Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
1

BOOK : Artificial Intelligence A Modern

Approach
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig
By: Teame
M.

11/11/2024
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction to AI
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11/11/2024
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Goals of this Course

AI is a very broad field with many subareas
Make machines smarter (primary goal)
Understand what intelligence is (Nobel Laureate purpose)
Make machines more useful (entrepreneurial purpose)
Probabilistic Learning, and Machine Learning

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence
Definition AI
Objectives /Goals of AI
Approaches to AI and Hypothesis of AI
The Foundations of AI : Bits of History and the State of
the Art
Application Areas of AI

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence made of:
 Artificial:

 Produced by human art or effort,

 Not originating naturally.
 Intelligence:

Thinking capability

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence
What is Intelligence?
Intelligence:

 The capacity to learn and solve problems

(Websters dictionary)

In particular,
 The ability to solve novel problems
 The ability to act rationally
 The ability to act like humans
 the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the
world. Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in
people, many animals and some machines.
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

WHAT’S INVOLVED IN INTELLIGENCE?

Ability to interact with the real world

⚫ to perceive, understand, and act
⚫ e.g., speech recognition and understanding and synthesis e.g., image
understanding
Reasoning and Planning
⚫ modeling the external world, given input
⚫ solving new problems, planning, and making decisions
Learning and Adaptation
⚫ we are continuously learning and adapting
⚫ our internal models are always being “updated” e.g., a baby learning to
categorize and recognize animals
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence
Intelligence is composed of
 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem Solving
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Cont…
Let's see how raw data gets converted to intelligence through various levels
of processing:

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

What involved in Intelligence (again)

Intelligent behavior/characteristics

Learn from experience
 Apply knowledge acquired from experience
 Handle complex situations
 Solve problems when important information is
missing
 Determine what is important
 React quickly and correctly to a new situation
 Understand visual images
 Process and manipulate symbols
 Be creative and imaginative
 Use heuristics
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Objectives of AI
In general, the specific goals of AI are:
 Make machines smarter (primary goal)
 Understand what intelligence is
 Make machines more useful

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Approaches of AI

Approaches to AI do mean making computer:

 Think like a human (Thinking humanly): The cognitive modelling approach

 Act like a human (Acting humanly): The Turing Test approach

 Think rationally (Thinking rationally): The "laws of thought" approach

 Act rationally (Acting rationally): The rational agent approach

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Think Humanly
If we are going to say that a given program thinks like a human, we
must have some way of determining how humans think: the actual
workings of human minds.
 There are two ways to do this:
1. through introspection trying to catch our own thoughts as they
go by-and
2. Through psychological experiments. Through cognitive science
This approach Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the
brain.

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Acting Humanly: Turing Test

In general, the specific goals of AI are:

Use operational qualification rather than
listing intelligence qualification

The Turing Test (1950): "Computing

machinery and intelligence“ for testing
intelligence of machine.

This test is proposed by Alan Turing

He proposed computer pass that tests if a

human interrogator, after posing some
written questions, cannot tell
whether the written responses come from
a person or not Programming.

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Cont..
Turing Test suggests major components required for AI

 knowledge representation to store what it knows.

 Automated reasoning :use the stored information to answer

questions and to draw new conclusions;
 computer vision: to perceive objects

 machine learning: adapt to new circumstances and to detect

and extrapolate patterns.
 Natural language processing : to communicate successfully in NL
 Robotics to manipulate objects and move about.14
* Question: is it important that an intelligent system act like a human?
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

THINKING RATIONALLY
Idea is from Aristotle philosophy of “right thinking," that is, irrefutable
reasoning processes
His syllogisms provided patterns for argument structures that always
yielded correct conclusions when given correct premises-
for example,

These laws of thought were supposed to govern the operation of the mind;
their study initiated the field called logic.

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

ACTING RATIONALLY :RATIONAL AGENT APPROACH

An agent (the Latin word to mean ager to do) is just something that acts
something.

A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when
there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.

Making correct inferences is sometimes part of being a rational agent,

All the skills needed for the Turing Test are there to allow rational actions.

