feed,
cluster ‘dh’ is permissible in Swahili. Phoneme substitution- when food ee oo are diphthongized.
The contrastive relationship of voiceless velar is replaced with a Phonological features of American
phoneme in phonotactics maybe voiced velar i.e. gas- kas. English- rhotic sound r is produced
paradigmatic- vertical in nature and Assimilation phonological process- i.e. car, beer, fear, hard, form, first.
involves minimal pairs. when it Progressive assimilation- sound Accent is prosodic/ sincerity. Vowel
Phonetics provide raw materials for occurs, the two sounds must be in becomes like the sound it follows i.e. shift i.e. cot /kat/, caught /kot/. T-
phonology; sounds are combined to binary opposition to each other or impossible- /m/ becomes a plosive glottalization i.e. water, button.
make meaningful units. syntagmatic- horizontal in nature, like /p/. Vowel reduction i.e. America,
Phonology- a branch of linguistics involves consonant and vowel Regressive assimilation- sound banana.
that deals with organization of sound classes, deals with sound become like the proceeding sound i.e. Phonetic transcription-
pattern. Looks at a group of sounds patterns/organization. bomb. transcription of phonetic symbols.
and meaningful sounds of a particular Minimal pairs- words are Nasalization- where nasal affects Narrow transcription- transcription
language. pronounced the same except for one sound just before it. i.e. sin. that uses phones. It gives extra
Varieties of phonology- segmental- sound in similar position i.e. thigh Dissimilation- when sound segment information of how a word sounds
units of sounds (individual speech (Ɵai) thy (ðai). is staged to make it less like an i.e. Puff (ph˄f) /p/ is aspirated,
sounds) phones- the smallest distinct Minimal sets- are a group of words adjacent sound segment i.e. fifth meaning when pronouncing it we
units of a sound in a language, that defer by only one phoneme and /fifƟ/. have an extra puff of air that comes
Phonemes- minimal distinctive changing any one phoneme creates a Syllable structure- out. /p/ /ph/- allophones.
sounds of a word in a particular new word. i.e. mouse, house. Cluster reduction- consonant is Broad transcription- transcription
language, are mental representation Complementary distribution- they reduced to a single consonant that uses phoneme i.e. puff- /p˄f/.
of actual sounds and not always the occur in different intersecting structure i.e. blue- blu. Theories of phonology- generative-
same as orthographic letters. i.e. environs, are mutually exclusive but Final consonant deletion- final focuses on generating linguistic
jug /dƷ/. are usually the same. i.e. allophones. consonant cluster is left out i.e. coup structures through underlying
allophones- are variations of a Contrastive distribution- vowel reduction- vowel segment is representations and phonological
phoneme that occur in different relationship between two different not fully articulated i.e. maintain- rules, emphasizes use of formal
phonetic contexts but do not change elements in which both elements are men.ten. models i.e. finite state machines.
the meaning of a word. Supra- formed in the same environment but epenthesis- sound is added between Non- linear- proposes that linguistic
segmental- prosody (stress- with a change in meaning i.e. two consonants i.e. film- filim. elements such as segments and
emphasis placed on a particular phonemes. Metathesis- syllable structure is suprasegmental features can be
syllable within a word or a phrase i.e. Phonological features- system disarranged i.e. ask- aks. organized in hierarchical structures.
project- noun, project- verb. Creates designed to distinguish all possible Phonological disorders- problems in Introduces concepts such as metric
rhythm, highlight info, remove speech from each other as well as producing the sounds of speech. Can phonology. Optimality- is a
ambiguity. Primary stress- syllable help group sounds into natural be divided into articulation and constraint-based approach to
with the most emphasis in a word, classes. i.e. major class features- phonological disorder. Articulation phonology that views language as an
secondary stress- syllable that has identifies two broad classes of disorder- involve difficulty in optimization process. Allows for
focus but not as strong as primary., consonants. i.e. consonants and making specific speech sounds and more elegant account of language
intonation- pattern of pitch changes vowels. inability to produce speech sounds universals and language-specific
in speech particularly across phrases Syllable- meaningful part of a word correctly. Distortion of sound i.e. patterns.
and sentences, pitch/tone- perceived and can be a word or part of a word thigh (ð) sigh (ʃ), substitution of Orthography- refers to the
frequency of a sound wave and is one and must follow phonotactic rules. sound i.e. probox- brobox, omission standardized system of writing a
of the primary perceptual attributes i.e. cry- /krai/. A syllable may be language using a set of symbols.
of sound, rhythm- pattern of beats,