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HTML Tutorial(Vizzy)

This document provides an introduction to HTML, explaining its purpose as a markup language for creating web pages. It covers essential concepts such as HTML tags, elements, attributes, and formatting, along with examples for clarity. Additionally, it discusses best practices for writing HTML, including the use of CSS for styling and the importance of proper tag usage.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

5 views

HTML Tutorial(Vizzy)

Uploaded by

bmira0102

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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HTML Introduction

Example
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

What is HTML?
HTML is a language for describing web pages.

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

 HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language
 A markup language is a set of markup tags
 HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages

HTML Tags
HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags

 HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html>

 HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
 The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
 Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing rags
HTML Documents = Web Pages
 HTML documents describe web pages
 HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
 HTML documents are also called web pages

The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML documents
and display them as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags
to interpret the content of the page:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Editing HTML
HTML can be written and edited using many different editors like Dreamweaver and Visual
Studio.

However, in this tutorial we use a plain text editor (like Notepad) to edit HTML. We believe
using a plain text editor is the best way to learn HTML.

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>

HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag.

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

Note: The link address is specified in the href attribute.

(You will learn about attributes in a later chapter of this tutorial).

HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.

Example
<imgsrc="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142" />

Note: The name and the size of the image are provided as attributes.

HTML Elements

HTML documents are defined by HTML elements.

HTML Elements
An HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

Start tag * Element content End tag *

<p> This is a paragraph </p>
<a href="default.htm" > This is a link </a>
<br />

* The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.

HTML Element Syntax

 An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag
 An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag
 The element content is everything between the start and the end tag
 Some HTML elements have empty content
 Empty elements are closed in the start tag
 Most HTML elements can have attributes

Tip: You will learn about attributes in the next chapter of this tutorial.

Nested HTML Elements

Most HTML elements can be nested (can contain other HTML elements).

HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.

HTML Document Example
<html>

<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>

</html>

The example above contains 3 HTML elements.

HTML Example Explained

The <p> element:

<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>

The <p> element defines a paragraph in the HTML document.

The element has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>.
The element content is: This is my first paragraph.

The <body> element:

<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>

The <body> element defines the body of the HTML document.

The element has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
The element content is another HTML element (a p element).

The <html> element:

<html>

<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>

</html>
The <html> element defines the whole HTML document.
The element has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
The element content is another HTML element (the body element).

Don't Forget the End Tag

Some HTML elements might display correctly even if you forget the end tag:

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph

The example above works in most browsers, because the closing tag is considered optional.

Never rely on this. Many HTML elements will produce unexpected results and/or errors if you
forget the end tag .

Empty HTML Elements

HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.

<br> is an empty element without a closing tag (the <br> tag defines a line break).

Tip: In XHTML, all elements must be closed. Adding a slash inside the start tag, like <br />, is
the proper way of closing empty elements in XHTML (and XML).

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Tags

HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>. Many web sites use uppercase
HTML tags.

W3Schools use lowercase tags because the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends
lowercase in HTML 4, and demands lowercase tags in XHTML.
HTML Attributes

Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Attributes
 HTML elements can have attributes
 Attributes provide additional information about an element
 Attributes are always specified in the start tag
 Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Attribute Example
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

Always Quote Attribute Values

Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes.

Double style quotes are the most common, but single style quotes are also allowed.

Tip: In some rare situations, when the attribute value itself contains quotes, it is necessary to
use single quotes: name='John "ShotGun" Nelson'

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Attributes

Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive.
However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute
values in their HTML 4 recommendation.

Newer versions of (X)HTML will demand lowercase attributes.

HTML Attributes Reference

A complete list of legal attributes for each HTML element is listed in our:

Complete HTML Reference

Below is a list of some attributes that are standard for most HTML elements:

Attribute Value Description

class classname Specifies a classname for an element
id id Specifies a unique id for an element
style style_definition Specifies an inline style for an element
Specifies extra information about an element (displayed
title tooltip_text
as a tool tip)

For more information about standard attributes:

HTML Standard Attributes Reference

HTML Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.

Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>

Note: Browsers automatically add some empty space (a margin) before and after each heading.
Headings Are Important
Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.

Search engines use your headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.

Since users may skim your pages by its headings, it is important to use headings to show the
document structure.

H1 headings should be used as main headings, followed by H2 headings, then the less important
H3 headings, and so on.

HTML Lines
The <hr /> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.

The hr element can be used to separate content:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>

HTML Comments
Comments can be inserted into the HTML code to make it more readable and understandable.
Comments are ignored by the browser and are not displayed.

Comments are written like this:

Example

Note: There is an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before the closing bracket.
HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source
Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"

To find out, right-click in the page and select "View Source" (IE) or "View Page Source"
(Firefox), or similar for other browsers. This will open a window containing the HTML code of
the page.

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.

You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial.

Tag Description
<html> Defines an HTML document
<body> Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings
<hr /> Defines a horizontal line
<!--> Defines a comment

HTML Paragraphs
« Previous Next Chapter »

HTML documents are divided into paragraphs.

HTML Paragraphs
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>
Note: Browsers automatically add an empty line before and after a paragraph.

Don't Forget the End Tag

Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph

The example above will work in most browsers, but don't rely on it. Forgetting the end tag can
produce unexpected results or errors.

Note: Future version of HTML will not allow you to skip end tags.

HTML Line Breaks

Use the <br /> tag if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:

Example
<p>This is<br />a para<br />graph with line breaks</p>

The <br /> element is an empty HTML element. It has no end tag.

<br> or <br />

In XHTML, XML, and future versions of HTML, HTML elements with no end tag (closing tag)
are not allowed.

Even if <br> works in all browsers, writing <br /> instead is more future proof.
HTML Output - Useful Tips
You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed. Large or small screens, and resized windows
will create different results.

With HTML, you cannot change the output by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML
code.

The browser will remove extra spaces and extra lines when the page is displayed. Any number of
lines count as one line, and any number of spaces count as one space.

(The example demonstrates some HTML formatting problems)

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about HTML elements and their
attributes.

Tag Description
<p> Defines a paragraph
<br /> Inserts a single line break

HTML Text Formatting

HTML Text Formatting
This text is bold

This text is big

This text is italic
This is computer output

superscript
This is subscript and
Try it yourself »
HTML Formatting Tags
HTML uses tags like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.

These HTML tags are called formatting tags (look at the bottom of this page for a complete
reference).

Often <strong> renders as <b>, and <em> renders as <i>.

However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags:

<b> or <i> defines bold or italic text only.

<strong> or <em> means that you want the text to be rendered in a way that the user
understands as "important". Today, all major browsers render strong as bold and em as
italics. However, if a browser one day wants to make a text highlighted with the strong
feature, it might be cursive for example and not bold!

HTML Styles - CSS

CSS is used to style HTML elements.

Look! Styles and colors

This text is in Verdana and red

This text is in Times and blue

This text is 30 pixels high

Styling HTML with CSS

CSS was introduced with HTML 4, to provide a common way to style HTML elements.

CSS styling can be added to HTML in the following ways

 in separate style sheet files (CSS files)

 in the style element in the HTML head section
 in the style attribute in single HTML elements.

Using the HTML Style Attribute

It is time consuming and not very practical to style HTML elements using the style attribute.

The preferred way to add CSS to HTML, is to put CSS syntax in separate CSS files.
However, in this HTML tutorial we will introduce you to CSS using the style attribute. This is
done to simplify the examples. It also makes it easier for you to edit the code and try it yourself.

HTML Style Example - Background Color

The background-color property defines the background color for an element:

Example
<html>

<body style="background-color:yellow">
<h2 style="background-color:red">This is a heading</h2>
<p style="background-color:green">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>

</html>

The style attribute makes the "old" bgcolor attribute obsolete.

HTML Style Example - Font, Color and Size

The font-family, color, and font-size properties defines the font, color, and size of the text in an
element:

Example
<html>

<body>
<h1 style="font-family:verdana">A heading</h1>
<p style="font-family:arial;color:red;font-size:20px;">A paragraph.</p>
</body>

</html>

HTML Style Example - Text Alignment

The text-align property specifies the horizontal alignment of text in an element:
Example
<html>

<body>
<h1 style="text-align:center">This is a heading</h1>
<p>The heading above is aligned to the center of this page.</p>
</body>

</html>

The style attribute makes the old "align" attribute obsolete.

Try it yourself: Centered heading the old way

Deprecated Tags and Attributes

In HTML 4, several tags and attributes are deprecated. Deprecated means that they will not be
supported in future versions of HTML and XHTML.

The message is clear: Avoid using deprecated tags and attributes!

These tags and attributes should be avoided:

Tags Description
<center> Deprecated. Defines centered content
<font> and <basefont> Deprecated. Defines HTML fonts
<s> and <strike> Deprecated. Defines strikethrough text
<u> Deprecated. Defines underlined text
Attributes Description
align Deprecated. Defines the alignment of text
bgcolor Deprecated. Defines the background color
color Deprecated. Defines the text color

For all of the above: Use styles instead!

HTML Links

Links are found in nearly all Web pages. Links allow users to click their way from page to page.

Try it Yourself - Examples

HTML links
How to create links in an HTML document.

(You can find more examples at the bottom of this page)

HTML Hyperlinks (Links)

A hyperlink (or link) is a word, group of words, or image that you can click on to jump to a new
document or a new section within the current document.

When you move the cursor over a link in a Web page, the arrow will turn into a little hand.

Links are specified in HTML using the <a> tag.

The <a> tag can be used in two ways:

1. To create a link to another document, by using the href attribute

2. To create a bookmark inside a document, by using the name attribute

HTML Link Syntax

The HTML code for a link is simple. It looks like this:

<a href="url">Link text</a>

The href attribute specifies the destination of a link.

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/">Visit W3Schools</a>

which will display like this: Visit W3Schools

Clicking on this hyperlink will send the user to W3Schools' homepage.

Tip: The "Link text" doesn't have to be text. You can link from an image or any other HTML
element.

HTML Links - The target Attribute

The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.

The example below will open the linked document in a new browser window:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a>

HTML Links - The name Attribute

The name attribute specifies the name of an anchor.

The name attribute is used to create a bookmark inside an HTML document.

