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Understanding Culture,
Society, and Politics
FIRST QUARTER
MODULE 2
CONCEPTS OF
SOCIOLOGY,
ANTHROPOLOGY, AND
THE STUDY OF
CULTURE
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QUARTER 1
MODULE 2 – WEEK 2
CONCEPTS OF SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE
STUDY OF CULTURE
Content Standard
Culture and Society as Anthropological and Sociological Concepts
Perspectives in approaches to the study of culture and society (i.e.,
comparative, historical, structural functional, interpretive, and critical)
Performance Standard
Appreciate the nature of culture and society from perspectives of
anthropology and sociology
Demonstrate a holistic understanding of culture and society
Values cultural heritage and express pride of place without being
ethnocentric
Learning Outcome
Demonstrate a holistic understanding of culture and society and Value
cultural heritage and express pride of place without being ethnocentric
through an essay and Graphical Analysis
Competency
Analyze the concept, aspect and changes in/of culture and society
What I Know
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read each item prudently, and choose the correct answer by writing
letter and the word/s in your answer sheet.
1. Cultural variety, or different cultures represented in one location, is also
called .
A. Ethics C. cultural change
B. diversity D. cultural traits
2. Which of the following is an element of culture?
A. landforms C. latitude
B. sports D. geography
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3. Which of the following is not an element of culture?
A. food C. language
B. geography D. religion
4. All cultures undergo ______ , where cultural traits do not remain exactly the
same over periods of time.
A. ethics C. cultural change
B. cultural traits D. religion
5. A record of the past is called
A. culture. C. history.
B. artifact. D. memory
6. It refers to the methodological and theoretical rigor that sociology applies in
its study of society and human behavior.
A. Scientific C. Society
B. Culture D. Tradition
7. It is established when roles, statuses, and groups are perpetuated within the
context of a society.
A. Group C. Institution
B. Ritual D. Norms
8. It is refers to the interrelationship of parts of society.
A. Social Organization C. Social Experiment
B. Social Information D. Social Management
9. It is aset of accepted behaviors that define the individual’s responses and
inclinations.
A. Norms C. Roles
B. Regulations D. Laws
10. It is the product of human interactions as humans subscribe to the rules
otheir culture.
A. Society C. Community
B. Environment D. Assets
11. What theory that states Culture is said to be shape by environment and
technological conditions, Cultures evolve when people are able to increase the
amount of energy under their control?
A. Diffusionism C. Materialism
B. Neo-evolutionism D. Functionalism
12. It a culture is the product of the “Material Conditions” in which a given
community of people finds itself.
A. Diffusionism C. Materialism
B. Neo-evolution D. Functionalism
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13. A theory that states all cultures undergo the same development stages in the
same order. This main classifications include savagery, barbarism, and
civilization.
A. Historicism C. Cultural Evolutionism
B. Materialism D. Functionalism
14. It examines the remains of ancient and historical populations to promote an
understanding of how humans adapted to their environment and developed.
A. Anthropology C. Sociology
B. Archeology D. Socialism
15. It is the scientific study of humans, human behavior and societies in the past
and present. Social anthropology studies patterns of behavior and cultural
anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and values.
Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life.
A. Anthropology C. Sociology
B. Analogy D. Socialism
What I need to know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Understanding Culture Society and Politics. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
In this page an illustration of Evolution of Man but with a twist. Human evolution is
the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors.
Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioural traits shared by all people
originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six
million years. That is in the perspective of anthropology, the twist is in the sociological
perspective. Examine the given Illustration, is the picture make sense to you? If did,
what are your significant observation and concept of changes in culture and society
you observed? Are you one of them? Write your answer in the space provided by this
module.
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1. ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
What’s In
With all the learnings about sociology, this time let try an activity that will enhance your
understanding through an illustration for the completion of this module.
In this activity you are task to identify characteristics of culture, by writing your answer
inside the circle based on the definition being given. After writing what is being asked,
connect all the corners of the heptagon to form an object that symbolized the BIRTH OF
SOCIETY.
It needs to adapt to
survived
It is acquired in
Church, School and It is never static
other institutions
It caused a problem It talk about
if it’s remained the material and
same nonmaterial
cultures
It is Enculturation It is intergenerational
and Acculturation
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What’s New
Baybayin is an old writing Write the First three (3) lines of the First Stanzas of
system that was used in the Panatang Makabayan using the “Baybayin “An Filipino
Philippines.
writing system. Used the guide provided in the left side
of this module. Translation of Panatang Makabayan is
It is an alphasyllabary belonging provided .
to the family of the Brahmic
scripts. PANATANG MAKABAYAN
What is It
SOCIOLOGY is the study of “scientific study of society, including patterns of social
relationships, social interactions, and culture”. It also the study of society, human social
behaviour, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture that surrounds
everyday life. It is a social science that uses various methods of empirical
investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social
order and social change.
