0% found this document useful (0 votes)

694 views149 pages

Surveying 1 ELEMENTARY SURVEYING Laboratory Manual Sept192024

The 'Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual' is designed for students in the Civil and Railway Engineering programs at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, providing a hands-on approach to surveying principles. It includes structured laboratory exercises that reinforce theoretical knowledge, focusing on accurate measurements and data collection essential for engineering projects. The manual aims to equip students with practical skills and understanding necessary for their academic and professional growth in civil engineering.

Uploaded by

Kian Rhester Cobo

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

694 views149 pages

Surveying 1 ELEMENTARY SURVEYING Laboratory Manual Sept192024

Uploaded by

Kian Rhester Cobo

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 149

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

SUBMITTED BY:
GROUP NO,: ______SECTION:___________
SEMESTER: ______ACADEMIC YEAR:_____

LAST NAME FIRST NAME, M.I. STUDENT NUMBER

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
SUBMITTED TO:

_______________________________________
PROFESSOR

DATE SUBMITTED:
_______________________________________

THE COUNTRY’S 1st POLYTECHNICU

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

PREFACE

This laboratory manual for the course Fundamentals of Surveying 1 has been prepared to
serve as a comprehensive guide for students enrolled in the Civil and Railway Engineering
Management program at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines.
The manual is designed to provide students with a hands-on approach to understanding
the fundamental principles of surveying, which are crucial for the practice of civil engineering.
Surveying is a vital aspect of civil engineering that involves the measurement and
mapping of our surrounding environment. The practical exercises included in this manual aim to
equip students with the necessary skills to perform accurate measurements, data collection, and
analysis, which are essential in the planning, design, and construction of engineering projects.

The manual is structured to complement the theoretical knowledge gained in lectures,

offering students the opportunity to apply these concepts in a controlled environment. Each
laboratory exercise is carefully outlined with clear objectives, detailed procedures, and expected
outcomes, ensuring that students can follow along and gain practical experience in a systematic
manner.

On behalf of the faculty and the PUP Civil and Railway Engineering Laboratory, we hope
that this manual will not only serve as a tool for academic success but also inspire students to
appreciate the importance of precision and accuracy in surveying, which are indispensable
attributes in the field of civil engineering.

Engr. Ruffa A. Samonteza

Laboratory Head, Civil Engineering and Railway Engineering Management Laboratory
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Manila, 2024

i
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The creation of this laboratory manual for the course Fundamentals of Surveying 1 has
been made possible through the collective efforts and support of various individuals and
institutions.
We extend our deepest gratitude to University President, Dr. Manuel M. Muhi for his
unwavering commitment to academic excellence and for providing the necessary resources for
this project. Special thanks are also due to College of Engineering Dean, Dr. Remedios G. Ado
for her continuous encouragement and support.
Our heartfelt appreciation goes to the faculty members of the Civil and Railway
Engineering Department, especially the Chairpersons, Engr. Kenneth Bryan M. Tana and Engr.
Ramir M. Cruz, whose leadership and guidance were instrumental in the development of this
manual.
We would also like to acknowledge the efforts of the entire team at the PUP Civil and
Railway Engineering Laboratory for their dedication in ensuring the accuracy and quality of the
content provided.
Finally, we extend our gratitude to the students, whose enthusiasm and feedback have
inspired us to create a resource that will aid in their academic and professional growth.

INTRODUCTION

The Fundamentals of Surveying 1 laboratory manual is an essential resource for students

enrolled in the Civil and Railway Engineering program at the Polytechnic University of the
Philippines. This manual is designed to introduce the foundational principles and practical

ii
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

applications of surveying, a critical aspect of civil engineering that involves the precise
measurement and mapping of the physical environment.
Surveying serves as the backbone of various engineering projects, from the initial
planning stages to the final construction phase. Accurate surveying ensures that projects are
designed and executed within the specified parameters, minimizing errors and enhancing the
overall quality of engineering work.
This manual provides a structured approach to learning, with each laboratory exercise
carefully curated to reinforce the theoretical knowledge gained in lectures. Through hands-on
activities, students will develop proficiency in the use of surveying instruments, data collection
techniques, and the interpretation of results. These skills are vital for understanding the
complexities of land measurement, topographic mapping, and other surveying tasks.
The manual is organized into modules, each focusing on specific surveying techniques
and their applications. Clear instructions, detailed diagrams, and step-by-step procedures are
provided to guide students through the exercises. Additionally, the manual includes sections for
recording observations and results, enabling students to reflect on their learning and track their
progress.
By the end of this course, students will have gained a solid foundation in surveying
principles and practices, preparing them for more advanced studies and professional work in the
field of civil engineering. This manual is intended to be a practical and comprehensive tool that
supports their journey toward becoming skilled engineers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE.............................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................................ii
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................iii
EXPERIMENT 1:PACING.................................................................................................1
EXPERIMENT 2: TAPING OVER SMOOTH AND LEVEL GROUND.........................8
EXPERIMENT 3: TAPING OVER UNEVEN AND SLOPING GROUND....................14
EXPERIMENT 4: DETERMINING AREA OF A TAPE RECTILINEAR FIELD BY
TAPE..................................................................................................................................21
EXPERIMENT 5: DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING............................................................28
EXPERIMENT 6: THREE-WIRE LEVELING................................................................34
EXPERIMENT 7: RECIPROCAL LEVELING................................................................40
EXPERIMENT 8: PROFILE LEVELING........................................................................49
EXPERIMENT 9: TWO-PEG TEST.................................................................................56

iii
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT 10: OPEN COMPASS TRAVERSE........................................................63

EXPERIMENT 11: CLOSED COMPASS TRAVERSE..................................................69
EXPERIMENT 12: CLOSING THE HORIZON..............................................................76
EXPERIMENT 13: MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL OR ZENITH ANGLES...........83
EXPERIMENT 14: MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES BY REPETITION.......................90
EXPERIMENT 15: INTERIOR ANGLE TRAVERSE....................................................97
EXPERIMENT 16: DEFLECTION ANGLE TRAVERSE............................................104
EXPERIMENT 17: AZIMUTH TRAVERSE.................................................................110
EXPERIMENT 18: GRAPHICAL ADJUSTMENT OF A CLOSED TRAVERSE.......117
EXPERIMENT 19: AREA OF A TRACT OF LAND BY DMD/DPD METHOD........123
EXPERIMENT 20: DETERMINING AREA OF A FIELD...........................................131
WITH IRREGULAR/CURVED BOUNDARY..............................................................131
EXPERIMENT 21: DETERMINING AREA OF A TRAVERSE GRAPHICALLY.....138

iv
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT 1:PACING

1.1. Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

SO 1. Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
SO 4. Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and
in multi-disciplinary settings
SO 5. Identify, formulate, research literature and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural
sciences and engineering sciences.

1.2. Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Course

CILO 1. Perform laboratory experiments based on accepted local and international standards
CILO 2. Apply safety procedures and protocols in the laboratory
CILO 3. Effectively communicate findings in a well-structured laboratory report,
demonstrating a clear understanding of experimental techniques, data interpretation,
and scientific writing.

1.3. Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to determine individual pace factor and to measure distance by
pacing.

1.4. Materials / Equipment

Range Poles, Steel Tape, Markers (hubs, paint, chalk, or crayons).

1.5. Procedures
1. Determining Pace Factor.
a) Select a straight añd level course and on both ends establish markers at least 90 meters apart.
Designate these end points as A and B.
b) Walk over the course at a natural pace or gait starting with either heel or toe over point A and
count the number of paces to reach point B.
c) For succeeding trials, walk from B to A, then A to B, until 5 trials are completed, and the
number of paces recorded accordingly.
d) Refer to the accompanying sample format for the recording of observed field data.

1
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

MEAN
TAPED NUMBER PACE FACTOR
TRIAL LINE NO. OF
DIST (m) OF PACES (m/pace)
PACES

1 AB

2 BA

3 AB

4 BA

5 AB

2. Measuring Distance by Pacing.

a.) Define or establish the end points of another level course whose length is to be determined by
pacing. designate these end points as C and D.
b.) For the first trial, walk over the course from C to D at a natural pace and record the number of
paces. Then, walk from D to C and again record the number of paces.
c.) Repeat the above procedure until all five trials are completed.
d.) After the field data is recorded, make an actual taping of the course CD to determine the taped
distance.
e.) Refer to the accompanying sample format for the recording of observed field data.

PACED
NO. OF TAPED RELATIVE
TRIAL LINE MEAN DIST
PACES DIST PRECISION

1 CD

2 DC

3 CD

4 DC

5 CD

1.6. Computation
1. Computing Pace Factor (PF).
a) Get the sum of the number of paces for the five trials performed on course AB then compute
the mean number of paces.

2
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

b) Divide the known or taped length of course AB by the mean number of paces for AB to
determine the pace factor.
2. Computing Paced Distance (PD).
a) Get the sum of the number of paces for the five trials performed on course CD and compute
the mean number of paces.
b) Multiply the mean number of paces for CD by the pace factor to obtain the paced distance.
3. Computing Relative Precision (RP).
a) Determine the difference between the taped distance of CD and the paced distance of CD
b) Divide the difference by the taped distance of CD and reduce the numerator to unity to
determine the relative precision.

1.7. Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. The ends of the assigned courses should be marked with either hubs, marking pins, or by chalk
marks if on pavement.
2. Range Poles are set or held behind the end points to serve as guides or markers during actual
pacing.
3. A steel tape should be used in laying out or measuring the actual length of courses assigned for
pacing.
4. When taping, two measurements should be made for any line and the mean recorded as its actual
length.
5. The length of a single step is termed a pace. It may be measured from heel to heel or from toe to
toe. Also, each two paces or double step is called a stride.

Figure 4-1. Length of a pace.

6. Pacing consists of counting the number of steps in a required distance and is best done by walking
with natural steps.

3
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

7. Pacing is used only when approximate results are satisfactory such as for estimating distances
used for sketching and in reconnaissance surveys. Pacing is also used as a means of checking
distances measured by more accurate methods.
8. To keep one on the line while pacing, it is a good practice to fix one’s eyes on a distant object on
the range behind the pole at the farther end of the line being paced.
9. A partial pace at the end of the line should be figured out to the nearest one-fourth pace.
10. The accepted precision for measuring distance by pacing usually varies from 1/200 to 1/500.
11. Reject measurements that vary from the mean by more than three percent.
12. If the computed relative precision of the set of measurements is greater than one part in two
hundred, the measurements should be repeated.

1.8. Activity Report

4
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

1.9. Data and Results

5
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

1.10. Calculation

1.11. Observation

6
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

1.12. Conclusion/s

1.13. Documentation

1.14. References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

7
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT 2: TAPING OVER SMOOTH AND LEVEL GROUND

2.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

2.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes

2.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to determine the horizontal length of a line over smooth and level
ground with the tape supported throughout its length.

2.4 Materials / Equipment

30-m or 100-ft Steel Tape, Chaining Pins, Range Poles, Pegs or Hubs, Chalk or Marking Crayons,
and Spring Scale.

2.5 Procedures
1. Using hubs, mark both ends of the line (150 to 300 m long) to be measured. PLace a range pole
behind each point and also establish intermediate points along the line to ensure unobstructed
sight lines. If the point to be marked is on a pavement, use chalk or marking crayons. Designate
these end points as A and B.
2. The rear tapeman with one pin stations himself at the point of beginning and the head tapeman
takes the zero end of the tape and advances toward the other end of the line to be measured.
3. When the head tapeman has gone nearly a full tape length, the rear tapeman calls “tape” to stop
the head tapeman. The rear tapeman then holds the 30-m (or 100 ft) mark at the starting point and
aligns the other end of the tape held by the head tapeman on the range pole set behind the end
point or on any of the intermediate points earlier established along the line.

8
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

4. With the 30-m mark at the starting point , and the head tapeman aligned, the rear tapeman calls
“all right”. The head tapeman then pulls the tape taut and sticks a chaining pin in the ground to
mark the 0-m end of the tape, if the measurement is done on pavement, a chalk or marking crayon
is used to mark the end of the tape.
5. The rear tapeman packs up his chaining pin and the head tapeman pulls the tape forward and the
process is repeated for the next full tape length.
6. When the end of the line is almost reached and the last full tape length has been measured the
remaining partial length is then measured. The rear tapeman holds the tape until he has a full
meter (or foot) mark at his chaining pin while the head tapeman pulls the tape taut and takes note
of the fractional measurement read from the tape end.
7. After the measurement of the whole line is completed, a second measurement should be made
along the opposite direction. The mean of the two measurements is taken as the most probable
value of the length of the line.
8. Tabulate observed and computed values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying sample format
for the tabulation of data.

TRIAL LINE LENGTH DIFFERENCE MEAN RELATIVE PRECISION

1 AB

2 BA

2.6 Computations
1. The mean length of the measure line is determined by adding the two measurements and
dividing the sum by two.
2. The discrepancy for the measurement is the difference between the first measurement and the
second measurement.
3. The relative precision of the measurement is determined by dividing the discrepancy by the
mean length, where the numerator is reduced to unity or 1. Relative precision is expressed in
fractional form and the denominator is rounded to the nearest hundredth.

2.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. The hub is set at each end of the designated line, and a range pole is set about a meter beyond
the far hub to serve as guide during tape. A 2” x 2” piece of lumber with a nail in the middle
is used for this purpose and embedded securely into the ground.
2. Prior to measurement, the tape should first be calibrated.