Rational behavior
– Doing the right thing
 What is the “right thing”
 That which is expected to maximize goal achievement,
 given available information
 We do many (“right”) things without thinking
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

THE FOUNDATIONS OF AI

Philosophy: Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system,

foundations of learning, language, rationality.
Mathematics: Formal representation and proof, algorithms,
computation,
(un)decidability, (in)tractability
Neuroscience: neurons as information processing units.
Psychology/ : how do people behave, perceive, process cognitive
Cognitive Science information, represent knowledge.
Computer: building fast computers engineering
Linguistics: knowledge representation, grammars
Probability/Statistics: modeling uncertainty, learning from data
Economics: utility, decision theory, rational economic agents
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Computer Engineering: building fast computers
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

History of AI
1943: early beginnings
McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain/ Invented Artificial neurons
1950: Alan Turing
Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence“ was invented
1956: birth of AI
Dartmouth Conference: "Artificial Intelligence“ name adopted
1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
1969-79: Early development of knowledge based systems took place
1980-- AI becomes an industry
1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
1987-- AI becomes a science
1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents
Currently: robotics, drones, self-driving cars etc.. 20
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Applications of AI

AI has been applied in different areas. Such

as:
 Expert System(ES)  Neural Computing
 Natural Language Processing(NLP)  Game Playing
 Speech(Voice) understanding  Languages Translation
 Robotics and sensory  Fuzzy logic
 Computer vision and scene recognition Genetic Algorithms 19
 Intelligent Computer aided instructions
 Intelligent Agents

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Home/Dorm Work

Can Computers Talk?

Can Computers Recognize Speech?

Can Computers Understand speech?

Can Computers Learn and Adapt ?

Can Computers “see”?

Can computers plan and make optimal decisions?

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Can Computers Talk?

• This is known as “speech synthesis”
– translate text to phonetic form
• e.g., “fictitious” -> fik-tish-es
– use pronunciation rules to map phonemes
to actual sound
e.g., “tish” -> sequence of basic audio sounds
Conclusion:
– NO, for complete sentences
– YES, for individual word

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Can Computers Recognize Speech?

• Speech Recognition:
– mapping sounds from a microphone into a list of
words
– classic problem in AI, very difficult
• “Lets talk about how to wreck a nice beach”
• (I really said “ ”)
• Recognizing single words from a small vocabulary
• systems can do this with high accuracy (order of 99%)
• e.g., directory inquiries
– limited vocabulary (area codes, city names)
– computer tries to recognize you first, if
unsuccessful hands you over to a human operator
– saves millions of dollars a year for the phone companies
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Recognizing human speech

• Recognizing normal speech is much more difficult
– speech is continuous: where are the boundaries between
words?
• e.g., “John’s car has a flat tire”
– large vocabularies
• can be many thousands of possible words
• we can use context to help figure out what someone said
– e.g., hypothesize and test
– try telling a waiter in a restaurant:
“I would like some dream and sugar in my coffee”
– background noise, other speakers, accents, colds, etc
– on normal speech, modern systems are only about 60-70%
accurate

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Can Computers Understand speech?

• Understanding is different to recognition:
– “Time flies like an arrow”
• assume the computer can recognize all the words
• how many different interpretations are there?
– 1. time passes quickly like an arrow?
– 2. command: time the flies the way an arrow times the flies
– 3. command: only time those flies which are like an arrow
– 4. “time-flies” are fond of arrows
• only 1. makes any sense,
– but how could a computer figure this out?
– clearly humans use a lot of implicit commonsense
knowledge in communication
• Conclusion: NO, much of what we say is beyond the capabilities of a
computer to understand at present.
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Can Computers Learn and Adapt ?

• Learning and Adaptation
– consider a computer learning to drive on the free way
– we could teach it lots of rules about what to do
– or we could let it drive and steer it back on course when
it heads for the
embankment
• systems like this are under development (e.g., Daimler Benz) e.g.,
RALPH at CMU
– in mid 90’s it drove 98% of the way from Pittsburgh to San Diego
without any human assistance
– machine learning allows computers to learn to do things without explicit
programming.
– many successful applications:
• requires some “set-up”: does not mean your PC can learn to forecast
the stock market or become a brain surgeon
• Conclusion: YES, computers can learn and adapt, when presented with
information in the appropriate way
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Can Computers “see”?

• Recognition v. Understanding (like Speech)
– Recognition and Understanding of Objects in a scene
• look around this room
• you can effortlessly recognize objects
• human brain can map 2d visual image to 3d “map”

• Why is visual recognition a hard problem?

• Conclusion:
– mostly NO: computers can only “see” certain types of objects
under limited circumstances
– YES, for certain constrained problems (e.g., face
recognition)
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Can computers plan and make optimal decisions?

• Intelligence
– involves solving problems and making decisions and plans
– e.g., you want to take a holiday in Ethiopia
• you need to decide on dates, flights
• you need to get to the airport, etc
• involves a sequence of decisions, plans, and actions
• What makes planning hard?
– the world is not predictable:
• your flight is canceled or there’s a backup
– there are a potentially huge number of details
• do you consider all flights? all dates?
– no: commonsense constrains your solutions
– AI systems are only successful in constrained planning problems
• Conclusion: NO, real-world planning and decision-making is still beyond the
capabilities of modern computers
– exception: very well-defined, constrained problems
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

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