Sociology can also be defined as the general science of society. While some sociologists
conduct research that may be applied directly to social policy and welfare, others focus
primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of social processes. Subject matter can
range from micro-level analyses of society (i.e., of individual interaction and agency)
to macro-level analyses (i.e., of systems and the social structure).
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Important Terminologies in Sociology
Scientific – refers to the methodological and theoretical rigor that sociology applies
in its study of society and human behavior.
Society – is the product of human interactions as humans subscribe to the rules of
their culture.
Social interaction – compilation of ways and means by which humans interact with
each other within the confines of a society.
Social organization – refers to the interrelationship of parts of society.
Roles – set of accepted behaviors that define the individual’s responses and
inclinations.
Group – basic unit of an organization.
Institutions – it is established when roles, statuses, and groups are perpetuated
within the context of a society.
SUBDISCIPLINES OF SOCIOLOGY
Social Organization – the studies that involve social structures such as institutions,
social groups, social stratification, social mobility and ethnic groups.
Social Psychology – the study of the impact of group life to a person’s nature and
personality.
Social Change and disorganization – the branch of sociology that inquires on the
shift in social and cultural interactions and the interruption of its process through
delinquency, deviance, and conflicts.
Human Ecology – pursues studies that relate human behavior to existing social
institutions.
Population or Demography – inquires the relationship between population
characteristics and dynamics.
Applied Sociology – uses sociological research and methods to solve contemporary
problems
There are three major theoretical approaches toward the interpretation of culture. A
functionalist perspective acknowledges that there are many parts of culture that work
together as a system to fulfil society’s needs. Functionalists view culture as a reflection of
society’s values. Conflict theorists see culture as inherently unequal, based upon factors
like gender, class, race, and age. An interactionist is primarily interested in culture as
experienced in the daily interactions between individuals and the symbols that comprise a
culture.
Various cultural and sociological occurrences
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e be explained by these theories; however,
there is no one “right” view through which to understand culture.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
CULTURE IS EVERYTHING – It is what a person has, does and thinks as part of
society. This implies all of person’s belief system, set of behaviors and material
possessions.
Material Culture – includes all tangible and visible parts of culture, which
includes clothes, foods and even buildings
Nonmaterial Culture – includes all intangible parts of culture, which consist of
values, ideas and knowledge.
CULTURE IS LEARNED – culture is set of beliefs, attitudes and practices that an
individual learns through his or her family, school, church and other social
institutions.
Enculturation – is a process of learning your own culture.
Acculturation - is a process of accommodating desirable traits from other
culture.
Deculturation – culture has been lost and even cultural trait itself is in the
process of being forgotten.
CULTURE IS SHARED – This implies that a particular behavior cannot be
considered as a culture if there is only one person practicing it. Culture is shared
intergenerational.
CULTURE AFFECTS BIOLOGY – Humans are born into cultures that have values
on beauty and body. As such, they alter their bodies to fit physiological norms that
are dictated by their culture.
CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE – Culture is a tool for survival that humans use in
response to the pressures of their environment.
CULTURE IS MALADAPTIVE – Culture can also cause problems for the people who
subscribe to it. These problems arise when environment is change and culture has
remained the same.
CULTURE CHANGES – The final characteristic of culture it is never static. This
dynamism of culture is due to changing needs of humans as they interpret and
survive in their environment.
To an extent, culture is a social comfort. After all, sharing a similar culture with
others is precisely what defines societies. Nations would not exist if people did not
coexist culturally. There could be no societies if people did not share heritage and
language, and civilization would cease to function if people did not agree on similar
values and systems of social control. Culture is preserved through transmission
from one generation to the next, but it also evolves through processes of innovation,
discovery, and cultural diffusion. We may be restricted by the confines of our own
culture, but as humans we have the ability to question values and make conscious
decisions. No better evidence of this freedom exists than the amount of cultural
diversity within our own society and around the world. The more we study another
culture, the better we become at understanding our own .
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Table 1.01 Perspective on Culture
THEORY Perspective on Culture
All cultures undergo the same development stages in
Cultural Evolutionism the same order. This main classifications include
savagery, barbarism, and civilization.
All societies change as a result of cultural borrowing
Diffusionism from one another.
Each culture is unique and must be studied in its own
Historicism context.
Personality is largely seen to be the result of learning
Psychological Anthropology culture.
Society is thought to be like a biological organism with
all of the parts interconnected. Existing institutional
Functionalism structures of any society are thought to perform
indispensable functions, without which the society
could not continue
Culture is said to be shape by environment and
technological conditions, Cultures evolve when people
Neo-evolutionism are able to increase the amount of energy under their
control.
Culture is the product of the “Material Conditions” in
Materialism which a given community of people finds itself.
ANTHROPOLOGY is the scientific study of humans, human behavior and societies in the
past and present. Social anthropology studies patterns of behavior and cultural anthropology
studies cultural meaning, including norms and values. Linguistic anthropology studies how
language influences social life.