3. As a rough check, the designated line should also be measured by pacing.

9
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

4. During measurement, the tape should be supported throughout its entire length and a required
pull (approximately 4 to 7 kg) applied at the ends of the tape to avoid inconsistent errors.
5. During the lining-in process, the head tapeman is in a kneeling position to one side and facing
the line so that he can hold the tape steady and allow the rear tapeman to have a clear view of
the range pole marking the distant point.
6. As the rear tapeman leaves after each full tape length is measured, a pin is pulled out of the
ground. There is always one pin in the ground, the number of pins held by the rear tapeman at
any time indicate the number of full tape lengths measured from the point of beginning to the
pin in the ground.
7. A steady and firm pull is made on one end of the tape if the leather thong at the end of the
tape is wrapped around the hand, or by holding on a chaining pin slipped through the eye at
the end of the tape, or by using a tape clamp.
8. The tape may be held between the fleshy portion of the fingers and that of the palm. Enough
friction is applied to sustain the required pull without causing injury or discomfort to the
tapeman.
9. The acceptable precision should be at least 1/1,000. If this is not attained the measurement
should be repeated.

2.8 Activity Report

10
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

2.9 Data and Results

11
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

2.10 Calculation

2.11 Observation

12
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

2.12 Conclusion/s

2.13 Documentation

2.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

13
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT 3: TAPING OVER UNEVEN AND SLOPING GROUND

3.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

3.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

3.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to determine the horizontal length of a line over uneven and sloping
ground by the method of breaking tape.

3.4 Materials / Equipment

30-m or 100-ft Steel Tape, Chaining PIns, Range Poles, Pegs or Hubs, Spring Scale, and Plumb
Bobs.

3.5 Procedures
1. Measuring Uphill
a. On a designated uneven and sloping terrain, mark the ends of a line (about 90 m long) to be
measured. Designate the hub at the button of the slope as point A and the hub at the upper
portion of the slope as point B. Range Poles are held or set behind eachpoint to serve as
markers, or are set at intermediate points along the line to ensure better alignment during
taping.
b. Head tapeman unreels and spreads out the tape and pulls the zero mark uphill along the line
from point A. The rear tapeman raises the 30-m (or 100-ft) end of the tape breast high while
the head tapeman moves back to a place on the line near a full meter (or foot) mark where the
ground surface is as high as the other raised end of the tape. The head tapeman stays by the
side of the line measured and holds a chaining pin on the ground.

14
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

c. The rear tapeman temporarily releases the end of the tape and signals the head tapeman to
either move to the right or to the left in order to align him. When the pin of the head tapeman
is in line with the range pole held over point B, the head tapeman is then signaled to stick the
pin vertically into the ground.
d. Rear tapeman plumbs from point A to the terminal mark of the tape with a plumb bob and
maintains this plumb bob steadily over A while head tapeman pulls the tape taut, and making
sure that the tape is on line by bridging one of its edges in contact with the previously aligned
pin. The head tapeman then moves the pin opposite the nearest full meter or foot mark of the
tape and he sticks it firmly into the ground.
e. The rear tapeman leaves his end of the tape, moves up the slope and gets hold of the tape at
the point previously held by the head tapeman. The next measurement is made horizontally
from the pin stuck in the ground by the head tapeman as done at point A.
f. The process is repeated until the whole tape length is used up thus finishing the measurement
of one tape length of horizontal distance.
g. From the pin marking the end of one tape length measurement, the horizontal measurement is
continued until point B is reached. The last partial tape length is measured with the rear
tapeman holding the tape until he has a full meter (or foot) mark at his end while the head
tapeman pulls the tape taut and takes note of the fractional measurement. Then the number of
tape lengths and the last partial measurement are totaled to determine the horizontal length of
the line measured.

2. Measuring Downhill
a. In measuring down the slope, the tape is reversed to bring its zero end forward in the direction
of point A along the line. Horizontal measurements starts from B with the rear tapeman
holding his terminal meter (or foot) mark of tape in level with B.
b. After the plumb bob of the head tapemen has been aligned with the range pole held at A, the
head tapeman drops the plumb bob causing it to leave a mark on the ground. He then sticks a
pin at the ground mark left by the plumb bob.
c. The next horizontal measurement starts from the pin until one whole tape length is measured.
As in measuring up the slope, the number of tape lengths plus the partial tape length at the
end of the line determines the total horizontal length of the line.
d. Tabulate observed and computed values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying sample
format for the tabulation of data.

TRIAL LINE LENGTH DIFFERENCE MEAN RELATIVE PRECISION

1 A
B

15
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

2 B
A

3.6 Computations
1. The discrepancy for the measurement is the difference between the first measurement and the
second measurement.
2. The mean length of the measured line is determined by adding the two measurements and
dividing the sum by two. This is also known as the most probable value of the length of the
line.
3. The relative precision of the measurement is determined by dividing the discrepancy by the
mean length, where the numerator is reduced to unity or 1. Relative precision is expressed in
fractional form and the denominator is rounded to the nearest hundredth.

3.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. The procedure of breaking tape involves the measurement of short horizontal distances and
accumulating these distances to total full tape length. This is done when a 30-m (or 100-ft)
tape cannot be held horizontal without plumbing from above shoulder length.
2. Except for the use of a plumb bob, the process of taping over uneven and sloping ground is
similar to taping over smooth and level ground.
3. It is important to determine if the tape is held nearly horizontal since it is the usual tendency
to hold the downhill end of the tape too low.
4. A hand level should be used to check if the tape ends are held correctly so as to have a good
horizontal measurement.
5. A firm stance is important during taping. The tapeman should position the plane of his body
parallel to the tape, with his legs well apart. His forearm should be in line with the tape, and
he should snub it against his body comfortably.
6. If a hand level is not available, the tape may be estimated to be horizontal by eye. It is
usually sufficient to compare the tape with some level line or have the two ends in line with
the horizon.
7. The tape sags between supports when taking horizontal measurements over uneven and
sloping ground thus making the tape shorter. To eliminate the effect of sag, the tape should
be standardized, corrected for sag, or normal tension is used.
8. As a variation to breaking tape, the line may also be measured by short and segmented
individual distances and these distances are added up to determine the total length. This
practice, however, requires continuous recording of each partial length measured and may
also lead to mistakes in addition.

16
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

9. The designated line should be measured in two trials, once uphill and once downhill. The
ratio of discrepancy to length should be determined. The acceptable precision should be at
least 1/1,000. If this is not attained the measurement should be repeated.

Fig. 3-2. An illustrative example of breaking tape for a downhill measurement.

17
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

3.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

18
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

3.9 Data and Results

3.10 Calculation

19
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

3.11 Observation

3.12 Conclusion/s

3.13 Documentation

20
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

3.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

EXPERIMENT 4: DETERMINING AREA OF A TAPE RECTILINEAR FIELD BY

TAPE

4.1. Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

4.2. Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

4.3. Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to determine how to measure horizontal angles with tape and the
area of a rectilinear field with tape.

4.4. Materials / Equipment

Steel tape, Chaining Pins, Range Poles, and Hubs or Pegs.

4.5. Procedures
1. Establish the corners of the assigned field and also establish within the field a centrally-
located point.
2. Subdivide the field into a convenient series of connected triangles (refer to accompanying
figure). Use pegs, hubs, or pins to mark the vertices of each triangle. Call these points A, B,
C, and etc.

21
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

3. From the centrally-located point, measure distances to each point defining the corners or
vertices of each triangle. Call these distances d , d , and etc.
1 2

4. Using the chord method of measuring angles by tape, determine all the angles about the
central point, i.e., θ₁, θ , and etc.
2

5. Refer to the accompanying sample tabulation for the recording of observed field data.

4.6. Computation
1. Determining Values of Included Angles.
With the use of a tape the chord method of measuring angles may be applied to
determine the value of an angle. The following formula is used

Fig. 4-4. Chord method of measuring angles.

22
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

θ d
sin =( )/ L
2 2
Where:

θ = angle whose value is desired

d = measured chord distance

L = any convenient length of tape swung through an arc

INCLUDED CHORD LENGTH OF COMPUTED ADJUSTED

CORR
ANGLE DIST SIDE ANGLE ANGLE

θ1

θ2

θ3

θ4

θ5

2. Determining Area of Each Triangle.

In each triangle, since the length of two sides and the included angle can be
determined, the area of the triangle may be calculated by the following formula

A = (½)(a)(b)SinC

23
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

Where:
A = area of the triangle
a,b = the two measured sides of the triangle (or d , d , etc.)
1 2

C = included angle (or θ , θ , θ , etc.)

1 2 3

SIDES
TRIANGLE 1st INCLUDED ANGLE AREA
2n
d

ABF

BCF

CDF

DEF

AEF

3. Calculating the Total Area

The total area of the field is the sum of the calculated areas of the series of connected
triangles into which the field is sub- divided, or

AT = A1 + A2+ A3+ A4+ A5

Where:
AT = A total area of the field, and A1, A2, and etc. are areas of individual triangles.

4.7. Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. Determining areas of rectilinear fields by tape is a slow process and is not advisable when large
areas are involved.
2. This method of field survey was widely used before instruments for measuring angles were built.

24
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

3. The accuracy of the values obtained by this procedure is dependent on the size of the angle, on the
care with which the points are set on line, and on the accuracy of the measured lengths.
4. Experience will show that with reasonable care the value of an angle determined by tape
measurements would agree with the value obtained with a transit within one to three minutes.
5. All distances from the centrally located point of the field to the different corners should be
measured twice and the mean recorded as its actual length.

4.8. Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:
DATE
SECTION:
PERFORMED:
DATE
INSTRUCTOR:
SUBMITTED:
LAB TECH.: STUDENT ASST.
NAME, GRADE
(SURNAME, FIRST NAME, LABORATORY ACTIVITY
M.I.) LABORATORY REPORTS
PERFORMACE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Note: Arrange names of members in alphabetical order.

25
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

4.9. Data and Results

4.10. Calculation

26
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

4.11. Observation

4.12. Conclusion/s

4.13. Documentation

27
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

4.14. References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

EXPERIMENT 5: DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING

5.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

5.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

5.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to determine elevation of points by differential leveling.

5.4 Materials / Equipment

Dumpy or Wye level, Leveling Rod, Hubs or Pegs, Range Poles, Hammer or Mallet, and Chalk.

5.5 Procedures
1. Designate the initial or reference point of the level route as BM-1 and the final or terminal
point as BM-2.

28
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

2. Set up and level the instrument at a convenient location along the general designated route
between the two points.
3. Take and record a backsight on BM-1.
4. Direct the rodman to move forward along the level route (not necessarily in a straight line
between BM-1 and the next point) and establish TP-1.
5. Take and record a foresight in TP-1.
6. Transfer and set up the level at another suitable location beyond TP-1 and take and record a
backsight on TP-1.
7. Direct the rodman to move a convenient distance ahead of the instrument and establish TP-2.

8. Take and record a foresight on TP-2.

9. Repeat the procedure until a foresight is finally taken on BM-2.
10. Refer to the accompanying sample tabulation for the recording of observed field data.

STA BS HI FS ELEVATION REMARKS

5.6 Computations
1. Computing Height of Instrument and Elevation.
In differential leveling, the following two equations are repeatedly used

a. HI = Elev + BS
b. Elev=HI-FS

Where:
HI = height of instrument above a reference datum

BS = backsight reading on the rod (or plus sights)

FS = foresight reading on the rod (or minus sights)
Elev = elevation above a reference datum of a point sighted

29
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

2. Arithmetic Check.
To check the accuracy of the arithmetical computations, add all backsights as well as
all the foresights. The difference between these two sums must be equal to the
difference in elevation between the initial and final points of the level line.

Fig. 4-5. Differential Leveling.

5.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. To reduce to a negligible amount the effect of curvature and refraction, keep the backsight
distance approximately equal to its corresponding foresight distance.
2. Limit foresight and backsight distances to a maximum of 90 meters since most leveling rods
cannot be read accurately beyond this distance.
3. Always keep the telescope bubble centered at the instant of sighting. The accuracy of leveling
depends on the bubble being in this position during each rod sighting.
4. Avoid reading too near the top or bottom of the rod. Select suitable locations for the instrument
so that backsight and foresight rod readings will fall between 0.50 and 1.50 m marks of the
leveling rod.
5. Avoid the use of a long (extended) rod especially when it is windy, and the leveling rod is not
provided with a rod support.
6. Since more time is spent at a set-up of the instrument, care must be observed so as to prevent
settlement of the instrument between backsighting and foresighting periods. To guard against

30
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

settlement of the instrument, such as when working on soft grounds during rainy days, the tripod
legs must be driven firmly into good bearing soil.
7. Turning points should have a rounded or leveled top to give a definite point of support for the
bottom of the leveling rod. If a hub or peg is used, avoid locating such points on soft and unstable
grounds.
8. The rod should be held plumb and steady when a reading is made on it. Preferably, use a rod level
to assure that the rod will always be held plumb and keep fingers off the face of the rod.
9. Use the proper tension on the leveling screws. They should have bearing on the tripod head
without being too tight.

10. For non-precise surveys, rod readings may be made to the nearest hundredth of a meter.
11. The number of instrument set-ups will depend largely on the configuration of the terrain, length of
the level circuit or route, and the length of sight distances. It is best to select the shortest level
route possible to reduce the amount of error closure.

5.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

DATE
SECTION:
PERFORMED:
DATE
INSTRUCTOR:
SUBMITTED:
LAB TECH.: STUDENT ASST.
NAME, GRADE
(SURNAME, FIRST NAME, LABORATORY ACTIVITY
M.I.) LABORATORY REPORTS
PERFORMACE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

31
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

10.
11.
Note: Arrange names of members in alphabetical order.

5.9 Data and Results

5.10 Calculation

32
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

5.11 Observation

5.12 Conclusion/s

5.13 Documentation

33
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

5.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

EXPERIMENT 6: THREE-WIRE LEVELING

6.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

6.2 Course Intended LEarning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

6.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to determine the elevation of a point some distance away by the
three-wire method of differential leveling.

