Lecture 5
Molecular formula:
Shows the exact number of atoms of each element in
the smallest unit of a substance.
e.g, H2O2, C6H12O6
Empirical formula:
Indicates which elements are present and the simplest
whole-number ratio of their atoms.
e.g, HO, CH2O, NO2
Note: The formulas of ionic compounds are always the same as
their empirical formulas
Example:
Write the empirical formula for caffeine (C8H10N4O2 ), a
stimulant found in tea and coffee.
Solution:
Dividing all subscripts by the smallest whole number in
the molecular formula which is of oxygen
Empirical formula: C4H5N2O
Percent composition of compounds (by mass)
Is the percent by mass of each element in a compound.
n x molar mass of element
Percent composition of an element= X 100%
molar mass of compound
Example:
Calculate the percent composition by mass of each of the
elements in sulfuric acid H2SO4
A.M: H=1.008 Da, S=32.065 Da, O=15.999 Da
Solution:
M.W of H2SO4= 98.079 g/mol
S% = 32.065 / 98.079 = 32.693%
O% = 4 x 15.999 / 98.079 = 65.249%
H% = 2*1.008 / 98.079 = 2.055 %
Example:
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2 ) is a principal ore of copper. Calculate the
number of kilograms of Cu in 3.71x 103 kg of chalcopyrite.
A.M: Cu= 63.55 Da, Fe= 55.86 Da, S= 32.07 Da
Solution:
Mass percent composition of copper in one mole of chalcopyrite
(Cu %) = 63.55/ 183.52 = 34.63%
Percent composition of copper in 3.71x 103 kg of chalcopyrite =
0.3463* 3.71x 103 kg = 1.28x 103 kg
Example:
A sample of a compound of nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) contains
1.52 g of N and 3.47 g of O. The molar mass of this compound is
known to be between 90 g and 95 g. Determine the molecular
formula and molar mass of the compound.
A.M: O= 16.00 g/mol, N=14.01 g/mol
Solution:
•nN=1.52/14.01 = 0.108 mol
•nO =3.47/16.00 = 0.217 mol
•Thus, the formula of the compound is N0.108O0.217 , dividing the
subscripts by 0.108 (the smallest subscript) and rounding to the
nearest whole number we obtain the formula NO2 (empirical
formula).
•The molar mass of this compound = 14.01+(2x16.00)= 46.01 g/mol
while the mass of compound in question ranges between 90and 95
g/mol
Solution cont. :
•Dividing molar mass of empirical formula by molar mass of
molecular formula = 46.01/95 = 0.5, thus the molecular formula is a
multiple of 2 of the empirical formula.
•The formula of the compound in question is (NO2)2 = N2O4
Molecular masses
Nominal mass: the sum of the mass number of the primary isotope
of each atom in the molecule and is an integer.
Monoisotopic mass: the sum of the accurate masses of isotopes of
each atom in the molecule
Average mass: mass calculated using the weighted average of the
atomic masses of the natural isotopes for each element.
Example:
Calculate the nominal mass, monoisotopic mass, and average
mass of C10H14N2
C Abun. H Abun. N Abun.
12 98.93% 1.007 99.98% 14.003 99.63%
13.003 1.07% 2.014 0.01% 15.000 0.36%
14.003 traces - - - -
Solution:
•Nominal mass = (10x12)+(14x1)+(2x14)= 162 Da
•Monoisotopic mass = (10x12)+(14x1.007)+(2x14.003) = 162.118 Da
•Average mass = (10x12.011)+(14x1.007)+(2x14.005) = 162.218 Da
Chemical reactions and chemical equations
Example:
Balance the equation representing the reaction between iron(III)
oxide, Fe2O3, and carbon monoxide (CO) to yield iron (Fe) and
carbon dioxide (CO2).
Solution:
• Fe2O3 + CO Fe + CO2
• Fe2O3 + CO 2Fe + CO2
• Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
Titrations
Example:
What volume of 0.175 M solution of KOH is needed to titrate
30.0 mL of 0.200 M H2SO4?
Solution:
2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
(b) (a)
MaVa MbVb
=
na nb
nb = 2 na = 1
Mb = 0.175 Ma = 0.200
Vb = ?? Va = 30 mL
Solution cont. :
0.175 x Vb
= 0.2x30
2
Vb = (0.2x30x2)/0.175
Vb = 68.6 mL
Example:
A 25.0 cm3 sample of vinegar, HC2H3O2, is neutralized by
using 37.38 cm3 of a 0.500 M NaOH solution. Calculate:
a) The concentration of the vinegar.
b) The mass of vinegar in 1.00 dm3.
c) The mass percent of the vinegar assuming a density of
1.00 g/cm3 for the solution.
Solution:
HC2H3O2(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)
MaVa = MbVb
a) Ma x 25.00 = 37.38x0.5
Ma = 0.748 M
Solution cont. :
b) A.M: C=12 g/mol, H=1 g/mol, O=16 g/mol
M.W of HC2H3O2 = (12x2)+(4x1)+(16x2) = 60 g/mol
na= 0.748 x 1 (dm3) = 0.748 mol
ma= 0.748x60= 44.88 g
c) D = m/V m = DxV
m= 1 (g/cm3) x 1 dm3 x103 (cm3/dm3) = 1000 g
m% = (44.88/1000)x100% = 4.488 %
Limiting reagent
The reactant used up first in a reaction is called the limiting
reagent
Excess reagent
The reactants present in quantities greater than necessary to
react with the quantity of the limiting reagent.
Example:
Urea [(NH 2)2CO] is prepared by reacting ammonia with
carbon dioxide:
2NH3 (g) + CO2(g) (NH2)2CO (aq) + H2O(l)
In one process, 637.2 g of NH3 are allowed to react with
1142 g of CO2 .
(a) Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent?
(b) Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed.
(c) How much of the excess reagent (in grams) is left at the
end of the reaction?
Solution:
nNH3 = 637.2/17.03 = 37.42 mol
nCO2 = 1142/44.01= 25.95 mol
•From the balanced equation :
2 moles of NH3 reacts with 1 mole of CO2, thus the amount of NH3
(a) required to react with 25.95 moles of CO2 = 25.95x2= 51.9 mol.
• Since only 37.42 moles of NH3 are available, it is the limiting
reagent and CO2 is the excess reagent
2 moles of reactant NH3 (Limiting reagent) produces 1 mole
(b) of (NH2)2CO, thus the amount of (NH2)2CO produced =
(37.42x60.06)/2 = 1124 g
Reactant amount of CO2 (excess reagent) = 37.42/2 = 18.71 mol
(c) Remaining amount of CO2 = 25.95 - 18.71= 7.24 mol
Remaining amount of CO2 in gram = 7.42x 44.01= 318.63 g