SUBDISCIPLINES OF ANTHROPOLOGY
ARCHEOLOGY – examines the remains of ancient and historical populations to
promote an understanding of how humans adapted to their environment and
developed.
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY – promotes the study of a society’s culture through
their belief systems, practices and possessions.
LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY – examines language of group of people and its
relation to their culture.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY –looks into biological development of humans and their
contemporary variation.
APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY – attempts to solve contemporary problems through the
application of theories and approaches of the discipline.
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What’s more
Being a socially proactive individual. With your knowledge and understanding about
sociology it plays vital factor in information drive to make other individual to be law abiding
and responsible individuals
As a citizens of this country make a poster or a slogan that will promote awareness of CoVID
19 in a relation to the NEW NORMAL that significantly change our society and culture. Be
more creative in presenting your poster slogan
What I Have Learned
On the left side are list of behaviours, identify if its Desirable or Non Desirable Behaviour
by rewriting them in the table provided in the right corner.
worried, uneasy, or nervous Desirable Behaviour
not being careful; rushing into things
quickly irritated and easily provoked
unwilling to work or showing a lack of effort
being unwilling to change one's outlook, belief
inattentive and forgetful
performing work quickly and carelessly
serious, sensible, or solemn
lacking in discipline
changing moods very quickly
always busy with something
strongly wants to succeed Undesirable Behaviour
being very careful
taking time to do things right
someone who can make up things easily
always wanting to know things
using clear and sound reasoning
What I can Do
dealing with one's affairs efficiently
wants everything to be done right and perfectly
careful and with great attention to detail
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TRUE or FALSE : Write TRUE if the statement is False, and write FALSE if the statement if
true. Write your answer in the separate sheet
1. ________ Sociology and Social Psychology are really one and the same fields since
they both focus on social influences on individual and group behavior.
2. ________ Socialization appears to be a process only occurring in childhood.
3. ________ Social differentiation explains not only age norms, but also the general
differences between people of different social classes or genders.
4. ________ Adolescent youth cultures exist in all societies.
5. ________ Facebook is the new society of this generation.
Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read each item prudently, and choose the correct answer by writing
letter and the word/s in your answer sheet.
1. It is the scientific study of humans, human behavior and societies in the past
and present. Social anthropology studies patterns of behavior and cultural
anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and values.
Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life.
A. Anthropology C. Sociology
B. Analogy D. Socialism
2. A theory that states all cultures undergo the same development stages in the
same order. This main classifications include savagery, barbarism, and
civilization.
A. Historicism C. Cultural Evolutionism
B. Materialism D. Functionalism
3. It is refers to the interrelationship of parts of society.
A. Social Organization C. Social Experiment
B. Social Information D. Social Management
4. It is aset of accepted behaviors that define the individual’s responses and
inclinations.
A. Norms C. Roles
B. Regulations D. Laws
5. It refers to the methodological and theoretical rigor that sociology applies in
its study of society and human behavior.
A. Scientific C. Society
B. Culture D. Tradition
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6. A record of the past is called
A. culture. C. history.
B. artifact. D. memory
7. It is the product of human interactions as humans subscribe to the rules
otheir culture.
A. Society C. Community
B. Environment D. Assets
8. Which of the following is an element of culture?
A. landforms C. latitude
B. sports D. geography
9. Which of the following is not an element of culture?
A. food C. language
B. geography D. religion
10. All cultures undergo ______ , where cultural traits do not remain exactly the
same over periods of time.
A. ethics C. cultural change
B. cultural traits D. religion
11. It is established when roles, statuses, and groups are perpetuated within the
context of a society.
A. Group C. Institution
B. Ritual D. Norms
12. Cultural variety, or different cultures represented in one location, is also
called .
A. Ethics C. cultural change
B. diversity D. cultural traits
13. What theory that states Culture is said to be shape by environment and
technological conditions, Cultures evolve when people are able to increase the
amount of energy under their control?
A. Diffusionism C. Materialism
B. Neo-evolutionism D. Functionalism
14. It examines the remains of ancient and historical populations to promote an
understanding of how humans adapted to their environment and developed.
A. Anthropology C. Sociology
B. Archeology D. Socialism
15. It a culture is the product of the “Material Conditions” in which a given
community of people finds itself.
A. Diffusionism C. Materialism
B. Neo-evolutionism D. Functionalism
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References
Books
Gonzales, Maria Carinnes P. et. al Understanding Culture, Society, and
Politics.,Diwa Learning System Inc., 2016 pp. 13-39
Aguilar, Maria Virginia G. et. al Society, Culture and Politcs., The Phoenix
Publishing House Inc., 2016 pp. 26-40
Lanuza, Gerry M. et. al Understanding Culture, Society, and Politcs., Rex Book
Store and Printing Company Inc., 2016 pp. 25-35
Online Resources
https://ucspsite.wordpress.com/page/
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-relationship-of-culture-society-and-politics
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1468-4446.12613
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