Note:
The upcoming HTML5 standard suggest using the id attribute instead of the name attribute for
specifying the name of an anchor.
Using the id attribute actually works also for HTML4 in all modern browsers.

Bookmarks are not displayed in any special way. They are invisible to the reader.

Example
A named anchor inside an HTML document:

<a name="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>

Create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" inside the same document:

<a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

Or, create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" from another page:

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html_links.htm#tips">
Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

Note: Always add a trailing slash to subfolder references. If you link like this:
href="http://www.w3schools.com/html", you will generate two requests to the server, the server
will first add a slash to the address, and then create a new request like this:
href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/".

Tip: Named anchors are often used to create "table of contents" at the beginning of a large
document. Each chapter within the document is given a named anchor, and links to each of these
anchors are put at the top of the document.

Tip: If a browser does not find the named anchor specified, it goes to the top of the document.
No error occurs.

HTML Link Tags

Tag Description
<a> Defines an anchor

HTML Images

Example

Norwegian Mountain Trip

HTML Images - The <img> Tag and the Src Attribute
In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.

The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only, and has no closing tag.

To display an image on a page, you need to use the src attribute. Src stands for "source". The
value of the src attribute is the URL of the image you want to display.

Syntax for defining an image:

<imgsrc="url" alt="some_text"/>

The URL points to the location where the image is stored. An image named "boat.gif", located in
the "images" directory on "www.w3schools.com" has the URL:
http://www.w3schools.com/images/boat.gif.

The browser displays the image where the <img> tag occurs in the document. If you put an
image tag between two paragraphs, the browser shows the first paragraph, then the image, and
then the second paragraph.

HTML Images - The Alt Attribute

The required alt attribute specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image cannot be
displayed.

The value of the alt attribute is an author-defined text:

<imgsrc="boat.gif" alt="Big Boat" />

The alt attribute provides alternative information for an image if a user for some reason cannot
view it (because of slow connection, an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen
reader).

HTML Images - Set Height and Width of an Image

The height and width attributes are used to specify the height and width of an image.

The attribute values are specified in pixels by default:

<imgsrc="pulpit.jpg" alt="Pulpit rock" width="304" height="228" />

Tip: It is a good practice to specify both the height and width attributes for an image. If these
attributes are set, the space required for the image is reserved when the page is loaded. However,
without these attributes, the browser does not know the size of the image. The effect will be that
the page layout will change during loading (while the images load).

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

Note: If an HTML file contains ten images - eleven files are required to display the page right.
Loading images take time, so my best advice is: Use images carefully.

Note: When a web page is loaded, it is the browser, at that moment, that actually gets the image
from a web server and inserts it into the page. Therefore, make sure that the images actually stay
in the same spot in relation to the web page, otherwise your visitors will get a broken link icon.
The broken link icon is shown if the browser cannot find the image.

HTML Image Tags

Tag Description
<img /> Defines an image
<map> Defines an image-map
<area /> Defines a clickable area inside an image-map

HTML Tables
« Previous Next Chapter »

HTML Tables
Apples 44%
Bananas 23%
Oranges 13%
Other 10%

HTML Tables
Tables are defined with the <table> tag.
A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the
<td> tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data cell. A <td> tag can contain
text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.

Table Example
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

HTML Tables and the Border Attribute

If you do not specify a border attribute, the table will be displayed without borders. Sometimes
this can be useful, but most of the time, we want the borders to show.

To display a table with borders, specify the border attribute:

HTML Table Headers

Header information in a table are defined with the <th> tag.
All major browsers will display the text in the <th> element as bold and centered.

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

How the HTML code above looks in your browser:

Header 1 Header 2
row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2
row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

HTML Table Tags

Tag Description
<table> Defines a table
<th> Defines a table header
<tr> Defines a table row
<td> Defines a table cell
<caption> Defines a table caption
<colgroup> Defines a group of columns in a table, for formatting
<col /> Defines attribute values for one or more columns in a table
<thead> Groups the header content in a table
<tbody> Groups the body content in a table
<tfoot> Groups the footer content in a table

HTML Lists
The most common HTML lists are ordered and unordered lists:

HTML Lists

An ordered list: An unordered list:

1. The first list item  List item

2. The second list item  List item
3. The third list item  List item

HTML Unordered Lists

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

The list items are marked with bullets (typically small black circles).

<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

 Coffee
 Milk

HTML Ordered Lists

An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

The list items are marked with numbers.

<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

1. Coffee
2. Milk

HTML Definition Lists

A definition list is a list of items, with a description of each item.

The <dl> tag defines a definition list.

The <dl> tag is used in conjunction with <dt> (defines the item in the list) and <dd> (describes
the item in the list):

<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Coffee

- black hot drink

Milk

- white cold drink

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

Tip: Inside a list item you can put text, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.
HTML List Tags
Tag Description

<ol> Defines an ordered list

<ul> Defines an unordered list

<li> Defines a list item

<dl> Defines a definition list

<dt> Defines an item in a definition list

<dd> Defines a description of an item in a definition list

HTML Forms and Input

HTML Forms are used to select different kinds of user input.

HTML Forms
HTML forms are used to pass data to a server.

A form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio-buttons, submit buttons and
more. A form can also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements.

The <form> tag is used to create an HTML form:

<form>
.
input elements
.
</form>

HTML Forms - The Input Element

The most important form element is the input element.

The input element is used to select user information.

An input element can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute. An input element can
be of type text field, checkbox, password, radio button, submit button, and more.

The most used input types are described below.

Text Fields
<input type="text" /> defines a one-line input field that a user can enter text into:

<form>
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname" /><br />
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname" />
</form>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

First name:
Last name:
Note: The form itself is not visible. Also note that the default width of a text field is 20
characters.

Password Field
<input type="password" /> defines a password field:

<form>
Password: <input type="password" name="pwd" />
</form>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Password:
Note: The characters in a password field are masked (shown as asterisks or circles).

Radio Buttons
<input type="radio" /> defines a radio button. Radio buttons let a user select ONLY ONE one of
a limited number of choices:

<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" /> Male<br />
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female" /> Female
</form>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Male
Female

Checkboxes
<input type="checkbox" /> defines a checkbox. Checkboxes let a user select ONE or MORE
options of a limited number of choices.

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

I have a bike
I have a car

Submit Button
<input type="submit" /> defines a submit button.

A submit button is used to send form data to a server. The data is sent to the page specified in the
form's action attribute. The file defined in the action attribute usually does something with the
received input:

<form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get">

Username: <input type="text" name="user" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Submit
Username:
If you type some characters in the text field above, and click the "Submit" button, the browser
will send your input to a page called "html_form_action.asp". The page will show you the
received input.

HTML Form Tags

Tag Description
<form> Defines an HTML form for user input
<input /> Defines an input control
<textarea> Defines a multi-line text input control
<label> Defines a label for an input element
<fieldset> Defines a border around elements in a form
<legend> Defines a caption for a fieldset element
<select> Defines a select list (drop-down list)
<optgroup> Defines a group of related options in a select list
<option> Defines an option in a select list
<button> Defines a push button

HTML Frames
With frames, several Web pages can be displayed in the same browser window.

ATTENTION. Do not expect frames to be supported in future versions of HTML.

HTML Frames
With frames, you can display more than one HTML document in the same browser window.
Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others.

The disadvantages of using frames are:

 Frames are not expected to be supported in future versions of HTML

 Frames are difficult to use. (Printing the entire page is difficult).
 The web developer must keep track of more HTML documents
The HTML frameset Element
The frameset element holds one or more frame elements. Each frame element can hold a separate
document.

The frameset element states HOW MANY columns or rows there will be in the frameset, and
HOW MUCH percentage/pixels of space will occupy each of them.

The HTML frame Element

The <frame> tag defines one particular window (frame) within a frameset.

In the example below we have a frameset with two columns.

The first column is set to 25% of the width of the browser window. The second column is set to
75% of the width of the browser window. The document "frame_a.htm" is put into the first
column, and the document "frame_b.htm" is put into the second column:

Note: The frameset column size can also be set in pixels (cols="200,500"), and one of the
columns can be set to use the remaining space, with an asterisk (cols="25%,*").

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

Tip: If a frame has visible borders, the user can resize it by dragging the border. To prevent a
user from doing this, you can add noresize="noresize" to the <frame> tag.

Note: Add the <noframes> tag for browsers that do not support frames.

Important: You cannot use the <body></body> tags together with the <frameset></frameset>
tags! However, if you add a <noframes> tag containing some text for browsers that do not
support frames, you will have to enclose the text in <body></body> tags! See how it is done in
the first example below.
HTML Frame Tags
Tag Description
<frameset> Defines a set of frames
<frame /> Defines a sub window (a frame)
<noframes> Defines a noframe section for browsers that do not handle frames

HTML Iframes

An iframe is used to display a web page within a web page.

Syntax for adding an iframe:

<iframesrc="URL"></iframe>

The URL points to the location of the separate page.

Iframe - Set Height and Width

The height and width attributes are used to specify the height and width of the iframe.

The attribute values are specified in pixels by default, but they can also be in percent (like
"80%").

Example
<iframesrc="demo_iframe.htm" width="200" height="200"></iframe>

Iframe - Remove the Border

The frameborder attribute specifies whether or not to display a border around the iframe.

Set the attribute value to "0" to remove the border:

Example
<iframesrc="demo_iframe.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe>

Try it yourself »

Use iframe as a Target for a Link

An iframe can be used as the target frame for a link.

The target attribute of a link must refer to the name attribute of the iframe:

Example
<iframesrc="demo_iframe.htm" name="iframe_a"></iframe>
<p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com" target="iframe_a">W3Schools.com</a></p>

HTML iframe Tag

Tag Description
<iframe> Defines an inline sub window (frame)

HTML Colors

Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light.

Color Values
HTML colors are defined using a hexadecimal notation (HEX) for the combination of Red,
Green, and Blue color values (RGB).

The lowest value that can be given to one of the light sources is 0 (in HEX: 00). The highest
value is 255 (in HEX: FF).
HEX values are specified as 3 pairs of two-digit numbers, starting with a # sign.