6.4 Materials / Equipment

Engineer's Level or Automatic Level equipped with stadia hairs, Range Poles, Hubs or Pegs,
Leveling, Rod, Mallet or Hammer, and Chalk or Marking Crayons.

6.5 Procedures

34
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

1. Designate the initial or reference point of the level route as BM 1 and the final or terminal
point as BM-2. The elevation of BM-2 is to be determined and the elevation of BM-1 must
be known or assumed,
2. At a convenient location just beyond BM-1, and along the general designated route of the
level line, set up the instrument and level its line of sight.
3. Take and record a backsight on BM-1 and note the upper, middle, and lower cross-hair
readings.

4. Direct the rodman to move forward along the general route (not necessarily in a straight line
joining BM-1 and the next point) and establish TP-1.
5. With the leveling rod held plumb on TP-1, take a foresight on it and record the upper,
middle, and lower cross-hair readings.

Fig. 4-6. Three-wire leveling. Where: a = upper stadia hair reading

c = horizontal cross hair reading
b = lower stadia hair reading

6. Transfer, set up, and level the instrument at another suitable location beyond TP-1 and take a
backsight on TP-1, and record the upper, middle, and lower cross-hair readings.
7. Direct the rodman to move a convenient distance ahead of the instrument and establish TP-2.
8. Take a foresight on TP-2 and again record the three hair readings.
9. Repeat the above procedure until finally a foresight is taken on the designated point (BM-2)
at the end of the level line.
10. Tabulate observed and computed values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying sample
format for the tabulation of field data.

35
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

BACKSIGHT FORESIGHT
ST H
ELEV. REMARKS
A HAIR MEA I HAIR MEA
S S
RDGS N RDGS N

6.6 Computations
1. The mean of the readings of the upper, middle, and lower cross-hairs for each sight is taken as the
correct rod reading.
2. The interval between the reading on the upper cross-hair and the reading on the lower cross-hair is
a measure of the distance from the instrument to the rod sighted. The distance is determined by
multiplying the observed interval by the stadia interval factor (K) of the instrument, which is
usually equal to 100.
3. The height of instrument for a set up is found by adding the mean backsight reading to the
elevation of the point backsighted. Subtracting the mean foresight reading on a turning point from
the height of instrument gives the elevation. This process of computation is repeated for each set
up.
4. The difference in elevation between the initial and final points equals the difference between the
sum of the mean backsights and the sum of the mean foresights.

6.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. The method of three-wire leveling was formerly used mainly in precise leveling work. It is now
common on projects that require only ordinary precision.
2. The instrument used must be equipped with stadia hairs in addition to the regular cross-hairs and
for each sight, the three cross-hairs are read by estimation to millimeters and recorded.
3. Readings of the upper, middle, and lower cross-hairs are averaged to obtain a better value. As a
computational check it must be very close to the middle wire reading. Also, a check is secured by

36
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

noting the difference between the middle and upper hair and between the middle and lower hair.
If these fail to agree within one or two of the smallest units being read, the readings are repeated.
4. All turning points must be on solid objects with rounded tops so that the base of the rod can be
held in the same position for the backsights and foresights.

5. To prevent unequal thermal expansion, the level should be protected from the sun by an umbrella.
6. To eliminate the effects of variations in atmospheric refraction, settlement of the tripod, or
warping of the level, the shortest possible time elapsed between backsight and succeeding
foresight is desirable.
7. The three-wire leveling has been employed for most precise surveying because it provides checks
against rod reading blunders, produces greater accuracy since averages of three readings are
made, and It furnishes stadia measurements of sight lengths.
8. This method of leveling is very tedious and requires extreme care. Members of the field survey
party must heed minute details to minimize systematic errors which are always present.

6.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

DATE
SECTION:
PERFORMED:
DATE
INSTRUCTOR:
SUBMITTED:
LAB TECH.: STUDENT ASST.
NAME, GRADE
(SURNAME, FIRST NAME, LABORATORY ACTIVITY
M.I.) LABORATORY REPORTS
PERFORMACE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

37
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

10.
11.
Note: Arrange names of members in alphabetical order.

6.9 Data and Results

6.10 Calculation

38
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

6.11 Observation

6.12 Conclusion/s

6.13 Documentation

39
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

6.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

EXPERIMENT 7: RECIPROCAL LEVELING

7.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

7.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

7.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to determine the difference in elevation between two
points on opposite sides of an imaginary deep ravine or wide river.

7.4 Materials / Equipment

Engineer's Level or Automatic Level, Leveling Rod, Hubs or Pegs, Range Poles, Chalk or
Marking Crayons.

7.5 Procedures
1. Set two hubs on the ground (or mark off points on pavement with chalk) about 150 to 200
meters apart and call these BM-1 and BM-2. The elevation of BM-2 is to be determined
while the elevation of BM-1 is known or assumed. Also, imagine that there is an intervening
deep ravine or wide river between these two points.
2. Set up and level very carefully the instrument at a point (A) near BM-1.

40
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

3. Take and record a series of three consecutive backsight rod readings on BM-1 and six
consecutive foresight rod readings on BM-2.
4. Move the instrument to point B (on the opposite side of the imaginary ravine and near BM-
2), set up, and level the instrument carefully.

5. From the new set up, take and record three consecutive foresight rod readings on BM-2 and
six consecutive backsight rod readings on BM-1.

Fig. 4-7. Reciprocal leveling across a deep ravine.

6. Tabulate observed and computed values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying sample
format for the tabulation of field data.

41
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

INSTRUMENT. SET UP NEAR BM-1

STATION BS FS

BM (a) 1

BM (b)
2

SUM

MEAN

INSTRUMENT. SET UP NEAR BM-2

STATION BS FS

BM (b’)
2

BM (a’)
1

42
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

SUM

MEAN

7.6 Computations
1. Determining Difference in Elevation.
For the first set up at A, the difference in elevation between BM-1 and BM-2 is computed
by subtracting the foresights from the mean of the backsights or

DEA = ± (am – bm)

Where:
DEA = difference in elevation between BM-1 and BM-2
am = mean of the three consecutive rod readings on BM-1
bm = mean of the six consecutive rod readings on BM-2

Similarly, for the second set up of B

DEB = ± (a’m – b’m)

Where:
DEB = difference in elevation between BM-1 and BM-2
a’m = mean of the six consecutive rod readings on BM-1
b'm= mean of the three consecutive rod readings on BM-2

2. Determining True Difference in Elevation.

The mean of the two differences in elevation (DEA and DEB) is taken as the true
difference in elevation between BM-1 and BM-2 ог

TDE = ± (DEA + DEB)/2

3. Determining the Elevation of BM-2.

The elevation of BM-2 is then determined by the following equation

43
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

Elev of BM-2 = Elev of BM-1 ± TDE

7.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. Reciprocal leveling is utilized when it is difficult or impossible to keep backsight and
foresight distances short and equal. Such a condition usually exists when surveys are made
across rivers, lakes, and deep canyons.
2. The location chosen for the work must be where the lines of sight will be high enough above
the ground to avoid any large and irregular refraction effects that may exist near the ground.
3. Several readings are taken for averaging. This is done by reading, turning the leveling screws
to throw the instrument out of level, releveling, and reading again. The process is repeated
two
or more times. Then the instrument is moved close to the other point and the same procedure
followed.
4. The two differences in elevation between the two points sighted, determined with an
instrument at both set ups, normally will not agree because of refraction, curvature and
instrumental as well as personal errors. If the difference in elevation, determined in each set
up is averaged, the large errors should theoretically be removed.
5. Changes in atmospheric density and temperature affect the refraction of a line of sight. The
chance of an atmospheric change and a variation in the refraction value will be greater if the
time interval between reciprocal long sights is longer. It is for this reason that the time elapsed
between the long sights should be kept as short as possible.
6. Since temperature and atmospheric variations may appreciably affect the results of the
observations made, the instrument should be shaded from the sun and corrections for
curvature and refraction applied.
7. In reciprocal leveling, the bubble must be checked before each reading and centered carefully.
If it is off center by a slight amount, the procedure must be repeated.
8. The precision of the work can be improved if two leveling rods are used so that no
appreciable time elapses between backsight and foresight readings.
9. Two levels may also be used and the observations made simultaneously so that the conditions
of refraction will be the same for observations in both directions. A second set of observations
should be made with the instruments interchanged and the results averaged to eliminate the
errors of instrument adjustment. The mean of the differences in elevation is taken as the best
estimate of actual difference in elevation.

7.8 Activity Report

44
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

7.9 Data and Results

45
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

7.10 Calculation

46
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

7.11 Observation

7.12 Conclusion/s

7.13 Documentation

47
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

7.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

EXPERIMENT 8: PROFILE LEVELING

48
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

8.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

8.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

8.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to determine the elevations of ground points along the center line of
a proposed roadway and to plot the profile along the center line of a proposed roadway.

8.4 Materials / Equipment

Engineer's Level or Automatic Level, Hubs or Pegs, Range Poles, Leveling Rod, Chalk, Paint ог
Marking Crayons, Steel Tape, Chaining Pins, Profile Paper, Triangles.

8.5 Procedures
1. Profile Leveling.
a. Establish stakes at every full station along the center line of a 500-m long proposed
roadway at intervals of 100 meters.
b. Set up and level the instrument in some convenient location on one side of the
proposed roadway.
c. Take and record a backsight on a rod held on a nearby bench mark to determine the
height of instrument.

d. Take and record intermediate foresights from as many center line points up to within
practical limits of sighting.

49
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

e. When the rod has been advanced to a point beyond which further readings to ground
points cannot be observed, establish a turning point, and take a foresight on it to
determine its elevation.
f. Transfer and set up the instrument in another farther position and take a backsight on
the turning point just established. Then continue taking rod readings on ground points
as before until the end of the roadway is reached.
g. Tabulate observed and computed values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying
sample format for the tabulation of field data.

2. Plotting the Profile.

a. Plot the observed and computed data (stationings and elevations of full and plus stations)
on a special paper having horizontal and vertical lines printed on it to represent distances
both horizontally and vertically.
b. Use a scale of 1:1000 for plotting the horizontal distances and 1:100 for the vertical
distances.
c. Connect the plotted elevations for the profile by a smooth curved line drawn freehand.
d. Label the plot of the profile accordingly. The stationing elevations, and horizontal and
vertical scales must be indicated.

STA BS HI IFS ELEV REMARKS

50
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

8.6 Computations
1. Computing Height of Instrument and Elevation.
The theory involved in profile leveling is exactly the same as in differential leveling.
A backsight is taken on a benchmark or point of known elevation to determine the
height of instrument, and the elevation of ground points are calculated by subtracting
the corresponding rod readings from the height of instrument.

2. Determining Differences in Elevation.

a. The difference between the sum of all backsights and the sum of all foresights is
equal to the error of closure, or equal to the difference in elevation between the
initial benchmark and final point.
b. The intermediate foresight reading subtracted from the height of instrument gives
the ground elevation of a plus station.
c. The difference between the elevation of any two points that are obtained at the
same set up of the instrument is equal to the difference between the foresights taken
on these points.

8.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. Ordinarily, the interval between stakes is 100 ft, 50 ft, or 25 ft. with intervals of 100 m, 50 m,
30 m, 20 m, and 10 m being utilized in the metric system. Distances are measured by pacing
or with a tape or the rod according to the precision required.
2. The 100-ft points or 100-m points, reckoned from the beginning of the line, are called full
stations, and all other points are called plus stations.
3. Distances from the starting point are indicated by stationings. Each stake is marked with its
station and plus. Thus, the beginning point of the survey is numbered as 0+00. A stake at
1200 ft from the point of beginning is numbered 12+00, and one set from the point of
beginning at 1265 ft is numbered 12+65. Similarly, a point 350 m from the origin is station
3+50 and a point set 1525 meters from the origin is station 15+25.
4. The level is usually set up off the center line so that sights of more uniform length can be
produced. It is usually an advantage to have the level from 15 to 20 m away from the center
line particularly when readings must be taken on intermediate points.
5. A series of intermediate foresight readings are taken at regular intervals of 10 to 30 m along
the centerline of the roadway, and at points where sudden changes in elevations occur, such

51
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

as at the tops and bottoms of river banks, edges and center lines of roads and ditches. These
are taken in order to give a true picture of the ground surface along the route.

6. For a ground profile the backsight and foresight readings are usually read to hundredths of ft
(mm) and no particular attention is paid to balancing backsight and foresight distances. The
intermediate foresights to ground points are read to tenths of ft (cm) only.
7. During profile leveling it is usually good practice to set a series of benchmarks because they
can be very useful at a later date, for example, when grades are being established for
construction. These points should be set a sufficient distance from the proposed project
center line so that they will not be disturbed or obliterated during construction. These
benchmarks may be from 10 to 20 stations apart when the difference of elevation are
moderate, but the vertical intervals between these benchmarks should be about 10 meters
where the differences in elevation are considerable.
8. When the profile is completed, it is necessary to check the work by running a line of
differential levels back to the beginning point or by tying into another benchmark.
9. The plotted profile is generally drawn so that the vertical scale is much larger than the
horizontal scale in order to accentuate the differences of elevation. This is called vertical
exaggeration.
10. The profile is drawn freehand since the result is a better representation of the actual ground
shape than would be the case if the points were connected by straight lines.

52
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

8.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

53
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

8.9 Data and Results

8.10 Calculation

54
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

8.11 Observation

8.12 Conclusion/s

8.13 Documentation

8.14 References

55
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

EXPERIMENT 9: TWO-PEG TEST

9.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

SO 1. Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and an

engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
SO 4. Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and
in multi-disciplinary settings
SO 5. Identify, formulate, research literature and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural
sciences and engineering sciences.