Color Values
Color Color HEX Color RGB
#000000 rgb(0,0,0)
#FF0000 rgb(255,0,0)
#00FF00 rgb(0,255,0)
#0000FF rgb(0,0,255)
#FFFF00 rgb(255,255,0)
#00FFFF rgb(0,255,255)
#FF00FF rgb(255,0,255)
#C0C0C0 rgb(192,192,192)
#FFFFFF rgb(255,255,255)

16 Million Different Colors

The combination of Red, Green, and Blue values from 0 to 255, gives more than 16 million
different colors (256 x 256 x 256).

If you look at the color table below, you will see the result of varying the red light from 0 to 255,
while keeping the green and blue light at zero.

To see the full list of color mixes when RED varies from 0 to 255, click on one of the HEX or
RGB values below.

Red Light Color HEX Color RGB

#000000 rgb(0,0,0)
#080000 rgb(8,0,0)
#100000 rgb(16,0,0)
#180000 rgb(24,0,0)
#200000 rgb(32,0,0)
#280000 rgb(40,0,0)
#300000 rgb(48,0,0)
#380000 rgb(56,0,0)
#400000 rgb(64,0,0)
#480000 rgb(72,0,0)
#500000 rgb(80,0,0)
#580000 rgb(88,0,0)
#600000 rgb(96,0,0)
#680000 rgb(104,0,0)
#700000 rgb(112,0,0)
#780000 rgb(120,0,0)
#800000 rgb(128,0,0)
#880000 rgb(136,0,0)
#900000 rgb(144,0,0)
#980000 rgb(152,0,0)
#A00000 rgb(160,0,0)
#A80000 rgb(168,0,0)
#B00000 rgb(176,0,0)
#B80000 rgb(184,0,0)
#C00000 rgb(192,0,0)
#C80000 rgb(200,0,0)
#D00000 rgb(208,0,0)
#D80000 rgb(216,0,0)
#E00000 rgb(224,0,0)
#E80000 rgb(232,0,0)
#F00000 rgb(240,0,0)
#F80000 rgb(248,0,0)
#FF0000 rgb(255,0,0)

Shades of Gray
Gray colors are created by using an equal amount of power to all of the light sources.

To make it easier for you to select the correct shade, we have created a table of gray shades for
you:

Gray Shades Color HEX Color RGB

#000000 rgb(0,0,0)
#080808 rgb(8,8,8)
#101010 rgb(16,16,16)
#181818 rgb(24,24,24)
#202020 rgb(32,32,32)
#282828 rgb(40,40,40)
#303030 rgb(48,48,48)
#383838 rgb(56,56,56)
#404040 rgb(64,64,64)
#484848 rgb(72,72,72)
#505050 rgb(80,80,80)
#585858 rgb(88,88,88)
#606060 rgb(96,96,96)
#686868 rgb(104,104,104)
#707070 rgb(112,112,112)
#787878 rgb(120,120,120)
#808080 rgb(128,128,128)
#888888 rgb(136,136,136)
#909090 rgb(144,144,144)
#989898 rgb(152,152,152)
#A0A0A0 rgb(160,160,160)
#A8A8A8 rgb(168,168,168)
#B0B0B0 rgb(176,176,176)
#B8B8B8 rgb(184,184,184)
#C0C0C0 rgb(192,192,192)
#C8C8C8 rgb(200,200,200)
#D0D0D0 rgb(208,208,208)
#D8D8D8 rgb(216,216,216)
#E0E0E0 rgb(224,224,224)
#E8E8E8 rgb(232,232,232)
#F0F0F0 rgb(240,240,240)
#F8F8F8 rgb(248,248,248)
#FFFFFF rgb(255,255,255)

Web Safe Colors?

Some years ago, when computers supported max 256 different colors, a list of 216 "Web Safe
Colors" was suggested as a Web standard, reserving 40 fixed system colors.

The 216 cross-browser color palette was created to ensure that all computers would display the
colors correctly when running a 256 color palette.
This is not important today, since most computers can display millions of different colors.
Anyway, here is the list:

000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF

003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF
006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF
009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF
00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF
00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF
330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF
333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF
336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF
339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF
33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF
33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF
660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF
663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF
666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF
669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF
66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF
66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF
990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF
993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF
996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF
999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF
99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF
99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF
CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF
CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF
CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF
CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF
CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF
CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF
FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF
FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF
FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF
FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF
FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF
FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF

HTML Color Names

Color Names Supported by All Browsers

147 color names are defined in the HTML and CSS color specification (17 standard colors plus
130 more). The table below lists them all, along with their hexadecimal values.

Tip: The 17 standard colors are: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, grey, green, lime, maroon,
navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow.

Click on a color name (or a hex value) to view the color as the background-color along with
different text colors:

Sorted by Color Name

Same list sorted by hex values

Color Name HEX Color Shades Mix

AliceBlue #F0F8FF Shades Mix
AntiqueWhite #FAEBD7 Shades Mix
Aqua #00FFFF Shades Mix
Aquamarine #7FFFD4 Shades Mix
Azure #F0FFFF Shades Mix
Beige #F5F5DC Shades Mix
Bisque #FFE4C4 Shades Mix
Black #000000 Shades Mix
BlanchedAlmond #FFEBCD Shades Mix
Blue #0000FF Shades Mix
BlueViolet #8A2BE2 Shades Mix
Brown #A52A2A Shades Mix
BurlyWood #DEB887 Shades Mix
CadetBlue #5F9EA0 Shades Mix
Chartreuse #7FFF00 Shades Mix
Chocolate #D2691E Shades Mix
Coral #FF7F50 Shades Mix
CornflowerBlue #6495ED Shades Mix
Cornsilk #FFF8DC Shades Mix
Crimson #DC143C Shades Mix
Cyan #00FFFF Shades Mix
DarkBlue #00008B Shades Mix
DarkCyan #008B8B Shades Mix
DarkGoldenRod #B8860B Shades Mix
DarkGray #A9A9A9 Shades Mix
DarkGrey #A9A9A9 Shades Mix
DarkGreen #006400 Shades Mix
DarkKhaki #BDB76B Shades Mix
DarkMagenta #8B008B Shades Mix
DarkOliveGreen #556B2F Shades Mix
Darkorange #FF8C00 Shades Mix
DarkOrchid #9932CC Shades Mix
DarkRed #8B0000 Shades Mix
DarkSalmon #E9967A Shades Mix
DarkSeaGreen #8FBC8F Shades Mix
DarkSlateBlue #483D8B Shades Mix
DarkSlateGray #2F4F4F Shades Mix
DarkSlateGrey #2F4F4F Shades Mix
DarkTurquoise #00CED1 Shades Mix
DarkViolet #9400D3 Shades Mix
DeepPink #FF1493 Shades Mix
DeepSkyBlue #00BFFF Shades Mix
DimGray #696969 Shades Mix
DimGrey #696969 Shades Mix
DodgerBlue #1E90FF Shades Mix
FireBrick #B22222 Shades Mix
FloralWhite #FFFAF0 Shades Mix
ForestGreen #228B22 Shades Mix
Fuchsia #FF00FF Shades Mix
Gainsboro #DCDCDC Shades Mix
GhostWhite #F8F8FF Shades Mix
Gold #FFD700 Shades Mix
GoldenRod #DAA520 Shades Mix
Gray #808080 Shades Mix
Grey #808080 Shades Mix
Green #008000 Shades Mix
GreenYellow #ADFF2F Shades Mix
HoneyDew #F0FFF0 Shades Mix
HotPink #FF69B4 Shades Mix
IndianRed #CD5C5C Shades Mix
Indigo #4B0082 Shades Mix
Ivory #FFFFF0 Shades Mix
Khaki #F0E68C Shades Mix
Lavender #E6E6FA Shades Mix
LavenderBlush #FFF0F5 Shades Mix
LawnGreen #7CFC00 Shades Mix
LemonChiffon #FFFACD Shades Mix
LightBlue #ADD8E6 Shades Mix
LightCoral #F08080 Shades Mix
LightCyan #E0FFFF Shades Mix
LightGoldenRodYellow #FAFAD2 Shades Mix
LightGray #D3D3D3 Shades Mix
LightGrey #D3D3D3 Shades Mix
LightGreen #90EE90 Shades Mix
LightPink #FFB6C1 Shades Mix
LightSalmon #FFA07A Shades Mix
LightSeaGreen #20B2AA Shades Mix
LightSkyBlue #87CEFA Shades Mix
LightSlateGray #778899 Shades Mix
LightSlateGrey #778899 Shades Mix
LightSteelBlue #B0C4DE Shades Mix
LightYellow #FFFFE0 Shades Mix
Lime #00FF00 Shades Mix
LimeGreen #32CD32 Shades Mix
Linen #FAF0E6 Shades Mix
Magenta #FF00FF Shades Mix
Maroon #800000 Shades Mix
MediumAquaMarine #66CDAA Shades Mix
MediumBlue #0000CD Shades Mix
MediumOrchid #BA55D3 Shades Mix
MediumPurple #9370D8 Shades Mix
MediumSeaGreen #3CB371 Shades Mix
MediumSlateBlue #7B68EE Shades Mix
MediumSpringGreen #00FA9A Shades Mix
MediumTurquoise #48D1CC Shades Mix
MediumVioletRed #C71585 Shades Mix
MidnightBlue #191970 Shades Mix
MintCream #F5FFFA Shades Mix
MistyRose #FFE4E1 Shades Mix
Moccasin #FFE4B5 Shades Mix
NavajoWhite #FFDEAD Shades Mix
Navy #000080 Shades Mix
OldLace #FDF5E6 Shades Mix
Olive #808000 Shades Mix
OliveDrab #6B8E23 Shades Mix
Orange #FFA500 Shades Mix
OrangeRed #FF4500 Shades Mix
Orchid #DA70D6 Shades Mix
PaleGoldenRod #EEE8AA Shades Mix
PaleGreen #98FB98 Shades Mix
PaleTurquoise #AFEEEE Shades Mix
PaleVioletRed #D87093 Shades Mix
PapayaWhip #FFEFD5 Shades Mix
PeachPuff #FFDAB9 Shades Mix
Peru #CD853F Shades Mix
Pink #FFC0CB Shades Mix
Plum #DDA0DD Shades Mix
PowderBlue #B0E0E6 Shades Mix
Purple #800080 Shades Mix
Red #FF0000 Shades Mix
RosyBrown #BC8F8F Shades Mix
RoyalBlue #4169E1 Shades Mix
SaddleBrown #8B4513 Shades Mix
Salmon #FA8072 Shades Mix
SandyBrown #F4A460 Shades Mix
SeaGreen #2E8B57 Shades Mix
SeaShell #FFF5EE Shades Mix
Sienna #A0522D Shades Mix
Silver #C0C0C0 Shades Mix
SkyBlue #87CEEB Shades Mix
SlateBlue #6A5ACD Shades Mix
SlateGray #708090 Shades Mix
SlateGrey #708090 Shades Mix
Snow #FFFAFA Shades Mix
SpringGreen #00FF7F Shades Mix
SteelBlue #4682B4 Shades Mix
Tan #D2B48C Shades Mix
Teal #008080 Shades Mix
Thistle #D8BFD8 Shades Mix
Tomato #FF6347 Shades Mix
Turquoise #40E0D0 Shades Mix
Violet #EE82EE Shades Mix
Wheat #F5DEB3 Shades Mix
White #FFFFFF Shades Mix
WhiteSmoke #F5F5F5 Shades Mix
Yellow #FFFF00 Shades Mix
YellowGreen #9ACD32 Shades Mix