9.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

9.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to determine if the line of sight of the telescope of an instrument is
parallel to the axis of the bubble tube and to learn how to adjust the line of sight.

9.4 Materials / Equipment

Dumpy Level or Engineer's Transit, Pegs, and Range Poles.

9.5 Procedures
1. Testing the line of Sight.
a. By pacing establish two points on the ground about 60 to 90 m apart. Call these points A
and B (Refer to accompanying sketch).
b. Set up and level the instrument close to A such that the eyepiece is 30 cm or less in front
of the rod held on A.

56
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

c. Take a rod reading on A by sighting through the objective end (wrong-end-to) of the
telescope. Record this reading as a. Since only a small portion of the rod is visible it will
be
convenient to set a pencil point on the rod at the center of the small field of view and to
read directly from the rod the sighted graduation.
d. Move the rod to B, then turn the telescope toward B and take a rod reading on it with the
instrument still set up near A. Record this reading as b.
e. Transfer, set up and level the instrument near B such that the eyepiece is again about 30
cm or less in front of the rod held on the peg at B.
f. Take a rod reading on B by sighting through the objective end of the telescope. Record
this reading as c.
g. Move the rod back to A and take a rod reading on it with the instrument still set up near B.
Record this as d.

2. Adjusting the Line of Sight.

a. If the instrument is in proper adjustment, the difference in readings c and d will equal the
difference between a and b, other- wise it is out of adjustment.
b. For an instrument which is out of adjustment, the true difference in elevation is
computed and the cross hair ring is moved vertically up or down to give a reading on the
distant rod (d') equal to the reading on the near point (c) plus the true difference in
elevation (TDE) of the points.

Fig. 4-8 Two-peg test.

Where: a = rod reading on A with instrument set up near A

b = rod reading on B with instrument set up near A
c = rod reading on B with instrument set up near B
d = rod reading on A with instrument set up near B

57
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

c. The cross hair ring is brought to the calculated reading (d') by loosening the upper
capstan screw and tightening the lower capstan screw, or vice-versa.

9.6 Computations
1. The computed difference in elevation for the two set ups are

DEa = a – b and DEb = d – c

2. If DEa is not equal to DEb, the instrument has to be adjusted and the true difference in
elevation (TDE) needs to be determined. The TDE is the mean of the difference in elevation
at the two set ups, or

TDE = (DEa + DEb)/2 = [(a – b) + (d – c)/2

3. With the instrument still set up near B, the correct rod reading at A (or d’) is computed as
follows

d' = c + TDE

4. The error in the line of sight is determined from the difference in value between d and d'

e = d – d'

If d is greater than d', the line of sight is inclined upward and if d is less than d', it is inclined
downward.

9.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. The bubble tube and the cross hair ring should be adjusted first prior to adjusting the line of
sight in order that any adjustments made will have the least possible effect on other desired
relations which should exist for an instrument to be in adjustment.
2. When the series of tests is completed, it will be necessary to run through two or more times to
get an exact setting and see if the adjustments have affected other relations.
3. In manipulating the capstan screws, the tightening and loosening sequence is done in small
increments since it is a very sensitive operation.
4. After the adjustment has been made, the level bubble should be checked to make sure it is still
centered and the reading at A should also be verified.
5. The two-peg test may also be used for adjusting the wye level or the engineer's transit. In the
dumpy level the axis of the level tube is first made horizontal and then the line of sight is

58
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

brought parallel to it. In the wye level or the transit the line of sight is first made horizontal
and then the axis of the bubble tube is made parallel to it.
6. In adjusting the wye level or the transit, the adjustment is made in the level tube, whereas
with the dumpy level the cross hair ring is moved.
7. The effect of the earth's curvature and refraction need not be considered in this adjustment
since the quantities involved are so small and negligible.
8. Since there are only four quantities to be observed and recorded in the field, there is no need
to tabulate these values.
9. The two pegs set up must be selected so as to have a considerable difference in elevation. If
the difference in elevation is less than the еггог of adjustment, inaccurate results may be
determined.
10. It is always advisable to draw a sketch of the whole process. Results will appear obvious from
the prepared sketch.

59
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

9.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

60
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

9.9 Data and Results

9.10 Calculation

61
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

9.11 Observation

9.12 Conclusion/s

9.13 Documentation

62
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

9.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

EXPERIMENT 10: OPEN COMPASS TRAVERSE

10.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

SO 1. Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and an

10.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

10.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to determine the magnetic bearings of each line of an open compass
traverse and to learn how to adjust an open compass traverse.

10.4 Materials / Equipment

Surveyor's or Brunton Pocket Compass, Steel Tape, Range Poles, and Pegs or Chaining Pins

10.5 Procedures
1. Establish at least six distant stations for an open traverse. Call these stations A, B, C, and so
forth.
2. Set up and level the compass at A and release the needle of the compass so that it will swing
freely on its pivot.
3. Sight B and read the compass box for the direction pointed by the north end of the needle.
Record this as the forward bearing of line AB.

63
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

4. Transfer the compass to B and sight on A. Read the compass box and record this as the back
bearing of line AB.
5. Turn towards the direction of C, then read and record the forward bearing of line BC.

6. Transfer to C and sight on B. Read and record the back bearing of line BC, then sight on D
and also read and record the forward bearing of line CD..
7. Proceed to the next station and repeat the same process until the last traverse station is
occupied and a back bearing is taken on the last line of the traverse.
8. With a steel tape, measure the length of each line in the traverse twice and record the mean as
the actual length of the line.
9. Tabulate observed and adjusted values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying sample
format for the tabulation of field data.

Fig. 4-9. Open compass traverse.

NOTE: From the illustrated sample figure of an open traverse, the mean length of each traverse
line is indicated as d , d , d , etc. The angular values corresponding to the forward and back
1 2 3

bearings of traverse lines are represented as θ , θ , θ , etc.

1 2 3

OBSERVED BEARINGS ADJUSTED BEARINGS

LINE LENGTH
FORWARD BACK FORWARD BACK

10.6 Computations

64
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

1. A traverse line is free from local attraction if the bearings read at its two ends are exactly
opposite in direction. The traverse angles are computed from observed bearings and starting
from the unaffected line.

2. If two or more traverse lines appear to be free from local attraction, one of these lines is
arbitrarily chosen as the best line. If none of the lines is free from local attraction, the line
with the least discrepancy between the forward and back bearings is chosen and its forward
bearing is assumed to be correct.
3. The angle between the observed forward and back bearing at any station can be determined
correctly since the angle is independent of local attraction.
4. Correct bearings of successive lines are then computed easily by preparing a careful sketch
of the known data observed from each station. There are no formulas to memorize since once
the sketch is made, the required calculations are obvious.

10.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. The compass circle is graduated in degrees or half-degrees but can be read by estimation to
about 10 min. Usually, graduations are numbered in multiples of 10 degrees, clockwise and
counterclockwise from 0 degrees at the north and south, to 90 degrees at the east and west.
2. On the compass box the letters E and W are reversed from their normal positions to give
direct readings of bearings.
3. A slight tap on the glass cover releases the needle when it does not swing freely, and
touching the glass cover with a moistened finger removes static electricity which affects the
needle.
4. Objects made of iron or steel, and currents of direct electricity alter the direction of the lines
of magnetic force and are likely to cause the compass needle to deviate from the magnetic
meridian.
5. The precision with which angles may be read depends on the sensitivity of the needle.
Special care should be taken to avoid jarring between the jewel bearing of the needle and the
pivot point. The compass should never be moved without making certain that the needle is
lifted and clamped.
6. Local attraction is present if the forward and back bearings of a line differ by more than the
normal observation errors. To detect local attraction, successive stations on a compass
traverse have to be occupied and forward and back bearings read.
7. All observed bearings from a given station will be in error by the same amount if the source
of an artificial disturbance is fixed. Angles calculated from bearings taken at the station will
be correct, however.

65
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

8. Distances and bearings do not really have to be measured in the order in which they occur,
but since they must be arranged in an order for the purpose of computation it will be
convenient to have them so arranged in the original notes. Mistakes are less likely to be
committed if this is always done.
9. To read the position of the needle precisely one must look along the direction of the needle
and not obliquely since this causes parallax and an incorrect reading.
10. The compass is no longer used on surveys of importance since accuracy cannot be expected
from it. It is, however, quite important that the surveyor understands the instrument, its
peculiarities and its limitations. Inspite of its lack of precision the compass is still used for
obtaining rough checks on angles or azimuths taken with the transit. It is likely to hold its
place indefinitely inspite of the fact that it cannot be depended upon for accurate work.

10.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

66
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

10.9 Data and Results

10.10 Calculation

67
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

10.11 Observation

10.12 Conclusion/s

10.13 Documentation

68
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

10.14 References
La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

EXPERIMENT 11: CLOSED COMPASS TRAVERSE

11.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

11.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

11.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to determine the magnetic bearings of each line of a closed compass
traverse and to learn how to adjust a closed compass traverse.

11.4 Materials / Equipment

Surveyor's or Brunton Pocket Compass, Pegs or Chaining Pins, Steel Tape, Range Poles, and
Hub8.

11.5 Procedures
1. Establish at least five traverse stations at designated points on the field assigned to be
surveyed. Call these stations (or corners) A, B, C, and so forth.
2. Set and level the compass at A and release the needle of the compass so that it will swing
freely on its pivot.

69
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

3. Sight the compass on the last traverse station and read the magnetic bearing. Record this as
the back bearing of the last line in the traverse
4. Sight B and read the compass box. Record this as the forward bearing of line AB.

Fig. 4-10. Closed compass traverse.

5. Transfer the compass to B. Sight on A and read the compass box and record this as the back
bearing of line AB.
6. Turn towards the direction of C, then read and record the forward bearing of line BC.
7. Transfer to C and sight on B. Read and record the back bearing of line BC, then sight on D
and also read and record the forward bearing of line CD.
8. Proceed to the next station and repeat the above procedure of determining back and forward
bearings for each line. Continue until the last traverse station is occupied and the forward
bearing of the last line has been read and accordingly recorded.
9. With steel tape, measure 8 the length of each line in the traverse twice and record the mean
as the actual length of the line,
10. Tabulate observed and adjusted values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying sample
format for the tabulation of field data.

70
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

NOTE : The following data are indicated in the illustrated sample closed compass
traverse: a) The mean length of each traverse line is shown as d 1, d2 d3, etc, b) Angular
values corresponding to observed bearings are represented by the angle theta (θ) All
angles with odd-numbered subscripts correspond to forward bearings and angles with
even-numbered subscripts correspond to back bearings., c) The interior angles are
similarly represented by the angle theta but with subscripts shown In letters of the
alphabet such as θα, θb, θc, etc.

OBSERVED BEARINGS COMPUTED

LIN ADJUSTED INT. ANGLE
LENGTH STA INT. ANGLE CORR
E FORWARD BACK

AB A

BC B

CD C

DE D

EA E

11.6 Computations
1. The interior angle at each station of the traverse can be computed easily from the observed
forward and back bearings taken from the station regardless of whether ог not the needle is
affected locally. A carefully prepared sketch is important since from it the required
calculations will be obvious.
2. The angular error of closure is determined by subtracting the sum of the computed interior
angles of the traverse from (n – 2) ×180 deg, where n is the number of sides in the traverse.
Note that the computed value may be a positive or negative quantity, and the resulting sign
should be considered in all succeeding computations.
3. The correction for each computed interior angle is determined by dividing the angular error
of closure by the number of traverse. stations. This computed value is then added
algebraically to each computed interior angle to determine the corresponding adjusted
interior angle.
4. Go over the observed bearings and determine which line in the traverse is free from local
attraction or which could be arbitrarily chosen as the best line. The adjustment of traverse
lines affected by local attraction is then made by starting from the unaffected or best line.
5. The forward and back bearings of all other lines in the traverse affected by local attraction
can then be easily computed and adjusted by again drawing a sketch thus making all
calculations obvious.

71
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

6. Finally, tabulate the adjusted bearings of the traverse. Refer to the accompanying sample
format shown below.

LINE LENGTH ADJUSTED BEARINGS

FORWARD BACK

11.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

72
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

7. All observed bearings from a given station will be in error by the same amount if the source
of an artificial disturbance is fixed. Angles calculated from bearings taken at the station will
be correct, however.
8. Distances and bearings do not really have to be measured in the order in which they occur,
but since they must be arranged in an order for the purpose of computation it will be
convenient to have them so arranged in the original notes. Mistakes are less likely to be
committed if this is always done.
9. To read the position of the needle precisely one must look along the direction of the needle
and not obliquely since this causes parallax and an incorrect reading.
10. The compass is no longer used on surveys of importance since accuracy cannot be expected
from it. It is, however, quite important that the surveyor understands the instrument, its
peculiarities and its limitations. Inspite of its lack of precision the compass is still used for
obtaining rough checks on angles or azimuths taken with the transit. It is likely to hold its
place indefinitely inspite of the fact that it cannot be depended upon for accurate work.

11.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

DATE
SECTION:
PERFORMED:
DATE
INSTRUCTOR:
SUBMITTED:
LAB TECH.: STUDENT ASST.
NAME, GRADE
(SURNAME, FIRST NAME, LABORATORY ACTIVITY
M.I.) LABORATORY REPORTS
PERFORMACE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

73
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

10.
11.
Note: Arrange names of members in alphabetical order.

11.9 Data and Results

11.10 Calculation

74
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

11.11 Observation

11.12 Conclusion/s

11.13 Documentation

75
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

11.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

EXPERIMENT 12: CLOSING THE HORIZON

12.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

12.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

12.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to learn how to measure horizontal angles with theodolite or an
engineer's transit.

12.4 Materials / Equipment

Repeating Theodolite or Engineer's transit, Range Poles, Chaining Pins, and Pegs.