HTML Color Values

Sorted by Hex Value

Same list sorted by color name
Color Name HEX Color Shades Mix
Black #000000 Shades Mix
Navy #000080 Shades Mix
DarkBlue #00008B Shades Mix
MediumBlue #0000CD Shades Mix
Blue #0000FF Shades Mix
DarkGreen #006400 Shades Mix
Green #008000 Shades Mix
Teal #008080 Shades Mix
DarkCyan #008B8B Shades Mix
DeepSkyBlue #00BFFF Shades Mix
DarkTurquoise #00CED1 Shades Mix
MediumSpringGreen #00FA9A Shades Mix
Lime #00FF00 Shades Mix
SpringGreen #00FF7F Shades Mix
Aqua #00FFFF Shades Mix
Cyan #00FFFF Shades Mix
MidnightBlue #191970 Shades Mix
DodgerBlue #1E90FF Shades Mix
LightSeaGreen #20B2AA Shades Mix
ForestGreen #228B22 Shades Mix
SeaGreen #2E8B57 Shades Mix
DarkSlateGray #2F4F4F Shades Mix
DarkSlateGrey #2F4F4F Shades Mix
LimeGreen #32CD32 Shades Mix
MediumSeaGreen #3CB371 Shades Mix
Turquoise #40E0D0 Shades Mix
RoyalBlue #4169E1 Shades Mix
SteelBlue #4682B4 Shades Mix
DarkSlateBlue #483D8B Shades Mix
MediumTurquoise #48D1CC Shades Mix
Indigo #4B0082 Shades Mix
DarkOliveGreen #556B2F Shades Mix
CadetBlue #5F9EA0 Shades Mix
CornflowerBlue #6495ED Shades Mix
MediumAquaMarine #66CDAA Shades Mix
DimGray #696969 Shades Mix
DimGrey #696969 Shades Mix
SlateBlue #6A5ACD Shades Mix
OliveDrab #6B8E23 Shades Mix
SlateGray #708090 Shades Mix
SlateGrey #708090 Shades Mix
LightSlateGray #778899 Shades Mix
LightSlateGrey #778899 Shades Mix
MediumSlateBlue #7B68EE Shades Mix
LawnGreen #7CFC00 Shades Mix
Chartreuse #7FFF00 Shades Mix
Aquamarine #7FFFD4 Shades Mix
Maroon #800000 Shades Mix
Purple #800080 Shades Mix
Olive #808000 Shades Mix
Gray #808080 Shades Mix
Grey #808080 Shades Mix
SkyBlue #87CEEB Shades Mix
LightSkyBlue #87CEFA Shades Mix
BlueViolet #8A2BE2 Shades Mix
DarkRed #8B0000 Shades Mix
DarkMagenta #8B008B Shades Mix
SaddleBrown #8B4513 Shades Mix
DarkSeaGreen #8FBC8F Shades Mix
LightGreen #90EE90 Shades Mix
MediumPurple #9370D8 Shades Mix
DarkViolet #9400D3 Shades Mix
PaleGreen #98FB98 Shades Mix
DarkOrchid #9932CC Shades Mix
YellowGreen #9ACD32 Shades Mix
Sienna #A0522D Shades Mix
Brown #A52A2A Shades Mix
DarkGray #A9A9A9 Shades Mix
DarkGrey #A9A9A9 Shades Mix
LightBlue #ADD8E6 Shades Mix
GreenYellow #ADFF2F Shades Mix
PaleTurquoise #AFEEEE Shades Mix
LightSteelBlue #B0C4DE Shades Mix
PowderBlue #B0E0E6 Shades Mix
FireBrick #B22222 Shades Mix
DarkGoldenRod #B8860B Shades Mix
MediumOrchid #BA55D3 Shades Mix
RosyBrown #BC8F8F Shades Mix
DarkKhaki #BDB76B Shades Mix
Silver #C0C0C0 Shades Mix
MediumVioletRed #C71585 Shades Mix
IndianRed #CD5C5C Shades Mix
Peru #CD853F Shades Mix
Chocolate #D2691E Shades Mix
Tan #D2B48C Shades Mix
LightGray #D3D3D3 Shades Mix
LightGrey #D3D3D3 Shades Mix
PaleVioletRed #D87093 Shades Mix
Thistle #D8BFD8 Shades Mix
Orchid #DA70D6 Shades Mix
GoldenRod #DAA520 Shades Mix
Crimson #DC143C Shades Mix
Gainsboro #DCDCDC Shades Mix
Plum #DDA0DD Shades Mix
BurlyWood #DEB887 Shades Mix
LightCyan #E0FFFF Shades Mix
Lavender #E6E6FA Shades Mix
DarkSalmon #E9967A Shades Mix
Violet #EE82EE Shades Mix
PaleGoldenRod #EEE8AA Shades Mix
LightCoral #F08080 Shades Mix
Khaki #F0E68C Shades Mix
AliceBlue #F0F8FF Shades Mix
HoneyDew #F0FFF0 Shades Mix
Azure #F0FFFF Shades Mix
SandyBrown #F4A460 Shades Mix
Wheat #F5DEB3 Shades Mix
Beige #F5F5DC Shades Mix
WhiteSmoke #F5F5F5 Shades Mix
MintCream #F5FFFA Shades Mix
GhostWhite #F8F8FF Shades Mix
Salmon #FA8072 Shades Mix
AntiqueWhite #FAEBD7 Shades Mix
Linen #FAF0E6 Shades Mix
LightGoldenRodYellow #FAFAD2 Shades Mix
OldLace #FDF5E6 Shades Mix
Red #FF0000 Shades Mix
Fuchsia #FF00FF Shades Mix
Magenta #FF00FF Shades Mix
DeepPink #FF1493 Shades Mix
OrangeRed #FF4500 Shades Mix
Tomato #FF6347 Shades Mix
HotPink #FF69B4 Shades Mix
Coral #FF7F50 Shades Mix
Darkorange #FF8C00 Shades Mix
LightSalmon #FFA07A Shades Mix
Orange #FFA500 Shades Mix
LightPink #FFB6C1 Shades Mix
Pink #FFC0CB Shades Mix
Gold #FFD700 Shades Mix
PeachPuff #FFDAB9 Shades Mix
NavajoWhite #FFDEAD Shades Mix
Moccasin #FFE4B5 Shades Mix
Bisque #FFE4C4 Shades Mix
MistyRose #FFE4E1 Shades Mix
BlanchedAlmond #FFEBCD Shades Mix
PapayaWhip #FFEFD5 Shades Mix
LavenderBlush #FFF0F5 Shades Mix
SeaShell #FFF5EE Shades Mix
Cornsilk #FFF8DC Shades Mix
LemonChiffon #FFFACD Shades Mix
FloralWhite #FFFAF0 Shades Mix
Snow #FFFAFA Shades Mix
Yellow #FFFF00 Shades Mix
LightYellow #FFFFE0 Shades Mix
Ivory #FFFFF0 Shades Mix
White #FFFFFF Shades Mix

HTML 4.01 Quick List

HTML Quick List from W3Schools. Print it, fold it, and put it in your pocket.

HTML Basic Document

<html>
<head>
<title>Title of document goes here</title>
</head>

<body>
Visible text goes here...
</body>

</html>

Heading Elements
<h1>Largest Heading</h1>

<h6>Smallest Heading</h6>

Text Elements
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<br /> (line break)
<hr /> (horizontal rule)
<pre>This text is preformatted</pre>

Logical Styles
<em>This text is emphasized</em>
<strong>This text is strong</strong>
<code>This is some computer code</code>

Physical Styles
<b>This text is bold</b>
<i>This text is italic</i>
Links
Ordinary link: <a href="http://www.example.com/">Link-text goes here</a>
Image-link: <a href="http://www.example.com/"><img src="URL" alt="Alternate Text" /></a>
Mailto link: <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Send e-mail</a>

A named anchor:
<a name="tips">Tips Section</a>
<a href="#tips">Jump to the Tips Section</a>

Unordered list
<ul>
<li>Item</li>
<li>Item</li>
</ul>

Ordered list
<ol>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Second item</li>
</ol>

Definition list
<dl>
<dt>First term</dt>
<dd>Definition</dd>
<dt>Next term</dt>
<dd>Definition</dd>
</dl>

Tables
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Tableheader</th>
<th>Tableheader</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>sometext</td>
<td>sometext</td>
</tr>
</table>

Frames
<frameset cols="25%,75%">
<frame src="page1.htm" />
<frame src="page2.htm" />
</frameset>

Forms
<form action="http://www.example.com/test.asp" method="post/get">

<input type="text" name="email" size="40" maxlength="50" />

<select>
<option>Apples</option>
<option selected="selected">Bananas</option>
<option>Cherries</option>
</select>

<textarea name="comment" rows="60" cols="20"></textarea>

</form>

Entities
< is the same as <
> is the same as >
© is the same as ©

Other Elements

<blockquote>
Text quoted from a source.
</blockquote>

<address>
Written by W3Schools.com<br />
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Email us</a><br />
Address: Box 564, Disneyland<br />
Phone: +12 34 56 78
</address>

HTML Doctypes

A doctype declaration refers to the rules for the markup language, so that the browsers render the
content correctly.

Example
An HTML document with a doctype of HTML 4.01 Transitional:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>Title of the document</title>
</head>

<body>
The content of the document......
</body>

</html>

HTML Different Doctypes

The doctype declaration is not an HTML tag; it is an instruction to the web browser about what
version of the markup language the page is written in.
The doctype declaration refers to a Document Type Definition (DTD). The DTD specifies the
rules for the markup language, so that the browsers render the content correctly.

The doctype declaration should be the very first thing in an HTML document, before the <html>
tag.

Tip: Always add a doctype to your pages. This helps the browsers to render the page
correctly!

HTML 4.01 Strict

This DTD contains all HTML elements and attributes, but does NOT INCLUDE presentational
or deprecated elements (like font and center). Framesets are not allowed:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">

HTML 4.01 Transitional

This DTD contains all HTML elements and attributes, INCLUDING presentational and
deprecated elements (like font). Framesets are not allowed:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

HTML 4.01 Frameset

This DTD is equal to HTML 4.01 Transitional, but allows the use of frameset content:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">

Tips and Notes

Look at our table of all HTML/XHTML elements, and which DTD each element appear in.

Use W3C's Validator to check that you have written a valid HTML / XHTML document!
HTML DOCTYPE Element
Tag Description

<!DOCTYPE> Defines the document type. This declaration goes before the <html> start tag

HTML Styles

In HTML 4.0, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document, and stored in a style
sheet.

How to Use Styles

When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it.

There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

 External style sheet

 Internal style sheet
 Inline styles

External Style Sheet

An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style
sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to
the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the <head> section:

Internal Style Sheet

An internal style sheet can be used if one single document has a unique style. Internal styles are
defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this:

<head>
<style type="text/css">
body {background-color:yellow}
p {color:blue}
</style>
</head>

Inline Styles
An inline style can be used if a unique style is to be applied to one single occurrence of an
element.

To use inline styles, use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any
CSS property. The example below shows how to change the text color and the left margin of a
paragraph:

<p style="color:blue;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p>

HTML Style Tags

Tag Description
<style> Defines style information for a document
<link /> Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource

HTML5 Introduction

What is New in HTML5?

The DOCTYPE declaration for HTML5 is very simple:

<!DOCTYPE html>

The character encoding (charset) declaration is also very simple:

HTML5 Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Title of the document</title>

</head>

<body>

Content of the document......

</body>

</html>

Note The default character encoding in HTML5 is UTF-8.

Elements Removed in HTML5

The following HTML4 elements have been removed from HTML5:

Element Use instead

<basefont> CSS
<big> CSS

<center> CSS

<font> CSS

<frame>

<strike> CSS

<tt> CSS

HTML5 Browser Support

HTML5 is supported in all modern browsers.

In addition, all browsers, old and new, automatically handle unrecognized elements as inline
elements.

Because of this, you can "teach" older browsers to handle "unknown" HTML elements.

Note You can even teach IE6 (Windows XP 2001) how to handle unknown HTML elements.

Define HTML5 Elements as Block Elements

HTML5 defines eight new semantic HTML elements. All these are block-level elements.
To secure correct behavior in older browsers, you can set the CSS display property to block:

header, section, footer, aside, nav, main, article, figure {

display: block;

Adding New Elements to HTML

You can also add any new element to HTML with a browser trick.

This example adds a new element called <myHero> to HTML, and defines a display style for it:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Creating an HTML Element</title>

<style>

myHero {

display: block;

background-color: #ddd;

padding: 50px;

font-size: 30px;

}
</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

<myHero>My First Hero</myHero>

</body>

</html>

Try it Yourself »

The JavaScript statement document.createElement("myHero") is added, only to satisfy IE.

New Elements in HTML5

Below is a list of the new HTML5 elements, and a description of what they are used for.

New Semantic/Structural Elements

HTML5 offers new elements for better document structure:

Tag Description
<article> Defines an article in the document

<aside> Defines content aside from the page content

<bdi> Defines a part of text that might be formatted in a different direction from other text

<details> Defines additional details that the user can view or hide

<dialog> Defines a dialog box or window

<figcaption> Defines a caption for a <figure> element

<figure> Defines self-contained content, like illustrations, diagrams, photos, code listings, etc.

<footer> Defines a footer for the document or a section

<header> Defines a header for the document or a section

<main> Defines the main content of a document

<mark> Defines marked or highlighted text

<menuitem> Defines a command/menu item that the user can invoke from a popup menu

<meter> Defines a scalar measurement within a known range (a gauge)

<nav> Defines navigation links in the document

<progress> Defines the progress of a task

<rp> Defines what to show in browsers that do not support ruby annotations

<rt> Defines an explanation/pronunciation of characters (for East Asian typography)

<ruby> Defines a ruby annotation (for East Asian typography)

<section> Defines a section in the document

<summary> Defines a visible heading for a <details> element

<time> Defines a date/time

<br> Defines a possible line-break

New Form Elements

Tag Description

<datalist> Defines pre-defined options for input controls

<keygen> Defines a key-pair generator field (for forms)

<output> Defines the result of a calculation

Read all about old and new form elements in HTML Form Elements.

New Input Types

New Input Types New Input Attributes

color

date

datetime

datetime-local

month

number

range

tel

time

url
week

autocomplete

autofocus

form

formaction

formenctype

formmethod

formnovalidate

formtarget

height and width

list

min and max

multiple

pattern (regexp)

placeholder

required

step

Learn all about old and new input types in HTML Input Types.
Learn all about input attributes in HTML Input Attributes.

HTML5 - New Attribute Syntax

HTML5 allows four different syntaxes for attributes.

This example demonstrates the different syntaxes used in an <input> tag:

Type Example

Empty <input type="text" value="John" disabled>

Unquoted <input type="text" value=John>

Double-quoted <input type="text" value="John Doe">

Single-quoted <input type="text" value='John Doe'>

In HTML5, all four syntaxes may be used, depending on what is needed for the attribute.

HTML5 Graphics

Tag Description

<canvas> Defines graphic drawing using JavaScript

<svg> Defines graphic drawing using SVG

New Media Elements

Tag Description
<audio> Defines sound or music content

<embed> Defines containers for external applications (like plug-ins)

<source> Defines sources for <video> and <audio>

<track> Defines tracks for <video> and <audio>

<video> Defines video or movie content

HTML5 Canvas
HTML Canvas?
The HTML <canvas> element is used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting (usually
JavaScript).

The <canvas> element is only a container for graphics. You must use a script to actually draw
the graphics.

Canvas has several methods for drawing paths, boxes, circles, text, and adding images.

Canvas Examples

A canvas is a rectangular area on an HTML page. By default, a canvas has no border and no
content.

The markup looks like this:

<canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100"></canvas>

Note: Always specify an id attribute (to be referred to in a script), and a width and height
attribute to define the size of the canvas.
To add a border, use the style attribute:

Basic Canvas Example

<canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100" style="border:1px solid #000000;">

</canvas>

Try it Yourself »

Drawing with JavaScript

var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");

var ctx = c.getContext("2d");

ctx.fillStyle = "#FF0000";

ctx.fillRect(0,0,150,75);

Try it Yourself »

Draw a Line

var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");

var ctx = c.getContext("2d");

ctx.moveTo(0,0);

ctx.lineTo(200,100);

ctx.stroke();

Try it Yourself »

Draw a Circle

var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");

ctx.beginPath();

ctx.arc(95,50,40,0,2*Math.PI);

ctx.stroke();

Try it Yourself »

Draw a Text

var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");

var ctx = c.getContext("2d");

ctx.font = "30px Arial";

ctx.fillText("Hello World",10,50);

Try it Yourself »

Stroke Text

var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");

var ctx = c.getContext("2d");

ctx.font = "30px Arial";

ctx.strokeText("Hello World",10,50);

Try it Yourself »

Draw Linear Gradient

var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");

var ctx = c.getContext("2d");

// Create gradient

var grd = ctx.createLinearGradient(0,0,200,0);

grd.addColorStop(0,"red");

grd.addColorStop(1,"white");

// Fill with gradient

ctx.fillStyle = grd;

ctx.fillRect(10,10,150,80);

Try it Yourself »

Draw Circular Gradient

var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");

var ctx = c.getContext("2d");

// Create gradient

var grd = ctx.createRadialGradient(75,50,5,90,60,100);

grd.addColorStop(0,"red");

grd.addColorStop(1,"white");

// Fill with gradient

ctx.fillStyle = grd;

ctx.fillRect(10,10,150,80);
Try it Yourself »

Draw Image

var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");

var ctx = c.getContext("2d");

var img = document.getElementById("scream");

ctx.drawImage(img,10,10);

Try it Yourself »

HTML5 SVG
What is SVG?
 SVG stands for Scalable Vector Graphics
 SVG is used to define graphics for the Web
 SVG is a W3C recommendation

The HTML <svg> Element

The HTML <svg> element (introduced in HTML5) is a container for SVG graphics.

SVG has several methods for drawing paths, boxes, circles, text, and graphic images.

SVG Circle

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<svg width="100" height="100">

<circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" stroke="green" stroke-width="4" fill="yellow" />

</svg>

</body>

</html>

Try it Yourself »

SVG Rectangle

Example

<svg width="400" height="100">

<rect width="400" height="100" style="fill:rgb(0,0,255);stroke-width:10;stroke:rgb(0,0,0)" />

</svg>

Try it Yourself »

SVG Rounded Rectangle

Sorry, your browser does not support inline SVG.

Example

<svg width="400" height="180">

<rect x="50" y="20" rx="20" ry="20" width="150" height="150"

style="fill:red;stroke:black;stroke-width:5;opacity:0.5" />

</svg>

Try it Yourself »

SVG Star

Sorry, your browser does not support inline SVG.

Example

<svg width="300" height="200">

<polygon points="100,10 40,198 190,78 10,78 160,198"

style="fill:lime;stroke:purple;stroke-width:5;fill-rule:evenodd;" />

</svg>

Try it Yourself »

SVG Logo

SVG Sorry, your browser does not support inline SVG.