12.5 Procedures
1. Set up and level the theodolite (or transit) at a convenient point and call this point 0.
2. Using pegs or chaining pins, establish points A, B, C, and C around the vicinity of the
instrument. Each point should be about 50 meters away from the instrument and a range pole
held or set up behind each. Refer to the accompanying sample sketch.

76
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

Fig. 4-11. Measuring angles about a point.

3. In measuring the first angle AOB (or 01), release the upper and lower motion clamps and
adjust the horizontal scales by turning the instrument on its spindle until the horizontal circle
reading and index mark is near zero.
4. Tighten the clamps and turn the upper motion tangent screw until the index reading is exactly
zero. Release the lower motion and sight the telescope approximately to point A telescope in
direct position) by first sighting over the top of the telescope to get near the point and then
sight directly through the telescope.
5. Tighten the lower clamp screw and set the line of sight precisely on point. A using the lower
tangent screw. Point A should appear at the intersection of the horizontal and vertical cross
hairs. At this stage the optical line of sight is on line between 0 and A and the theodolite's
reading microscope (or transit vernier) is set to zero on the horizontal scale.
6. Loosen the upper clamp and turn the telescope toward B, then clamp the upper motion and
turn the upper tangent screw until the line of sight is directed exactly on point B.

77
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

7. View the reading microscope of the theodolite (or vernier A of the transit) and read the
horizontal angle to determine the value of angle AOB, and record this as its measured value.
8. To measure the other three angles (BOC, COD, and DOA), repeat the same steps performed
in measuring the first angle AOB.

9. Tabulate observed values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying sample format for the
tabulation of field data.

ANGLE OBSERVED VALUE CORRECTION ADJUSTED VALUE

AOB

BOC

COD

DOA

Sums

12.6 Computations
1. The sum of the observed horizontal angles about point O is equal to the sum of angles AOB,
BOC, COD, and DOA or

SUM = θ1 + θ2 + θ3 + θ4

2. The horizon closure or error in the observation is equal to 360 degrees minus the sum
determined in C(1) or

θ = 360° –SUM

The horizon closure may be a positive or negative value depending on the value of
SUM.

3. To determine the adjusted value of each angle observed, correction is applied. The correction
is determined by dividing the horizon closure by n, the total number of angles observed, and
it may also be a positive or negative value.

78
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

4. The correction is added algebraically to the observed value to determine the adjusted value of
the observed angle.
5. The sum of the adjusted angles should then equal to 360 degrees.

12.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. Closing the horizon is the process of measuring the angles around a point to obtain a check
on their sum, which should equal to 360 degrees. The method provides an easy way for a
beginner to test instrument readings and pointings.
2. The measurement of horizontal angles by theodolite or the engineer's transit is but a similar
process. It involves using the clamp and tangent screw, aiming at the left-hand point, reading
the horizontal circle, aiming at the right-hand point and reading the circle.
3. If the horizontal circle reading and index mark are not set to zero, the difference between the
initial reading and the final reading is the angle through which the line of sight was turned.
4. In order that tangent screws will not need to be turned through more than one or two
revolutions, reasonably close settings should be made by hand when pointing the telescope to
any point.
5. To detect and remove parallax when reading the transit vernier, always have the eye directly
over the coinciding graduation on the horizontal circle.
6. When using the transit, the B vernier should also be read to check the reading made on the A
vernier. The difference between the two vernier readings should equal to 180 degrees.
7. The plate bubbles of the instrument should always be centered before an angle is measured.
8. Permissible values of misclosure will determine whether the laboratory exercise must be
repeated. This will be defined by the lab instructor.

79
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

12.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

80
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

12.9 Data and Results

12.10 Calculation

81
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

12.11 Observation

12.12 Conclusion/s

12.13 Documentation

82
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

12.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

EXPERIMENT 13: MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL OR ZENITH ANGLES

13.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

13.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

13.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to learn how to determine index error in vertical circle readings and
to learn how to measure vertical or zenith angles and apply index correction.

13.4 Materials / Equipment

Engineer's Transit or Theodolite.

13.5 Procedures
1. Determining Index Error and Index Correction.
a. Set up and level the instrument over a designated station.
b. Select a point such as X either above or below the horizontal plane of the instrument to
which a vertical angle is to be measured.

83
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

c. With the telescope in direct (or normal) position, raise or lower the line of sight by
setting the intersection of the vertical and horizontal cross hairs approximately on the
point then, clamp the telescope and all horizontal motions.
d. Slowly turn the vertical circle tangent screw and a horizontal tangent screw to attain
exact pointing on the selected point.
e. Read the vertical circle and record this as θn.

f. Release the vertical and horizontal clamps, rotate the instrument 180 degrees, and again
sight approximately on the point, this time with telescope in reversed (or inverted)
position. Then, clamp all motions.
g. Get an exact pointing by manipulating the tangent, screws for the vertical circle and the
horizontal motion.
h. Read the vertical circle and record this as θr.
i. If n is equal to er, the instrument's vertical circle and vernier has no index error.
However, if the two quantities are not equal, an index error exists and should be
determined. The index correction is determined from the index error. See C(1) & C(2).

2. Applying Index Correction to Observed Vertical or Zenith Angles.

a. With the instrument still set up at the same station, check if the plate bubbles have
remained centered. If not, level the instrument and center the plate bubbles.
b. Select two points (one above the horizontal plane and the other below) and call these P
and Q, respectively. See accompanying sketch.
c. With the horizontal motions clamped, sight the telescope (in normal position)
approximately at the first point P. Then set the cross-hairs exactly on the point.

Fig. 4-12. Measuring vertical angles.

Where: P = a selected point found above the horizontal plane

Q = another point found below the horizontal plane

∅ = a minus vertical angle or an angle of depression

θ = a plus vertical angle or an angle of elevation

d. Read the angle on the vertical circle and record it accord

e. Repeat the above steps, this time sighting the second point Q.

84
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

f. Determine the correct values of the vertical angles just read by applying the index correction
as determined in the first part of this lab exercise. See C(3).
g. Tabulate observed and calculated values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying sample
format for the tabulation of field data.

13.6 Computations
1. The index error (IE) is determined by subtracting the value of t from and dividing the difference
by two or
ΙΕ = ± (θn – θr)/2

Where: IE = Index error in the vertical circie and vernier

θn = observed value of the vertical angle with telescope in direct (or normal) position
θr = observed value of the vertical angle with telescope in reversed (or inverted)
position

2. The index correction (IC) is equal in amount to the index error (IE) but opposite in sign or
IC = – IE
3. To determine the correct value of any vertical angle read from the same instrument, the index
correction is added algebraically to the observed vertical angle or

CVA = OVA ± IC Where:

CVA = corrected value of the observed vertical angle
OVA = observed value of the vertical angle taken with
telescope in normal position
IC = the computed or predetermined index correction.

Due consideration should be made for signs. An angle of elevation is a positive angle and an angle of
depression is a negative angle.

OBSERVED ANGLE
POINT INDEX CORR. ADJUSTED ANGLE
TELESCOPE DIRECT

85
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

13.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. Vertical angles are commonly measured in stadia surveys, astronomical observations,
trigonometric leveling, and in surveys where EDM instruments are used.
2. The telescope of a transit is in direct position when the telescope bubble tube is positioned
below the telescope. It is in reversed or inverted position if above the telescope.
3. When a transit is used and a positive vertical angle is read with the telescope in direct
position, the vertical circle is read to the right of zero and the vernier is read on the right side
of the index. A negative vertical angle is read to the left of zero and on the left side of the
vernier index.
4. If a theodolite is used, the measurement of a vertical angle follows the same procedure as that
described for the transit, except that the vertical circle is oriented by either an automatic
compensator or an index level vial.
5. The vertical circle readings of the theodolite give zenith angles. A zenith angle is an angle
measured in a vertical plane downward from an upward directed vertical line through the
instrument. The theodolite's vertical circle is graduated from 0 deg clockwise to 360 deg.
When the telescope is pointed vertically toward the zenith the reading is zero degrees. It is 90
deg when pointed horizontally in direct position. With the telescope in the reversed position,
the zenith angle is 360 deg minus the circle reading.
6. The bubble in the telescope level vial should remain centered when the telescope is clamped
in a horizontal position. If the vertical wheneth does not read zero when the bubble is
centered, there is an index error.
7. If the instrument has a full vertical circle, the index error may be eliminated by taking the
average of two vertical angle readings where one is secured with the telescope in normal
position, the second in inverted position. This method is called double centering.

86
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

13.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

87
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

13.9 Data and Results

13.10 Calculation

88
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

13.11 Observation

13.12 Conclusion/s

13.13 Documentation

89
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

13.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

EXPERIMENT 14: MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES BY REPETITION

14.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

14.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

14.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to learn how to measure precisely horizontal angles by the principle
of repetition.

14.4 Materials / Equipment

Range Poles, Chaining Pins, and Pegs. Engineer's Transit or Theodolite.

14.5 Procedures
1. Establish the corners of a triangle (ABC) with each side measuring about 30 to 50 m long.
Call the vertices or corners A, B, and C and use pegs or chaining pins to mark each. Refer to
the accompanying sample sketch.

90
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

Fig. 4-13. Measurement of angles by repetition.

2. Set up and level the instrument at A and measure the interior angle (angle 1) in four or six
repetitions. A horizontal angle is measured by repetition as follows:
a. Release the upper and lower clamps and turn the instrument on its spindle until the
horizontal circle reading and index mark is near zero. Then, tighten the clamps and
turn the upper motion tangent screw until the index reading is exactly zero.
b. Release the lower motion and sight the telescope (in direct position) approximately to
the preceding corner (B). Tighten the lower clamp and set the line of sight precisely
on the corner using the lower tangent screw.
c. Loosen the upper clamp and turn the telescope toward the succeeding corner (C),
then clamp the upper motion and turn the upper tangent screw until the line of sight is
exactly on the succeeding corner. The horizontal angle reading should now be on
the circle.
d. Turn the telescope and again sight back on the preceding corner (B) by using the
lower clamp. Tighten the lower clamp and set the line of sight exactly on the corner
this time using the lower tan. gent screw.
e. The upper clamp is loosened, the succeeding point (C) is sighted approximately
again, and the upper clamp tightened. The cross hairs are brought exactly on the point
by turning the upper tangent screw. The sum of the first two turnings of the angle
should now be on the horizontal circle.

91
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

f. The process is continued for the number of desired repeti. tions by repeating steps d
and e above.
3. After measuring the interior angle at corner A, also measure by a similar number of
repetitions the corresponding exterior angle, or angle 2.

4. Transfer the instrument to corner B, then to C, and again measure in a similar process the
interior and exterior angles at each corner to the specified number of repetitions. Record
each of these observed quantities as the measured average value of the angle.
5. Tabulate observed and calculated values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying sample
format for the tabulation of field data.

ADJUSTED VALUE
STATION ANGLE MEASURED AVE VALUE CORRECTION

1
A 2

SUM

3
4
B
SUM

5
6
C
SUM

VALUE FROM STATION ADJUSTED

TRIANGLE ANGLE CORRECTION
ADJUSTMENT VALUE

1
2
ABC 3

SUM

92
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

14.6 Computations
1. The average value of each measured angle is determined by dividing the total angle
accumulated on the circle by the number of repetitions. The total angle may be larger than
360 deg, making it necessary to add a multiple of 360 deg to the reading prior to dividing.
2. If the sum of the angles about each station is not equal to 360 deg an error in the observation
exists. The error about a station is equal to 360 deg minus the sum of the interior and exterior
angles measured about the station. This computed value may be a positive or a negative
quantity.
3. To determine the correction to be applied to each angle about a station, divide the computed
error at the station by the number of angles observed about the station.
4. The adjusted values of angles about a station are determined by adding algebraically to each
measured and averaged value the corresponding correction.
5. As a check the surn of the adjusted angles about a station should equal to 360 degrees.
6. A final check is made to determine if the sum of the adjusted interior angles from station
adjustment is equal to 180 degrees. If not, the correction is determined by subtracting the
sum of the interior angles from 180 degrees and dividing by the number of interior angles.
The resulting quantity, which may be a positive or negative value, is then added algebraically
to each interior angle. The sum of these angles should now equal to 180 degrees.

14.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. When measuring an angle by a series of repetitions the instrument should first be leveled
very carefully and the leveling screws should not be disturbed when a measurement is being
made.
2. The measurement of angles by repetition is an effective method that nearly eliminates
mistakes commonly made in angle measurements and is thus always employed in surveys of
high precision.
3. To eliminate the effects of some maladjustments of an instrument, an even number of
repetitions should be taken, half with the telescope in normal position and half with the
telescope in reversed position.
4. Experience will show that the precision of an angular measurement is not appreciably
improved by making a very large number of repetitions (such as more than 8 times) as there
are systematic, personal, and instrumental errors that may occur.

93
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

5. The error of closure for measurements made about a station should not exceed 10 seconds
times the square root of the number of angles for an instrument with a least count of 1
minute.
6. The single measurement made for each angle should always be noted to serve as a check on
the number of repetitions made.

14.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

94
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

14.9 Data and Results

14.10 Calculation

95
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

14.11 Observation

14.12 Conclusion/s

14.13 Documentation

96
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

14.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

EXPERIMENT 15: INTERIOR ANGLE TRAVERSE

15.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

15.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

15.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to run a closed traverse by measuring interior angles.

15.4 Materials / Equipment

Engineer's Transit or Theodolite, Range Poles, Chaining Pins, Hubs or Pegs, Steel Tape,
and Plumb Bobs.

15.5 Procedures
1. Establish the corners of the assigned traverse (with 5 or 6 corners). Call these corners A, B,
C, and etc; and use pegs or hubs to mark each. Also, set range poles close to these corners to
serve as guides or markers during sighting. Refer to the accompanying sketch of a sample
closed traverse with 5 corners.

97
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

2. Set up and level the instrument over the first corner (A), and determine the bearing or
azimuth of course AB or θab (The direction of this course is determined in order that the
traverse can be correctly oriented for plotting later).

3. Measure clockwise the interior angle at A in two repetitions, the first with telescope in direct
position and the second with telescope in reversed position. Record both reading accordingly,
the, determine the mean and record this as θa.

Fig. 4-14. Interior Angle Traverse.

4. Measure with a steel tape the distance from the occupied traverse corner to the next corner
sighted. Perform a second measurement back and record both measurements. Perform a
second measurement back and record both measurements. Determine the mean and record
this as the actual length of line (shown as d1, d2, etc.).

5. Transfer the instrument to the next corner and repeat the same process of determining the
interior angle and measuring related distances. Do this until all corners have been occupied.

6. Tabulate observed and computed values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying sample
format for the tabulation of field data.

98
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

STA STA MEAN OBSERVED INTERIOR ADJUSTED INT

OCC OBS DIS DIST. ANGLE CORR ANGLE
T
DIRECT REVERSED MEAN

E
A
B

A
B
C

B
C
D

C
D
E

D
E
A

15.6 Computations
1. The mean interior angles of the traverse are added and their sum is subtracted from (n-2)x180
deg, where n is the number of sides (or corners) of the traverse. The difference, which may
be a positive or negative value, is the total angular error or closure.
2. To determine the correction to be applied to each interior angle, divide the closure by the
number of interior angles.
3. The adjusted interior angles are determined by adding algebraically the computed correction
to each mean interior angle. The sum of the adjusted interior angles should then equal to (n-
2)x180 deg. In this adjustment it is assumed that the angular error is of the same amount at
each station.

99
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

15.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. Interior angles may be measured either in clockwise or counter-clockwise direction,
however, it is good practice to measure all angles clockwise. By consistently following one
method, mistakes in reading, recording, and plotting are reduced.
2. As a check, exterior angles at each corner may also be measured to close the horizon.
3. At each corner the horizontal scale is set to zero, and a sight to the corner on the left
(preceding) is taken. The instrument is then turned on its upper motion until the corner on the
right (succeeding) is sighted and the interior angle is observed and recorded.
4. All interior angles should be turned at least twice, once with the telescope in direct position
and once in reversed position.
5. When all the interior angles of the traverse have been measured, check the sum of the mean
interior angles. This sum should not deviate from (n-2)x180 deg by more than the square root
of n times the least count of the instrument vernier, where n is the number of interior angles
measured.
6. In adjusting the interior angles, it is assumed that all angles were observed with equal
precision, and the error is distributed equally among the angles.
7. If there is a need to determine the azimuth or bearing of a succeeding line (or lines) in the
traverse, a sketch of the unknown data observed at the succeeding corners should each be
prepared since from it the required calculations will be obvious.
8. If there is a need to compute the azimuth of a succeeding line, a deflection angle to the right
is added to the forward azimuth of the previous line. A deflection angle to the left is
subtracted from the forward azimuth of the previous line.

100
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

15.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

15.9 Data and Results

101
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

15.10 Calculation

15.11 Observation

102
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

15.12 Conclusion/s

15.13 Documentation

15.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

103
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT 16: DEFLECTION ANGLE TRAVERSE

16.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

16.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressec by the Activity

16.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to run a closed traverse by measuring deflection angles.

16.4 Materials / Equipment

Engineer's Transit or Theodolite, Range Poles, Chaining Pins, Hubs or Pegs, Steel Tape,
and Plumb Bobs.

16.5 Procedures
1. Establish the corners of the assigned traverse (with at least 5 corners). Call these corners A,
B, C, etc; and use pegs or hubs to mark each. Also, set range poles close to these corners to
serve as guides or markers during sighting. Refer to the accompanying sketch of a sample
closed traverse with 5 corners.
2. Set up and level the instrument over the first corner (A), and determine and record the
azimuth (or bearing) of course AB or θab (The direction of this course is determined in order
that the traverse can be correctly oriented. for plotting later).
3. Set to zero the horizontal circle index and take a backsight on the previous station (E) with
telescope direct, then clamp all motions.

104
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

4. Plunge the telescope to the reversed position so that the line of sight is now directed along
the prolongation of the line EA.

Fig. 4-15. Deflection Angle Traverse.

5. Release the upper clamp and turn the line of sight to the succeeding station (B). Tighten back
the clamp and read and record the horizontal circle when the line of sight is brought exactly
on B by the upper tangent screws. Note how the telescope has turned (either left or right).
6. With the telescope still in the reversed position, loosen the lower clamp and direct the line of
sight toward the corner backsighted earlier (E). Using the lower tangent screw, bring the line
of sight exactly on this corner.
7. Plunge the telescope back to direct position to bring the line of sight along the prolongation
of line EA.
8. Release the upper clamp and turn the line of sight back to the succeeding corner (B). Tighten
back the clamp and read and record the horizontal circle when the line of sight is set exactly
on B. If the second angle read agrees with the first angle to within the least count of the
instrument, record the value as the deflection angle at station A ( θA). Repeat the
measurement if it does not.
9. Measure with 8 steel tape the distance from the occupied traverse corner to the next corner
sighted (or line AB). Perform a second measurement back, then record the mean of the two
measurements as the length of the traverse line. The mean lengths measured are indicated in
the sketch as d1, d2, and etc.
10. Transfer the instrument to the next corner (B) and repeat the same process of determining the
deflection angle and measuring related distances. Do this until all corners have been
occupied.

105
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

11. Tabulate observed and computed values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying sample
format for the tabulation of field data.

STA STA DISTANCE DEFLECTION CORR ADJUSTED DEFLECTION

OCC OBS (m) ANGLE ANGLE

A B

B C

C D

D E

E A

16.6 Computations
1. Calculate the algebraic sum of the deflection angles. Left deflection angles are considered as
negative values and right deflection angles positive values. The algebraic sum of the
deflection angles for a closed traverse should equal 360 deg. This condition remains true as
long as the sides do not cross one another. In a closed traverse in which the lines cross once,
the sum of the right deflection angles should equal the sum of the left deflection angles.
2. The total angular error or closure is determined by subtracting the algebraic sum of the
deflection angles from 360 deg. The difference may be a positive or negative value.
3. To determine the correction to be applied to each deflection angle, divide the angular error
by the number of corners.
4. If the algebraic of the deflection angles is greater than 360 deg, the computed correction is
subtracted from each deflection angle measured counterclockwise and added to those
measured clockwise. If less, the opposite is done. The resulting values thus computed are the
adjusted deflection angles and should now total 360 deg.

16.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. Deflection angles are frequently used in surveys for railroads, highways, pipelines, canals,
transmission or power lines, and all other route surveys.
2. These angles are always less than 180 deg, and the direction of turning is defined by
appending the letter R or L to the observed angular value.

106
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

3. It is good practice to observe deflection angles at least twice. One observation should be
made with the telescope in direct position and another in reversed position.

4. Instrumental errors may be introduced when a deflection angle is measured only once. These
errors are mostly eliminated by double centering, and the second value determined serves as
a check on the first value read.
5. It is good practice to immediately perform an arithmetic check of the sum of the deflection
angles upon completion of the fieldwork. This allows easy detection of blunders or
excessively large errors committed during the execution of the fieldwork.
6. If there is a need to compute the azimuth of a succeeding line, a deflection angle to the right
is added to the forward azimuth of the previous line. A deflection angle to the left is
subtracted from the forward azimuth of the previous line.
16.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

DATE
SECTION:
PERFORMED:
DATE
INSTRUCTOR:
SUBMITTED:
LAB TECH.: STUDENT ASST.
NAME, GRADE
(SURNAME, FIRST NAME, LABORATORY ACTIVITY
M.I.) LABORATORY REPORTS
PERFORMACE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Note: Arrange names of members in alphabetical order.
107
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

16.9 Data and Results

16.10 Calculation

108
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

16.11 Observation

16.12 Conclusion/s

16.13 Documentation

16.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

109
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT 17: AZIMUTH TRAVERSE

17.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

17.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

17.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to run a closed traverse by measuring the azimuth angles.

17.4 Materials / Equipment

Engineer's Transit or Theodolite, Range Poles, Chaining Pins, Hubs or Pegs, Steel Tape,
and Plumb Bobs.

17.5 Procedures
1. Establish the corners of the assigned traverse (with at least 5 corners). Call these corners A,
B, C, and etc; and use pegs or hubs to mark each. Also, set range poles close to these corners
to serve as guides or markers during sighting (Refer to the accompanying sketch).
2. Set up and level the instrument at the first corner (A) of the traverse.
3. Orient the instrument with the magnetic meridian by setting the horizontal circle to read zero
degrees and seeing to it that the magnetic needle in the compass box also points to the south
(or north) end of the meridian.
4. Determine and record the magnetic azimuth of lines AE (shown in the sketch as the last line
of the traverse) and AB (shown as the first line of the traverse). Also, observe and record the
magnetic bearing of both lines as indicated in the compass box.

110
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

5. With a steel tape measure the length of line AB and make a second measurement back.
Compute the mean of both measurements, then record all three measurements accordingly.
Similar measurements should also be made and recorded for all remaining lines of the
traverse.

Fig. 4-16. Azimuth Traverse.

6. Transfer the instrument to the next corner (B) then, set up and level the instrument.
7. Invert the telescope and backsight on the previous corner (A), with the circles still clamped
together at the azimuth reading of the line just observed (AB).
8. Clamp the lower motion, plunge the telescope back to normal position, loosen the upper
clamp and sight exactly on the next corner (C) by manipulating the upper tangent screw (the
reading on the circle now gives the azimuth of the forward line, BC, with its azimuth
reckoned from the same meridian of the azimuth of AB).

9. Transfer the instrument to the next corner (C) and repeat a similar procedure as outlined in
steps 5 through 7 above. Do the same at all other corners of the traverse until the last traverse
corner (E) is occupied. Record all observations accordingly.
10. Refer to the accompanying sample format for the tabulation of all observed and computed
field data.

111
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

STA STA MEAN DIST AZIMUTH FROM SOUTH MAGNETIC BEARING

OCC OBS DIS
T OBSERVED CALCULATED

E
A
B

A
B
C

B
C
D

C
D
E

D
E
A

11. After all observations and measurements have been completed, occupy back station A.
Continuing with the same process as outlined earlier, determine the azimuth of line AB after
a backsight on E is made. This new azimuth of AB should agree with the azimuth of AB as
earlier observed at the start of the survey. If it does not, an angular error exists.

17.6 Computations
1. When running a traverse by observing azimuths the instrument (after orientation)
automatically works out the addition and subtraction of angles when sights are directed to
points, hence no computations are involved.
2. Magnetic bearings are checked against blunders by noting the value by which the computed
bearings vary from corresponding magnetic bearings which are observed. Bearings are easily
computed once a sketch is made since from it the required calculations will be obvious.

17.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. Depending on which reference meridian is used, azimuths are either true azimuths or
magnetic azimuths and may range from 0 deg to 360 deg.

112
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

2. Azimuths are horizontal angles which are measured clockwise from either the north or south
end of the meridian.
3. An azimuth traverse is frequently used for surveys where large amounts of details are located
by angular and linear measurements from the traverse stations such as in topographic
surveys.
4. When transferring the instrument from one corner to another the following standard routine
should be undertaken:
a) Loosen the lower clamp screw and leave the upper motion clamped.
b) Lift the compass needle from its pivot point by tightening the needle lifter.
c) Clamp the telescope snugly in a vertical position.
d) Loosen all screws of the tripod and remove the plumb bob from the plumb bob hook.
e) When the clamps are used, they should be tightened only until they are snug.
f) Carry the instrument cradled in your arms with the tripod legs sticking out to the side
or behind. It may be carried over the shoulder when there is no danger of striking the
instrument against a tree, structure, or other obstruction.
g) Remove the instrument from the tripod and place it in its case when transporting over
longer distances or in a vehicle.

17.8 Activity Report

113
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

17.9 Data and Results

114
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

17.10 Calculation

17.11 Observation

115
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

17.12 Conclusion/s

17.13 Documentation

17.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

EXPERIMENT 18: GRAPHICAL ADJUSTMENT OF A CLOSED TRAVERSE

116
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

18.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

18.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

18.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to learn how to plot a closed traverse and adjust the error of closure
by a graphical application of the compass rule.

18.4 Materials / Equipment

Protractor, Triangles, Paper, Pen, Pencil, and other Drawing Instruments

18.5 Procedures
1. This problem is an indoor lab exercise and it will be assumed that the given data were taken
from an actual field observation.
2. The lab instructor has the option to use the prepared data, revise it, or give a new set of data.
3. In order that the student will better understand the procedure involved in working out this lab
exercise, the following illustrative problem is given.
4. Illustrative Problem:
A. Constructing the Correction Triangle.
1. Using the same scale used in plotting the given traverse, construct a straight line
AA' representing the total length of the given traverse and mark off distances AB,

BC, CD, DE, and EA' equal to the respective lengths of the different lines in the
traverse (Refer to accompanying sketches).

117
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

2. At point A' of the constructed line draw a perpendicular line A'a equal in length to
the error of closure, AA', as shown in the plotted traverse.
3. From point a on the constructed perpendicular, draw a straight line towards A, then
draw lines Bb, Cc, Dd, and Ee parallel to A'a. Each of these lines represents the
correction to be applied at points B, C, D, and E respectively, on the plotted
traverse.

B.Adjusting the Traverse.