Example
<svg height="130" width="500">

<defs>

<linearGradient id="grad1" x1="0%" y1="0%" x2="100%" y2="0%">

<stop offset="0%" style="stop-color:rgb(255,255,0);stop-opacity:1" />

<stop offset="100%" style="stop-color:rgb(255,0,0);stop-opacity:1" />

</linearGradient>

</defs>

<ellipse cx="100" cy="70" rx="85" ry="55" fill="url(#grad1)" />

<text fill="#ffffff" font-size="45" font-family="Verdana" x="50" y="86">SVG</text>

Sorry, your browser does not support inline SVG.

</svg>

Try it Yourself »

Differences Between SVG and Canvas

SVG is a language for describing 2D graphics in XML.

Canvas draws 2D graphics, on the fly (with a JavaScript).

SVG is XML based, which means that every element is available within the SVG DOM. You
can attach JavaScript event handlers for an element.
In SVG, each drawn shape is remembered as an object. If attributes of an SVG object are
changed, the browser can automatically re-render the shape.

Canvas is rendered pixel by pixel. In canvas, once the graphic is drawn, it is forgotten by the
browser. If its position should be changed, the entire scene needs to be redrawn, including any
objects that might have been covered by the graphic.

Comparison of Canvas and SVG

The table below shows some important differences between Canvas and SVG:

Canvas SVG

Resolution dependent

No support for event handlers

Poor text rendering capabilities

You can save the resulting image as .png or .jpg

Well suited for graphic-intensive games

Resolution independent

Support for event handlers

Best suited for applications with large rendering areas (Google Maps)

Slow rendering if complex (anything that uses the DOM a lot will be slow)

Not suited for game applications

HTML Multimedia
Multimedia comes in many different formats. It can be almost anything you can hear or see.

Examples: Pictures, music, sound, videos, records, films, animations, and more.

Web pages often contains multimedia elements of different types and formats.

In this chapter you will learn about the different multimedia formats.

Browser Support

The first web browsers had support for text only, limited to a single font in a single color.

Later came browsers with support for colors and fonts, and even support for pictures!

The support for sounds, animations, and videos is handled differently by various browsers.
Different types and formats are supported, and some formats requires extra helper programs
(plug-ins) to work.

Hopefully this will become history. HTML5 multimedia promises an easier future for
multimedia.

Multimedia Formats

Multimedia elements (like sounds or videos) are stored in media files.

The most common way to discover the type of a file, is to look at the file extension. When a
browser sees the file extension .htm or .html, it will treat the file as an HTML file. The .xml
extension indicates an XML file, and the .css extension indicates a style sheet file. Pictures are
recognized by extensions like .gif, .png and .jpg.
Multimedia files also have their own formats and different extensions
like: .swf, .wav, .mp3, .mp4, .mpg, .wmv, and .avi.

Common Video Formats

Videoformats MP4 is the new and upcoming format for internet video.

MP4 is recommended by YouTube.

MP4 is supported by Flash Players

MP4 is supported by HTML5.

Format File Description

MPEG .mpg

.mpeg MPEG. Developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group. The first popular video format
on the web. Used to be supported by all browsers, but it is not supported in HTML5 (See MP4).

AVI .avi AVI (Audio Video Interleave). Developed by Microsoft. Commonly used in video
cameras and TV hardware. Plays well on Windows computers, but not in web browsers.

WMV .wmv WMV (Windows Media Video). Developed by Microsoft. Commonly used in
video cameras and TV hardware. Plays well on Windows computers, but not in web browsers.

QuickTime .mov QuickTime. Developed by Apple. Commonly used in video cameras and
TV hardware. Plays well on Apple computers, but not in web browsers. (See MP4)

RealVideo .rm

.ram RealVideo. Developed by Real Media to allow video streaming with low bandwidths. It
is still used for online video and Internet TV, but does not play in web browsers.

Flash .swf

.flv Flash. Developed by Macromedia. Often requires an extra component (plug-in) to play in
web browsers.
Ogg .ogg Theora Ogg. Developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation. Supported by HTML5.

WebM .webm WebM. Developed by the web giants, Mozilla, Opera, Adobe, and Google.
Supported by HTML5.

MPEG-4

or MP4 .mp4 MP4. Developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group. Based on
QuickTime. Commonly used in newer video cameras and TV hardware. Supported by all
HTML5 browsers. Recommended by YouTube.

Note Only MP4, WebM, and Ogg video is supported by the newest HTML5 standard.

Sound Formats

MP3 is the newest format for compressed recorded music. The term MP3 has become
synonymous with digital music.

If your website is about recorded music, MP3 is the choice.

Format File Description

MIDI .mid

.midi MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface). Main format for all electronic music
devices like synthesizers and PC sound cards. MIDI files do not contain sound, but digital notes
that can be played by electronics. Plays well on all computers and music hardware, but not in
web browsers.

RealAudio .rm

.ram RealAudio. Developed by Real Media to allow streaming of audio with low bandwidths.
Does not play in web browsers.

WMA .wma WMA (Windows Media Audio). Developed by Microsoft. Commonly used in
music players. Plays well on Windows computers, but not in web browsers.

AAC .aac AAC (Advanced Audio Coding). Developed by Apple as the default format for
iTunes. Plays well on Apple computers, but not in web browsers.

WAV .wav WAV. Developed by IBM and Microsoft. Plays well on Windows, Macintosh,
and Linux operating systems. Supported by HTML5.
Ogg .ogg Ogg. Developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation. Supported by HTML5.

MP3 .mp3 MP3 files are actually the sound part of MPEG files. MP3 is the most popular
format for music players. Combines good compression (small files) with high quality. Supported
by all browsers.

MP4 .mp4 MP4 is a video format, but can also be used for audio. MP4 video is the upcoming
video format on the internet. This leads to automatic support for MP4 audio by all browsers.

HTML5 Video
Playing Videos in HTML
Before HTML5, there was no standard for showing videos on a web page.

Before HTML5, videos could only be played with a plug-in (like flash).

The HTML5 <video> element specifies a standard way to embed a video in a web page.

The HTML <video> Element

To show a video in HTML, use the <video> element:

Example
<video width="320" height="240" controls>
<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>

Try it yourself »

How it Works
The controls attribute adds video controls, like play, pause, and volume.

It is a good idea to always include width and height attributes.

If height and width are not set, the browser does not know the size of the video. The effect will
be that the page will change (or flicker) while the video loads.

Text between the <video> and </video> tags will only display in browsers that do not support
the <video> element.

Multiple <source> elements can link to different video files. The browser will use the first
recognized format.

HTML <video> Autoplay

To start a video automatically use the autoplay attribute:

Example
<video width="320" height="240" autoplay>
<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>

Try it yourself »

The autoplay attribute does not work in Safari and Opera, or in mobile devices like iPad and
iPhone.

HTML Video - Browser Support

Currently, there are 3 supported video formats for the <video> element: MP4, WebM, and Ogg:

Browser MP4 WebM Ogg

Internet Explorer YES NO NO

Chrome YES YES YES

Firefox YES YES YES

Safari YES NO NO
Opera YES (from Opera 25) YES YES

HTML Video - Media Types

File Format Media Type

MP4 video/mp4

WebM video/webm

Ogg video/ogg

HTML Video - Methods, Properties, and Events

HTML5 defines DOM methods, properties, and events for the <video> element.

This allows you to load, play, and pause videos, as well as setting duration and volume.

There are also DOM events that can notify you when a video begins to play, is paused, etc.

Example: Using JavaScript

Your browser does not support HTML5 video.

Video courtesy of Big Buck Bunny.

Try it yourself »

For a full DOM reference, go to our HTML5 Audio/Video DOM Reference.

HTML5 Video Tags

Tag Description
<video> Defines a video or movie

Defines multiple media resources for media elements, such as <video> and
<source>
<audio>

<track> Defines text tracks in media players

HTML5 Audio
HTML5 provides a standard for playing audio files.

Audio on the Web

Before HTML5, there was no standard for playing audio files on a web page.

Before HTML5, audio files could only be played with a plug-in (like flash).

The HTML5 <audio> element specifies a standard way to embed audio in a web page.

The HTML <audio> Element

To play an audio file in HTML, use the <audio> element:

Example
<audio controls>
<source src="horse.ogg" type="audio/ogg">
<source src="horse.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>

Try it yourself »

HTML Audio - How It Works

The controls attribute adds audio controls, like play, pause, and volume.

Text between the <audio> and </audio> tags will display in browsers that do not support the
<audio> element.

Multiple <source> elements can link to different audio files. The browser will use the first
recognized format.

HTML Audio - Browser Support

Currently, there are 3 supported file formats for the <audio> element: MP3, Wav, and Ogg:

Browser MP3 Wav Ogg

Internet Explorer YES NO NO

Chrome YES YES YES

Firefox YES YES YES

Safari YES YES NO

Opera YES YES YES

HTML Audio - Media Types

File Format Media Type

MP3 audio/mpeg

Ogg audio/ogg

Wav audio/wav

HTML Audio - Methods, Properties, and Events

HTML5 defines DOM methods, properties, and events for the <audio> element.

This allows you to load, play, and pause audios, as well as setting duration and volume.
There are also DOM events that can notify you when an audio begins to play, is paused, etc.

For a full DOM reference, go to our HTML5 Audio/Video DOM Reference.

HTML5 Audio Tags

Tag Description

<audio> Defines sound content

Defines multiple media resources for media elements, such as <video> and
<source>
<audio>

HTML Plug-ins
The purpose of a plug-in, is to extend the functionality of the HTML browser.

HTML Helpers (Plug-ins)

Helper applications are computer programs that extend the standard functionality of a web
browser.

Helper applications are also called plug-ins.

Examples of well-known plug-ins are Java applets.

Plug-ins can be added to web pages with the <object> tag or the <embed> tag.

Plug-ins can be used for many purposes: display maps, scan for viruses, verify your bank id, etc.

To display video and audio: Use the <video> and <audio> tags.

The <object> Element

The <object> element is supported by all browsers.
The <object> element defines an embedded object within an HTML document.

It is used to embed plug-ins (like Java applets, PDF readers, Flash Players) in web pages.

Example
<object width="400" height="50" data="bookmark.swf"></object>

Try it Yourself »

The <object> element can also be used to include HTML in HTML:

Example
<object width="100%" height="500px" data="snippet.html"></object>

Try it Yourself »

Or images if you like:

Example
<object data="audi.jpeg"></object>

Try it Yourself »

The <embed> Element

The <embed> element is supported in all major browsers.

The <embed> element also defines an embedded object within an HTML document.

Web browsers have supported the <embed> element for a long time. However, it has not been a
part of the HTML specification before HTML5. The element will validate in an HTML5 page,
but not in an HTML 4 page.

Example
<embed width="400" height="50" src="bookmark.swf">
Try it Yourself »

Note that the <embed> element does not have a closing tag. It cannot contain alternative text.

The <embed> element can also be used to include HTML in HTML:

Example
<embed width="100%" height="500px" src="snippet.html">

Try it Yourself »

Or images if you like:

Example
<embed src="audi.jpeg">

Try it Yourself »

HTML YouTube Videos

The easiest way to play videos in HTML, is to use YouTube.

Struggling with Video Formats?

Different versions of different browsers support different video formats.

Earlier in this tutorial, you have seen that you might have to convert your videos to different
video formats to make them play in all browsers.

Converting videos to different format can be difficult and time consuming.

An easier solution might be to let YouTube play the videos in your web page.

YouTube Video Id

YouTube will display an id (like XGSy3_Czz8k), when you save (or play) a video.

You can use this id, and refer to your video in HTML.

Playing a YouTube Video in HTML

To play your video on a web page, do the following:

Upload the video to YouTube

Take a note of the video id

Define an <iframe> element in your web page

Let the src attribute point to the video URL

Use the width and height attributes to specify the dimension of the player

Add any other parameters to the URL

Example - Using iFrame (the recommended method)

<iframe width="420" height="315"

src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/XGSy3_Czz8k?autoplay=1">

</iframe>
Try it Yourself »

YouTube Parameters

autohide

Value 0: The player controls are always visible.

Value 1: The player controls hides automatically when the video plays.

Value 2 (default): If the player has 16:9 or 4:3 ratio, same as 1, otherwise same as 0.

autoplay

Value 0 (default): The video will not play automatically when the player loads.

Value 1: The video will play automatically when the player loads.

controls

Value 0: Player controls does not display. The video loads immediately.

Value 1 (default): Player controls display. The video loads immediately.

Value 2: Player controls display, but the video does not load before the user initiates playback.

loop
Value 0 (default): The video will play only once.

Value 1: The video will loop (forever).

playlist

A comma separated list of videos to play (in addition to the original URL).

YouTube <object> Embeds

YouTube <object> embeds were deprecated from January 2015.

You should migrate your applications to use <iframe> embeds.

Example - Using <object> (deprecated)

<object width="420" height="315"

data="http://www.youtube.com/embed/XGSy3_Czz8k">

</object>

Try it Yourself »

Example - Using <embed> (deprecated)

<embed width="420" height="315"

src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/XGSy3_Czz8k">

Try it Yourself »

HTML5 Geolocation
HTML Geolocation is used to locate a user's position.

Locate the User's Position

The HTML Geolocation API is used to get the geographical position of a user.

Since this can compromise user privacy, the position is not available unless the user approves it.

Browser Support

The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports Geolocation.

API

Geolocation 5.0 9.0 3.5 5.0 16.0

Note: Geolocation is much more accurate for devices with GPS, like iPhone.

Using HTML Geolocation

Use the getCurrentPosition() method to get the user's position.

The example below is a simple Geolocation example returning the latitude and longitude of the
user's position:

Example

var x = document.getElementById("demo");

function getLocation() {

if (navigator.geolocation) {
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(showPosition);

} else {

x.innerHTML = "Geolocation is not supported by this browser.";

function showPosition(position) {

x.innerHTML = "Latitude: " + position.coords.latitude +

"<br>Longitude: " + position.coords.longitude;

</script>

Try it yourself »

Example explained:

Check if Geolocation is supported

If supported, run the getCurrentPosition() method. If not, display a message to the user

If the getCurrentPosition() method is successful, it returns a coordinates object to the function

specified in the parameter ( showPosition )

The showPosition() function gets the displays the Latitude and Longitude

The example above is a very basic Geolocation script, with no error handling.

Handling Errors and Rejections

The second parameter of the getCurrentPosition() method is used to handle errors. It specifies a
function to run if it fails to get the user's location:

Example

function showError(error) {

switch(error.code) {

case error.PERMISSION_DENIED:

x.innerHTML = "User denied the request for Geolocation."

break;

case error.POSITION_UNAVAILABLE:

x.innerHTML = "Location information is unavailable."

break;

case error.TIMEOUT:

x.innerHTML = "The request to get user location timed out."

break;

case error.UNKNOWN_ERROR:

x.innerHTML = "An unknown error occurred."

break;

Try it yourself »

Error Codes:
Permission denied - The user did not allow Geolocation

Position unavailable - It is not possible to get the current location

Timeout - The operation timed out

Displaying the Result in a Map

To display the result in a map, you need access to a map service that can use latitude and
longitude, like Google Maps:

Example

function showPosition(position) {

var latlon = position.coords.latitude + "," + position.coords.longitude;

var img_url = "http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?center=

"+latlon+"&zoom=14&size=400x300&sensor=false";

document.getElementById("mapholder").innerHTML = "<img src='"+img_url+"'>";

Try it yourself »

In the example above we use the returned latitude and longitude data to show the location in a
Google map (using a static image).

Google Map Script

How to use a script to show an interactive map with a marker, zoom and drag options.

Location-specific Information

This page demonstrated how to show a user's position on a map. However, Geolocation is also
very useful for location-specific information.

Examples:

Up-to-date local information

Showing Points-of-interest near the user

Turn-by-turn navigation (GPS)

The getCurrentPosition() Method - Return Data

The getCurrentPosition() method returns an object if it is successful. The latitude, longitude and
accuracy properties are always returned. The other properties below are returned if available.

Property Description

coords.latitude The latitude as a decimal number

coords.longitude The longitude as a decimal number

coords.accuracy The accuracy of position

coords.altitude The altitude in meters above the mean sea level

coords.altitudeAccuracy The altitude accuracy of position

coords.heading The heading as degrees clockwise from North

coords.speed The speed in meters per second

timestamp The date/time of the response

Geolocation object - Other interesting Methods

watchPosition() - Returns the current position of the user and continues to return updated
position as the user moves (like the GPS in a car).

clearWatch() - Stops the watchPosition() method.

The example below shows the watchPosition() method. You need an accurate GPS device to test
this (like iPhone):

Example

var x = document.getElementById("demo");

function getLocation() {

if (navigator.geolocation) {

navigator.geolocation.watchPosition(showPosition);

} else {

x.innerHTML = "Geolocation is not supported by this browser.";

function showPosition(position) {

x.innerHTML = "Latitude: " + position.coords.latitude +

"<br>Longitude: " + position.coords.longitude;

}
</script>

Try it yourself »

HTML5 Drag and Drop

Drag and drop is a part of the HTML5 standard.

W3Schools

Drag the W3Schools image into the rectangle.

Drag and Drop

Drag and drop is a very common feature. It is when you "grab" an object and drag it to a
different location.

In HTML5, drag and drop is part of the standard, and any element can be draggable.

Browser Support

The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports Drag and Drop.

API

Drag and Drop 4.0 9.0 3.5 6.0 12.0

HTML Drag and Drop Example

The example below is a simple drag and drop example:

Example

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head>

function allowDrop(ev) {

ev.preventDefault();

function drag(ev) {

ev.dataTransfer.setData("text", ev.target.id);

function drop(ev) {

ev.preventDefault();

var data = ev.dataTransfer.getData("text");

ev.target.appendChild(document.getElementById(data));

</script>

</head>

<body>

<div id="div1" ondrop="drop(event)" ondragover="allowDrop(event)"></div>

<img id="drag1" src="img_logo.gif" draggable="true"

ondragstart="drag(event)" width="336" height="69">

</body>

</html>

Try it yourself »

It might seem complicated, but lets go through all the different parts of a drag and drop event.

Make an Element Draggable

First of all: To make an element draggable, set the draggable attribute to true:

What to Drag - ondragstart and setData()

Then, specify what should happen when the element is dragged.

In the example above, the ondragstart attribute calls a function, drag(event), that specifies what
data to be dragged.

The dataTransfer.setData() method sets the data type and the value of the dragged data:

function drag(ev) {

ev.dataTransfer.setData("text", ev.target.id);
}

In this case, the data type is "text" and the value is the id of the draggable element ("drag1").

Where to Drop - ondragover

The ondragover event specifies where the dragged data can be dropped.

By default, data/elements cannot be dropped in other elements. To allow a drop, we must prevent
the default handling of the element.

This is done by calling the event.preventDefault() method for the ondragover event:

event.preventDefault()

Do the Drop - ondrop

When the dragged data is dropped, a drop event occurs.

In the example above, the ondrop attribute calls a function, drop(event):

function drop(ev) {

ev.preventDefault();

var data = ev.dataTransfer.getData("text");

ev.target.appendChild(document.getElementById(data));

Code explained:
Call preventDefault() to prevent the browser default handling of the data (default is open as
link on drop)

Get the dragged data with the dataTransfer.getData() method. This method will return any data
that was set to the same type in the setData() method

The dragged data is the id of the dragged element ("drag1")

Append the dragged element into the drop element

HTML5 Local Storage

HTML local storage, better than cookies.

What is HTML Local Storage?

With local storage, web applications can store data locally within the user's browser.

Before HTML5, application data had to be stored in cookies, included in every server request.
Local storage is more secure, and large amounts of data can be stored locally, without affecting
website performance.

Unlike cookies, the storage limit is far larger (at least 5MB) and information is never transferred
to the server.

Local storage is per domain. All pages, from one domain, can store and access the same data.