1. At point B on the plotted traverse, draw a line parallel to AA' (error of closure).
Draw the line from B in the same direction taken by A'A.
2. Measure Bb on the correction triangle and lay out, starting at station B of the
plotted traverse, the same length along the line just drawn through the station.
Label this line also as Bb.
3. Repeat the foregoing procedure at traverse stations C, D, and E to similarly lay out
the lengths of Cc, Dd, and Ee accordingly.

Fig. 4-17. Graphical Adjustment of a closed traverse

Fig. 4-18. The Correction Triangle

118
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

5. After understanding the above illustrated process, consider the following listed two sets of
data for a closed traverse. It will be expected that an error of closure exists in both data sets.
You are now required to:

a. Plot both traverses separately on 81/2" by 11" paper using a scale of 1:100.
b. Construct the corresponding correction triangle for each traverse.
c. Adjust graphically the error of closure of each traverse.

NOTE: Label the plotted traverses and their corresponding correction

triangles accordingly. All construction lines should be shown.

6. Data for the 1st traverse: The length and bearing of each line are: AB, 69.50 m, S73°30′E;
BC, 123.00 m, N79°00'E; CD, 80.00 m, N40°00'W; DE, 104.00 m, N86°40'W; and EA,
90.50 m, S33°00'W.
7. Data for the 2nd traverse: The length and azimuth from south of each line are: AB, 83.10 m,
162°30'; BC, 191.75 m, 265°30'; CD, 116.50 m, 1°15'; DE, 95.00 m, 121°00', and EA, 99.00
m, 76°30'.

18.6 Computations
Since the solution is graphical, there are no mathematical computations to be made.

18.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. The difference between the initial and final positions for the first traverse station (A)
represents the error of closure for the traverse. This is represented by distance AA' (or e),
where A and A' are the Initial and final locations of the first station.
2. A suitable scale should be used in plotting the traverse and in drawing the correction triangle.
3. When drawing the correction triangle, if its length could not be contained within the size of
paper used, a different may be selected, however, length of A's (or e) should remain to be
drawn equal to the linear error of closure.
4. This graphical adjustment of the error of closure is an application of the compass rule. It will
be noted that the distances Bb, Cc, Dd, and Ee on the correction triangle, are in proportion to
the distances from point A to the successive points of the traverse.

119
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

18.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

18.9 Data and Results

120
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

18.10 Observation

18.11 Conclusion/s

121
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

18.12 Documentation

18.13 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

122
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT 19: AREA OF A TRACT OF LAND BY DMD/DPD METHOD

19.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

19.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

19.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment are;
a. To adjust the latitudes and departures of a closed traverse by the compass rule and determine
the area by the double meridian distance method.
b. To check the correctness of the area computation by the double parallel distance method.

19.4 Materials / Equipment

Electronic Calculator, Drawing Instruments, and Graphing or Tracing Paper.

19.5 Procedures
1. This problem is an indoor lab exercise and the required traverse data are given for the
students to work on. There is no need to go to the field to observe and record traverse data
since this is an exercise designed to develop within the student dexterity and familiarity in
traverse computations. The lab instructor has the option to use the prepared data, revise it, or
give a new set of data.
2. For the closed traverse data tabulated below, determine the following:
a. Latitude and departure of each course.

b. Adjusted latitudes and departures of each course (applying the compass rule).

123
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

c. Area of the tract of land defined by the traverse (employing double meridian distances).
d. Area of the same tract (employing double parallel distances).
e. Linear error of closure and bearing of the side of error.
f. Relative error of closure.

LIN LENGTH AZIM FOR SOUTH

AB 639.35m 170° 30'

BC 507.30m 123° 05'

CD 678.70m 56° 13'

DE 570.55m 357° 58'

EA 1082.75m 270° 29'

NOTE: It is advisable to plot the given traverse approximately to scale to better visualize the
length and direction of each line, and the general shape of the given tract of land.

3. Tabulate given and computed values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying sample format
for the tabulation of data.

AZIMUTH FR CALCULATED LATITUDE DEPARTURE

LIN LENGTH SOUTH BEARING
E +N -S +E -W

124
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

ADJ. ADJ.
LIN CORR LATITUDE DEPARTURE DMD DOUBLE DPD DOUBLE
E AREA AREA
+N -S +E -W

Sums

19.6 Computations

1. Calculations required to determine the bearing of each line from the given azimuth will be
obvious if a carefully prepared sketch of the given traverse is made.
2. The magnitude of the latitude of a line is the product of the length of the line by the cosine of
its bearing angle. It is a positive value if the line bears towards the north and negative if
towards the south.
3. The magnitude of the departure of a line is the product of the length of the line by the sine of
its bearing angle. It is a positive value if the line bears towards the east and negative if
towards the west.
4. The total correction or error of closure in latitude (C L) is the algebraic sum of all north and
south latitudes. Similarly, the total or error of closure in departure (C D) is the algebraic sum
of all east and west departures.
5. The latitudes and departures are adjusted as follows:

a. The correction to be applied to the latitude of any line is to the total correction in latitude
as the length of the line is to the length of the traverse or

C = (d/D) CL
1 Where: c1 = correction to be applied to the latitude of any line
CL = total correction in latitude
d = length of the line
D = total length of the traverse

125
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

b. If the sum of the north latitudes exceeds the sum of the south latitudes, a computed
correction for a line is subtracted from the corresponding latitude if the line bears north
and added if it bears south. Similarly, if the sum of south latitudes exceeds the sum of
north latitudes, a computed correction for a line is added to the corresponding latitude if
the line bears north and subtracted if it bears south.
c. The correction to be applied to the departure of any line is to the total correction in
departure as the length of the line is to the length of the traverse or

cd = (d/D)CD Where: cd = correction to be applied to the departure

of any line
CD = total correction in departure
D & d = same quantities as given above

d. If the sum of the east departures exceeds the sum of the west departures, a computed
correction for a line is subtracted from the corresponding departure if the line bears east
and added if it bears west. Similarly, if the sum of the west departures exceeds the sum of
east departures, a computed correction for a line is added to the corresponding departure
if the line bears east and subtracted if it bears west.

6. The following are the rules in computing double meridian distances (DMDs).
a. The DMD of the first line is equal to the departure of the line.
b. The DMD of any other line is equal to the DMD of the preceding line, plus the departure
of the preceding line, plus the departure of the line itself.
c. The DMD of the last line is numerically equal to the departure of the line but with
opposite signs. This rule is used only as a check.

7. The following are the rules in computing double parallel distances (DPDs).
a. The DPD of the first line is equal to the latitude of the line.
b. The DPD of any other line is equal to the DPD of the preceding line, plus the latitude of
the preceding line, plus the latitude of the line itself.
c. The DPD of the last line is numerically equal to the latitude of the line but with the
opposite sign. This rule is used only as a check.

8. Double areas are determined by multiplying the DMD of the line by the adjusted latitude of
the line. Double areas may either be positive or negative values. Similarly, double areas are
also determined by multiplying the DPD of the line by the adjusted departure of the line.

126
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

9. The total area of the traverse is determined by dividing the algebraic sum of the double areas
by two. The sign of the computed area is not significant. It may be a positive or a negative
value. If the sign is negative, it is disregarded.

10. The linear error of closure is determined by computing the hypotenuse of the right-angle
triangle whose sides are the error of closure in latitude (C L) and the error of closure in
departure (C ) or
D

LEC = √(CL)2 + (CD)2

And similarly, the bearing of the side of error is computed by the following formula

Tanθ = (-CD) / (-CL)

For both equations, CD and CL are the same values determined in C(4).

11. The relative error of closure is determined by dividing the linear error of closure (LEC) by
the sum of the individual lengths of the different lines of traverse or its perimeter. Express
the numerator as one unity round off the resulting value in the denominator to the nearest
hundred.

19.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. Before the DMD or DPD method can be applied properly, the latitudes and departures of the
traverse should first be adjusted such that the figure becomes a closed polygon. This means
that the algebraic sum of the north and south latitudes is zero, and the algebraic sum of the
east and west departures is also zero.
2. The compass rule is suitable for surveys where the angles and distances are measured with
equal precision. It is most commonly used in actual practice. When the rule is applied, it is
assumed that all lines were measured with equal care, and all angles taken with the same
precision themselves.
3. The transit rule is also used for adjusting traverses. It is theoretically better for surveys where
the angles are measured with greater accuracy than the distances such as in stadia surveys.
4. The correctness of the area computation by the DMD method can be readily checked by
applying the double parallel distance method. The DPD method is essentially the same as the
DMD method and the only difference is that the lines are projected upon the reference
parallel instead of upon the reference meridian.

127
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

19.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

19.9 Data and Results

128
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

19.10 Calculation

19.11 Observation

129
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

19.12 Conclusion/s

19.13 Documentation

19.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

130
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT 20: DETERMINING AREA OF A FIELD

WITH IRREGULAR/CURVED BOUNDARY

20.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

20.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

20.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to learn how to determine the area of a tract of land with an
irregular or curved boundary.

20.4 Materials / Equipment

Steel Tape, Pegs or Chaining Pins, and Range Poles.

20.5 Procedures
1. Set two pegs or markers on both ends of the designated base (or reference) traverse line located
near an irregular or curved boundary. Call these points A and B.
2. Measure its horizontal length twice and record the mean as the actual length of the line.
3. Divide the reference line into an even number of intervals regularly spaced not more than 5.0
meters long and use pegs to mark each division along the line.
4. At each point established, erect a perpendicular to the reference line with the use of a steel tape,
and where the perpendicular intersects the irregular or curved boundary, set another peg on the
ground.

131
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

5. Measure the horizontal distance from the peg on the reference line to its corresponding peg
established on the boundary line. Call these short measured distances (offsets) as h 1, h2, h3, and
etc.
6. Tabulate all measured values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying sample format for the
tabulation of field data.

Length of Base Line: Interval Between Offsets:

OFFSETS MEASURED OFFSETS MEASURED

LENGTH(m) LENGTH (m)

132
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

20.6 Computations
Calculate the area of the tract using the following :

1. Area by Trapezoidal Rule.

When using the trapezoidal rule, it is assumed that the boundary is composed of
chords connecting the ends of the offsets as shown in the figure below

Fig. 4-19. Area by Trapezoidal Rule.

The area bounded by the irregular boundary, the reference line and the end offsets is
determined as follows

A = d ((hl +hn)/2 + h2 + h3 + …. hn-1)

Where: A = the total area or summation of the areas of the

trapezoids comprising the total area
d = common spacing of the offsets
n = number of offsets
hl = the first offset, and h , h , and etc are intermediate
2 3

offsets
hn = the last offset

2. Area by Simpson's One-Third Rule.

This rule assumes that the curve through each successive three points is a
portion of a parabola as shown in the figure below

133
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

Fig. 4-20. Area by Simpson’s One-Third Rule.

The area bounded by the curved boundary, the reference line and the end offsets
is determined as follows

A = d/3 [ (hl + hn) + 2 (h3 +h5 + … hn-1) + 4 (h2 + h4 + … hn-1)]

Where: A = the total area of the field with curved boundary

d = common spacing of the offset
n = number of offset
hl = the first offset, and h2, h3, and etc. are intermediate offsets
hn = the last offset

NOTE: The above formula shows that the sum of all odd numbered offsets is
multiplied twice, and the sum of all even numbered offsets is multiplied four
times.

20.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. In the trapezoidal rule, the ends of the offsets in the boundary line are assumed to be
connected by straight lines, thereby forming a series of trapezoids, the bases being the offsets
and the altitudes being the common distance between offsets.
2. When applying the trapezoidal rule no considerable error is introduced when the offsets are
taken close enough together and when the boundary consists of flat curves.
3. If the boundaries are found to be curved, Simpson's one-third rule is considered better to use
than the trapezoidal rule. The rule assumes that the curve through each successive three
points is a portion of a parabola. It also assumes that the offsets are equally and closely
spaced.
4. Results obtained by using Simpson's one-third rule are greater or smaller than those obtained
by using the trapezoidal rule, depending upon whether the boundary curve is concave or
convex toward the traverse line.
5. Simpson's one-third rule is applicable only if there is an odd number of offsets. If the total
number of offsets is even, the partial area at either end of the series of offsets is computed

134
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

separately in order to make n for the remaining area an odd number and thus making the rule
applicable.
6. Areas computed by the transit rule or Simpson's one-third rule only yield approximate
values.

20.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

20.9 Data and Results

135
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

20.10 Calculation

20.11 Observation

136
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

20.12 Conclusion/s

20.13 Documentation

20.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

137
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT 21: DETERMINING AREA OF A TRAVERSE GRAPHICALLY

21.1 Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Course

21.2 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Addressed by the Activity

21.3 Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to convert graphically a given closed traverse into a triangle of
equal area.

21.4 Materials / Equipment

Triangles, Straight Edge, Scale, Compass, Protractor, Pencil, Eraser, Masking Tape, Drawing
Table, Paper, and Calculator.