Browser Support

The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports Local Storage.
API

Web Storage 4.0 8.0 3.5 4.0 11.5

HTML Local Storage Objects

HTML local storage provides two objects for storing data on the client:

window.localStorage - stores data with no expiration date

window.sessionStorage - stores data for one session (data is lost when the browser tab is
closed)

Before using local storage, check browser support for localStorage and sessionStorage:

if(typeof(Storage) !== "undefined") {

// Code for localStorage/sessionStorage.

} else {

// Sorry! No Web Storage support..

The localStorage Object

The localStorage object stores the data with no expiration date. The data will not be deleted
when the browser is closed, and will be available the next day, week, or year.

Example

// Store

localStorage.setItem("lastname", "Smith");

// Retrieve
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = localStorage.getItem("lastname");

Try it Yourself »

Example explained:

Create a localStorage name/value pair with name="lastname" and value="Smith"

Retrieve the value of "lastname" and insert it into the element with id="result"

The example above could also be written like this:

// Store

localStorage.lastname = "Smith";

// Retrieve

document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = localStorage.lastname;

The syntax for removing the "lastname" localStorage item is as follows:

localStorage.removeItem("lastname");

Note: Name/value pairs are always stored as strings. Remember to convert them to another
format when needed!

The following example counts the number of times a user has clicked a button. In this code the
value string is converted to a number to be able to increase the counter:

Example
if (localStorage.clickcount) {

localStorage.clickcount = Number(localStorage.clickcount) + 1;

} else {

localStorage.clickcount = 1;

document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = "You have clicked the button " +

localStorage.clickcount + " time(s).";

Try it Yourself »

The sessionStorage Object

The sessionStorage object is equal to the localStorage object, except that it stores the data for
only one session. The data is deleted when the user closes the specific browser tab.

The following example counts the number of times a user has clicked a button, in the current
session:

Example

if (sessionStorage.clickcount) {

sessionStorage.clickcount = Number(sessionStorage.clickcount) + 1;

} else {

sessionStorage.clickcount = 1;

document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = "You have clicked the button " +

sessionStorage.clickcount + " time(s) in this session.";

Try it Yourself »

HTML5 Application Cache

With application cache it is easy to make an offline version of a web application, by creating a
cache manifest file.

What is Application Cache?

HTML5 introduces application cache, which means that a web application is cached, and
accessible without an internet connection.

Application cache gives an application three advantages:

Offline browsing - users can use the application when they're offline

Speed - cached resources load faster

Reduced server load - the browser will only download updated/changed resources from the
server

Browser Support

The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports Application Cache.

API

Application Cache 4.0 10.0 3.5 4.0 11.5

HTML Cache Manifest Example

The example below shows an HTML document with a cache manifest (for offline browsing):

Example

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<body>

The content of the document......

</body>

</html>

Try it Yourself »

Cache Manifest Basics

To enable application cache, include the manifest attribute in the document's <html> tag:

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

...

</html>

Every page with the manifest attribute specified will be cached when the user visits it. If the
manifest attribute is not specified, the page will not be cached (unless the page is specified
directly in the manifest file).
The recommended file extension for manifest files is: ".appcache"

Note A manifest file needs to be served with the correct media type, which is "text/cache-
manifest". Must be configured on the web server.

The Manifest File

The manifest file is a simple text file, which tells the browser what to cache (and what to never
cache).

The manifest file has three sections:

CACHE MANIFEST - Files listed under this header will be cached after they are downloaded
for the first time

NETWORK - Files listed under this header require a connection to the server, and will never
be cached

FALLBACK - Files listed under this header specifies fallback pages if a page is inaccessible

CACHE MANIFEST

The first line, CACHE MANIFEST, is required:

CACHE MANIFEST

/theme.css

/logo.gif

/main.js

The manifest file above lists three resources: a CSS file, a GIF image, and a JavaScript file.
When the manifest file is loaded, the browser will download the three files from the root
directory of the web site. Then, whenever the user is not connected to the internet, the resources
will still be available.

NETWORK

The NETWORK section below specifies that the file "login.asp" should never be cached, and
will not be available offline:

NETWORK:

An asterisk can be used to indicate that all other resources/files require an internet connection:

NETWORK:

FALLBACK

The FALLBACK section below specifies that "offline.html" will be served in place of all files in
the /html/ catalog, in case an internet connection cannot be established:

FALLBACK:

/html/ /offline.html

Note: The first URI is the resource, the second is the fallback.

Updating the Cache

Once an application is cached, it remains cached until one of the following happens:

The user clears the browser's cache

The manifest file is modified (see tip below)

The application cache is programmatically updated

Example - Complete Cache Manifest File

CACHE MANIFEST

# 2012-02-21 v1.0.0

/theme.css

/logo.gif

/main.js

NETWORK:

FALLBACK:

/html/ /offline.html

Note Tip: Lines starting with a "#" are comment lines, but can also serve another purpose. An
application's cache is only updated when its manifest file changes. If you edit an image or change
a JavaScript function, those changes will not be re-cached. Updating the date and version in a
comment line is one way to make the browser re-cache your files.

Notes on Application Cache

Be careful with what you cache.

Once a file is cached, the browser will continue to show the cached version, even if you change
the file on the server. To ensure the browser updates the cache, you need to change the manifest
file.
Note: Browsers may have different size limits for cached data (some browsers have a 5MB limit
per site).

HTML5 Web Workers

A web worker is a JavaScript running in the background, without affecting the performance of
the page.

What is a Web Worker?

When executing scripts in an HTML page, the page becomes unresponsive until the script is
finished.

A web worker is a JavaScript that runs in the background, independently of other scripts, without
affecting the performance of the page. You can continue to do whatever you want: clicking,
selecting things, etc., while the web worker runs in the background.

Browser Support

The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully support Web Workers.

API

Web Workers 4.0 10.0 3.5 4.0 11.5

HTML Web Workers Example

The example below creates a simple web worker that count numbers in the background:

Example

Count numbers:
Try it yourself »

Check Web Worker Support

Before creating a web worker, check whether the user's browser supports it:

if(typeof(Worker) !== "undefined") {

// Yes! Web worker support!

// Some code.....

} else {

// Sorry! No Web Worker support..

Create a Web Worker File

Now, let's create our web worker in an external JavaScript.

Here, we create a script that counts. The script is stored in the "demo_workers.js" file:

var i = 0;

function timedCount() {

i = i + 1;

postMessage(i);

setTimeout("timedCount()",500);

}
timedCount();

The important part of the code above is the postMessage() method - which is used to post a
message back to the HTML page.

Note: Normally web workers are not used for such simple scripts, but for more CPU intensive
tasks.

Create a Web Worker Object

Now that we have the web worker file, we need to call it from an HTML page.

The following lines checks if the worker already exists, if not - it creates a new web worker
object and runs the code in "demo_workers.js":

if(typeof(w) == "undefined") {

w = new Worker("demo_workers.js");

Then we can send and receive messages from the web worker.

Add an "onmessage" event listener to the web worker.

w.onmessage = function(event){

document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = event.data;

};
When the web worker posts a message, the code within the event listener is executed. The data
from the web worker is stored in event.data.

Terminate a Web Worker

When a web worker object is created, it will continue to listen for messages (even after the
external script is finished) until it is terminated.

To terminate a web worker, and free browser/computer resources, use the terminate() method:

w.terminate();

Reuse the Web Worker

If you set the worker variable to undefined, after it has been terminated, you can reuse the code:

w = undefined;

Full Web Worker Example Code

We have already seen the Worker code in the .js file. Below is the code for the HTML page:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<p>Count numbers: <output id="result"></output></p>

<button onclick="startWorker()">Start Worker</button>

<button onclick="stopWorker()">Stop Worker</button>

var w;

function startWorker() {

if(typeof(Worker) !== "undefined") {

if(typeof(w) == "undefined") {

w = new Worker("demo_workers.js");

w.onmessage = function(event) {

document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = event.data;

};

} else {

document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = "Sorry! No Web Worker support.";

function stopWorker() {

w.terminate();

w = undefined;

</script>
</body>

</html>

Try it yourself »

Web Workers and the DOM

Since web workers are in external files, they do not have access to the following JavaScript
objects:

The window object

The document object

The parent object

HTML5 Server-Sent Events

Server-Sent Events allow a web page to get updates from a server.

Server-Sent Events - One Way Messaging

A server-sent event is when a web page automatically gets updates from a server.

This was also possible before, but the web page would have to ask if any updates were available.
With server-sent events, the updates come automatically.

Examples: Facebook/Twitter updates, stock price updates, news feeds, sport results, etc.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully support server-sent events.

API

SSE 6.0 Not supported 6.0 5.0 11.5

Receive Server-Sent Event Notifications

The EventSource object is used to receive server-sent event notifications:

Example

var source = new EventSource("demo_sse.php");

source.onmessage = function(event) {

document.getElementById("result").innerHTML += event.data + "<br>";

};

Try it yourself »

Example explained:

Create a new EventSource object, and specify the URL of the page sending the updates (in this
example "demo_sse.php")

Each time an update is received, the onmessage event occurs

When an onmessage event occurs, put the received data into the element with id="result"

Check Server-Sent Events Support

In the tryit example above there were some extra lines of code to check browser support for
server-sent events:

if(typeof(EventSource) !== "undefined") {

// Yes! Server-sent events support!

// Some code.....

} else {

// Sorry! No server-sent events support..

Server-Side Code Example

For the example above to work, you need a server capable of sending data updates (like PHP or
ASP).

The server-side event stream syntax is simple. Set the "Content-Type" header to "text/event-
stream". Now you can start sending event streams.

Code in PHP (demo_sse.php):

<?php

header('Content-Type: text/event-stream');

header('Cache-Control: no-cache');

$time = date('r');

echo "data: The server time is: {$time}\n\n";

flush();

?>
Code in ASP (VB) (demo_sse.asp):

Response.ContentType = "text/event-stream"

Response.Expires = -1

Response.Write("data: The server time is: " & now())

Response.Flush()

Code explained:

Set the "Content-Type" header to "text/event-stream"

Specify that the page should not cache

Output the data to send (Always start with "data: ")

Flush the output data back to the web page

The EventSource Object

In the examples above we used the onmessage event to get messages. But other events are also
available:

Events Description

onopen When a connection to the server is opened

onmessage When a message is received

onerror When an error occurs

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