21.5 Procedures
1. This problem is an indoor lab exercise and the traverse data is given for the students to work
on. The lab instructor has the option to use the prepared data, revise it, or give a new set of
data.
2. In order that the student will better understand the procedure involved in working out this lab
exercise, the following illustrative problem is given.
3. Illustrative Problem.
a. Given in the accompanying scaled sketch is a hexagon (ABCDEFA) whose area is to
be determined by first converting it into a triangle of equal area

138
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

b. To produce a triangle equivalent in area to the original figure, it is necessary to

eliminate three out of the six corners since a triangle is formed by only three corners.
In this example, it will be shown how corners B,C, and E are eliminated.
c. Since AF is the longest line in the given figure, designate it as the base line. Within
the limits of the paper, extend this line to the left of A and also to the right of F.
d. To eliminate corner B and still maintain an equivalent area, draw a line from A to C
and also draw another line parallel to it through B. Where the line through B
intersects the baseline, establish a point and call this B'.
e. Connect points C and B' with a straight line. Note that triangle AB'C has the same
area as triangle ABC since both triangles have the same base and altitude. Also, the
original hexagon is now reduced to a pentagon (B'CDEFB') but with equal area.
Thus the original figure is now reduced by one corner (B).
f. To eliminate another corner, such as E, draw a line from D to F and also draw
another line parallel to it through E. Where the line through E intersects the base line,
establish a point and call this Ε'.
g. Connect points D and E' with a straight line. This time, note that the pentagon
(B'CDEFB') is now reduced to a rectangle (B'CD E'B') but still maintaining an equal
area. The previous figure is thus reduced by another corner (E).
h. To finally form a triangle of equivalent area to the original hexagon, corner C has to
be eliminated.
i. Draw a line connecting points D and B' and also draw another line parallel to it
through C. Where the line through C intersects the base line, establish a point and
call this C'.
j. Connect points D and C' with a straight line. It can be finally seen that the original
hexagon is now reduced to a triangle formed by C', D, and E'. The area of this
triangle should still be equal to the area of the original hexagon.
k. Through point D, construct a perpendicular to the base line and where it intersects
the base line establish point D'. Using a scale measure accurately the length of DD'
and designate this as the altitude of triangle C'DE'.
l. Also measure the length of C'E' and designate this as the base of triangle C'DE', and
since the base and altitude of the triangle can be measured, the area is then easily
computed.

4. After understanding the above illustrated process consider the following tabulated data for a
closed traverse. You are now required to:
a. Plot the traverse using a scale of 1:100.

139
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

b. Construct a triangle of equivalent area to the given traverse. To have a variety of

graphical solutions, your lab instructor may designate a different base line (or
traverse data) for each student.
c. Determine the area of the constructed triangle.
NOTE: Label the plotted traverse accordingly. All construction lines should be shown,
and the measured length of the altitude and base of the equivalent triangle should be
properly indicated.

21.6 Computations
From the sketch accompanying the illustrative problem, the area of triangle C'DE' is easily
determined since its base (C'E') and altitude (DD') can be measured. The area is solved by the
following mathematical expression.

AREA = ½ (C'E') (DD')

The computed area of the triangle is also equal to the area of the original hexagon.

21.7 Remarks, Hints and Precautions

1. A closed figure with rectilinear sides may be converted into a triangle of equivalent area. The
principle is to keep reducing the figure until a triangle is arrived at.
2. It is preferable to select the longest line in the original figure as the base line although it is
not necessary nor required.
3. The process of figure conversion is graphical and only yields approximate values. It should
only be used to check areas determined by more accurate methods.
4. Accurate results can be attained if the figure is drawn accurately to scale. Accuracy also
depends on the survey data provided, the scale used, and the effects of paper distortion.
5. As an alternate method, the area of a regular geometric figure may be determined by dividing
it into triangles and/or trapezoids. The total area is the summation of the individual areas.
6. Where a combination of regular and irregular figures are involved, the polar planimeter may
be better employed in determining areas. This handy device employs a mechanical-graphical
method of area determination and is often used in earthwork computations.

140
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

21.8 Activity Report

GROUP NO.: ACTIVITY NO.:

141
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

21.9 Data and Results

21.10 Calculation

142
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

21.11 Observation

21.12 Conclusion/s

21.13 Documentation

21.14 References

La Putt, J. (1985). Surveying Lab Manual. Baguio Research & Publishing Center

143
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Railway Engineering Department

Fundamentals of Surveying 1 Laboratory Manual

144

Eng Utilities 2 Reviewer Terms
No ratings yet
Eng Utilities 2 Reviewer Terms
35 pages
Engineering Utilities 2 Definition of Terms
No ratings yet
Engineering Utilities 2 Definition of Terms
8 pages
Engineering Utilities 2 - Learning Material 2
No ratings yet
Engineering Utilities 2 - Learning Material 2
13 pages
Differential Leveling Fieldwork Guide
No ratings yet
Differential Leveling Fieldwork Guide
4 pages
Geology For Civil Engineers (Prelims)
No ratings yet
Geology For Civil Engineers (Prelims)
31 pages
Set 1 Problem Surveying
No ratings yet
Set 1 Problem Surveying
1 page
Tape Corrections
100% (1)
Tape Corrections
28 pages
Measurement of Horizontal DIstances
No ratings yet
Measurement of Horizontal DIstances
20 pages
Topographic Surveyds
No ratings yet
Topographic Surveyds
7 pages
Hydraulics Laboratory
No ratings yet
Hydraulics Laboratory
5 pages
Lab Exercise No. 1
No ratings yet
Lab Exercise No. 1
3 pages
Surveying and Transportation Engineering
No ratings yet
Surveying and Transportation Engineering
34 pages
Elementary Surveying With Solutions
No ratings yet
Elementary Surveying With Solutions
22 pages
Geology for Civil Engineers Course
No ratings yet
Geology for Civil Engineers Course
2 pages
Swing Offset Method Similar Triangle Method
100% (1)
Swing Offset Method Similar Triangle Method
2 pages
Construction Materials and Testing
No ratings yet
Construction Materials and Testing
5 pages
Simplified Estimates by Max Fajardo
No ratings yet
Simplified Estimates by Max Fajardo
169 pages
Bined Corrections
No ratings yet
Bined Corrections
4 pages
Material Testing Equipment Guide
33% (6)
Material Testing Equipment Guide
5 pages
Trigonometry and Bearings Guide
No ratings yet
Trigonometry and Bearings Guide
3 pages
Analytic Geometry: PATTS College of Aeronautics
No ratings yet
Analytic Geometry: PATTS College of Aeronautics
12 pages
Final-Laboratory-Manual Group-4 2F CMT
No ratings yet
Final-Laboratory-Manual Group-4 2F CMT
49 pages
Lecture Notes 2 Structural Theory
No ratings yet
Lecture Notes 2 Structural Theory
12 pages
Complex Trusses Complex Trusses: S S' + Xs
No ratings yet
Complex Trusses Complex Trusses: S S' + Xs
3 pages
GE 11 - Pacing Activity: Objectives
No ratings yet
GE 11 - Pacing Activity: Objectives
2 pages
Elementary Surveying Laboratory Manual
No ratings yet
Elementary Surveying Laboratory Manual
81 pages
2 Horizontal Position Computation by Traverse and Sideshots
No ratings yet
2 Horizontal Position Computation by Traverse and Sideshots
28 pages
CE 151 - Structural Theory I
No ratings yet
CE 151 - Structural Theory I
11 pages
Part 3 - Precipitation Lesson 1 PDF
No ratings yet
Part 3 - Precipitation Lesson 1 PDF
67 pages
Familiarization With Apparatus and Equipment Used in Testing of Materials
No ratings yet
Familiarization With Apparatus and Equipment Used in Testing of Materials
11 pages
Highway and Railroad Engineering
No ratings yet
Highway and Railroad Engineering
24 pages
Static and Dynamic Moduli of Elasticity & GROUTING
No ratings yet
Static and Dynamic Moduli of Elasticity & GROUTING
3 pages
Problem Set 1
No ratings yet
Problem Set 1
2 pages
Module 13-Compass and Transit Rule
No ratings yet
Module 13-Compass and Transit Rule
4 pages
Surveying Lab Report 1
No ratings yet
Surveying Lab Report 1
4 pages
Quantity Surveying Course Guide
No ratings yet
Quantity Surveying Course Guide
38 pages
CEP233 - M1 - Definition Classification and Types of Surveys
No ratings yet
CEP233 - M1 - Definition Classification and Types of Surveys
15 pages
Problems Esplana 1
43% (7)
Problems Esplana 1
31 pages
Surveying Reviewer
No ratings yet
Surveying Reviewer
4 pages
Problem Set 1
0% (2)
Problem Set 1
10 pages
Force 3D
No ratings yet
Force 3D
81 pages
Objective:: Lab Exercise No.2 Problem: Taping Over Smooth and Level Ground
No ratings yet
Objective:: Lab Exercise No.2 Problem: Taping Over Smooth and Level Ground
6 pages
Differential Leveling Exercise Guide
No ratings yet
Differential Leveling Exercise Guide
6 pages
GE 113 - General Surveying I Laboratory Exercise No. 6 Close Traversing by Interior Angles
No ratings yet
GE 113 - General Surveying I Laboratory Exercise No. 6 Close Traversing by Interior Angles
3 pages
BSD 323 - Building Systems Design
No ratings yet
BSD 323 - Building Systems Design
15 pages
Construction Surveying
No ratings yet
Construction Surveying
8 pages
Basic Ee For Non-Ee Module 2
100% (1)
Basic Ee For Non-Ee Module 2
32 pages
Quiz 1 Elementary Surveying Answer Key
100% (1)
Quiz 1 Elementary Surveying Answer Key
2 pages
Fundamentals of Surveying-Pr-Laboratory-No.1
No ratings yet
Fundamentals of Surveying-Pr-Laboratory-No.1
3 pages
0-7 ILLUSTRAIVE-WPS Office
No ratings yet
0-7 ILLUSTRAIVE-WPS Office
3 pages
CEng 2108 - Worksheet On Theory of Errors - Edited
No ratings yet
CEng 2108 - Worksheet On Theory of Errors - Edited
2 pages
CE10-Engineering Utilities 2
No ratings yet
CE10-Engineering Utilities 2
201 pages
Numerical Solutions - Module 5 - Incremental Search
No ratings yet
Numerical Solutions - Module 5 - Incremental Search
6 pages
Surveying 1 ELEMENTARY SURVEYING Laboratory Manual Sept192024
No ratings yet
Surveying 1 ELEMENTARY SURVEYING Laboratory Manual Sept192024
149 pages
Lab Manual Fundamentals of Surveying
No ratings yet
Lab Manual Fundamentals of Surveying
63 pages
GENERAL SURVEYING 1 Lab Manual
No ratings yet
GENERAL SURVEYING 1 Lab Manual
33 pages
General Surveying 1 Lab Manual
No ratings yet
General Surveying 1 Lab Manual
33 pages
CEE-BSCE-1st Term-1st Sem - BCE 211F (WEEKS 1-14)
100% (1)
CEE-BSCE-1st Term-1st Sem - BCE 211F (WEEKS 1-14)
100 pages
Surveying (Introduction) - 1
No ratings yet
Surveying (Introduction) - 1
13 pages
11 Surveying
No ratings yet
11 Surveying
2 pages
Pec 103 Rev
No ratings yet
Pec 103 Rev
12 pages
Lab1 PDF
No ratings yet
Lab1 PDF
30 pages
5054 w11 QP 12
No ratings yet
5054 w11 QP 12
20 pages
Machine Learning-Lecture 01
No ratings yet
Machine Learning-Lecture 01
28 pages
West Bengal Birth Certificate 2024
No ratings yet
West Bengal Birth Certificate 2024
1 page
Criminological Perspective Repeat Victimization
No ratings yet
Criminological Perspective Repeat Victimization
5 pages
Radiographic Testing Standards Guide
No ratings yet
Radiographic Testing Standards Guide
31 pages
10-Action. Language in USE 10.10.2023
No ratings yet
10-Action. Language in USE 10.10.2023
3 pages
Geh250 2 - Xqe200 2
No ratings yet
Geh250 2 - Xqe200 2
1 page
Wave Properties of Light
No ratings yet
Wave Properties of Light
36 pages
UNDP Project Initiation Guide
No ratings yet
UNDP Project Initiation Guide
3 pages
Pipe Stress Analysis Thermo-Mechanical Analysis: Caesar
No ratings yet
Pipe Stress Analysis Thermo-Mechanical Analysis: Caesar
6 pages
Research Study Chapter 3
No ratings yet
Research Study Chapter 3
9 pages
Session Plan Plants
No ratings yet
Session Plan Plants
3 pages
Isgec Project Report 2
No ratings yet
Isgec Project Report 2
24 pages
G4205PML 2014 01 Web
No ratings yet
G4205PML 2014 01 Web
49 pages
BS7671 Amendment 3 Explained Stroma
No ratings yet
BS7671 Amendment 3 Explained Stroma
3 pages
Accomplishment Report Cabatuan
No ratings yet
Accomplishment Report Cabatuan
31 pages
TCU Registrars Requsition Form 2020
No ratings yet
TCU Registrars Requsition Form 2020
1 page
Interprofessional Education Applied in First-Year and Third-Year Health Students: Cross-Sectional Study
No ratings yet
Interprofessional Education Applied in First-Year and Third-Year Health Students: Cross-Sectional Study
8 pages
Jetstream 270 Ficha Técnica
No ratings yet
Jetstream 270 Ficha Técnica
1 page
Variational Formulation of Bar Element: Introduction To FEM
No ratings yet
Variational Formulation of Bar Element: Introduction To FEM
17 pages
Global Health: A Call for Global Action
No ratings yet
Global Health: A Call for Global Action
1 page
Jems201710 DL PDF
No ratings yet
Jems201710 DL PDF
137 pages
Seat Allotment - B.Tech (Round 3) Institute Wise List of Candidates Allotted SEATS (OJEE-2021)
No ratings yet
Seat Allotment - B.Tech (Round 3) Institute Wise List of Candidates Allotted SEATS (OJEE-2021)
32 pages
IM & S Module 1
No ratings yet
IM & S Module 1
68 pages
The Basics of Lc-Msms Troubleshooting: Tools, Cases, Strategy
No ratings yet
The Basics of Lc-Msms Troubleshooting: Tools, Cases, Strategy
93 pages
Gelect Lesson 2
No ratings yet
Gelect Lesson 2
7 pages
CP Portal DMS User Manual 20241009 Ver
No ratings yet
CP Portal DMS User Manual 20241009 Ver
59 pages
Page 044
No ratings yet
Page 044
1 page