INTRODUCTION

This book is based on our experience over the past few

years. This material covers extensively the fundamental
principles and concepts involved, solved problems which
highlight the application of these concepts, exercises and
assignments for practice by the students.

In order to get maximum benefit from this material, ‘word of

Advice’ given overleaf has to be carefully followed.

The book besides IITJEE will also prove useful to students

for other Engineering examinations as well as their school
curriculum.

Wishing you all success.

 A WORD OF ADVICE

 Try to do the solved problems and exercises given, after

completion of related topics in the chapter. Attempt the
assignments.

 The purpose of the assignments is to give you a practice in

solving various levels and varieties of problems. Each problem
has some important concept which it highlights. When you do a
problem from an assignment, make sure that you have completed
the study material, have committed the formulae to your memory
and have solved the solved problems (most of them on your own
before seeing the solution). Do not open the study material to
refer to formulae/theoretical concepts while doing the
assignment problems unless it is absolutely essential to do so.

 Do full justice to the exercises and assignment problems. Even

if you do not get the answer to a problem, keep trying on your
own and only approach your friends or teachers after making lot
of attempts.

 Do not look at the answer and try to work backwards. This would
defeat the purpose of doing the problem. Remember the purpose
of doing an assignment problem is not simply to get the answer
(it is only evidence that you solved it correctly) but to develop
your ability to think. Try to introduce twists and turns in given
problem to create similar problems.
 ABOUT THE CHAPTER

How do we describe the motion of a cricket ball hurtling

towards a batsman? How long does it take to stop a car
after we apply the brakes? How do we describe the motion
of the earth around the sun?

To answer such questions, we study mathematical

descriptions of motion - the subject of kinematics, a branch
of mechanics.

Among other things, we will learn how to describe bodies

moving in a straight line, uniform circular motion, the motion
of projectiles - to name a few.

These descriptions form the foundation of our study of

physics.
 CONTENT

JEE Syllabus ...... …1

Rest and Motion; Reference Frame ...... …1
Basic Definitions ...... …1
Motion Under Gravity (Free Fall) ...... …5
Motion Down a Frictionless Incline .......... 7
Motion in a Straight Line ...... …8
Analysis of Uniformly Accelerated Motion ........ 11
Elastic Collision of a Particle with a Rigid Surface ........ 12
Solved Problems ........ 13
Subjective ........ 13
Objective ........ 14
Exercise -1 ........ 16
Two-Dimensional Motion .... …18
Horizontal Projection from a Given Height ........ 19
The Projectile on an Inclined Plane ........ 22
Solved Problems ........ 24
Subjective ........ 24
Objective ........ 25
Exercise -2 ........ 26
Uniform Circular Motion .... …27
Non-Uniform Circular Motion ........ 27
Radius of Curvature ........ 28
Solved Problems ........ 29
Subjective ........ 29
Objective ........ 29
Exercise -3 ........ 30
Relative velocity ........ 31
Relative Motion between Rain and Man ........ 32
Solved Problems ........ 37
Subjective ........ 37
Objective ........ 39
Exercise -4 ........ 40
Answers to Exercise ........ 42
Concepts and formulae at a glance ........ 43
Chapter Practice Problems ........ 45
Assignments ........ 48
Section-I ........ 48
Section-II ........ 49
Section-III ........ 58
Answers to Chapter Practice Problems .... …61
Answers to Assignments .... …62
KINEMATICS
Syllabus
Rest and motion; Reference frame, Basic Definition of
Position Vector, Displacement, Distance, Speed,
Acceleration. Kinematical equations, Graphical
Representation and Equation of motion, Displacement-time
graph, Velocity-time graph, Two dimensional Motion,
Projectile motion, Projectile on an inclined plane, Uniform
Circular motion, Relative velocity

Kinematics is that part of physics in which the study is restricted to motion of the bodies without inquiring
into the causes of motion. To put it simply, we will study motion without using the concept of forces.

Particle
A particle is defined as matter infinitesimally small in size. Thus, a particle has only a definite position, but
no dimension.

A body
A certain amount of matter limited in all directions and consequently having a finite size, shape and
occupying some definite space is called a body. In the problems we are going to discuss, we will consider
a body to be a particle for the sake of simplicity.

REST AND MOTION; REFERENCE FRAME

A body is said to be at rest when it does not change its position with time. On the other hand, if the
position of a body continuously changes with time, it is said to be in motion.

The visualization of the state of rest or motion of a body leads us to the concept of reference frame.
Description of the state of motion of a particle requires a set of axis, with respect to which the state must
be specified, otherwise it would have no sense. The inherent meaning of the above statement is that
when we speak of a body in rest or in motion we always say this with respect to the reference frame.

To locate the position of a body relative to the reference body, a system of coordinates fixed on the
reference body is constructed. This is known as reference frame.
If two cars A and B move side by side in same direction with same speed, A B
it would appear to the passengers of the cars that they are mutually at rest.
Obviously, relative to a reference frame on A, B is at rest. The reverse is
also true. Absolute rest or absolute motion is undefined. All motions are
relative.
50 km/hr. 50 km/hr.

BASIC DEFINITIONS
Position vector
It describes the instantaneous position of a particle with respect to the chosen frame of reference. It is a
vector joining the origin to the particle. If at any time (x, y, z) be the cartesian coordinates of the particle

then its position vector is given by r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ .

In one-dimensional motion: r  x ˆi , y = z = 0 (along x-axis)
 ˆ ˆ
In two-dimensional motion: r  xi  yj , (in x-y plane z = 0)

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 2

Distance
It is the total length of the path travelled by the particle in a given interval of time.
Path length or distance is a positive scalar quantity which does not decrease with time and can never be
zero for a moving body. Displacement of a body can be zero.
When a body returns to its initial position, its displacement is zero but distance or path length is not zero.

y
Displacement B

 r1
It is a vector joining the initial position of the particle to its final position 
r2 A
after an interval of time. Mathematically, it is equal to the change in 
   r1
position vector,  r  r2  r1 .
O x

Note: Distance  magnitude of the Displacement.

Illustration 1: A body moves 6 m north, 8 m east and 10 m vertically upwards what is the magnitude of
the resultant displacement from initial position.

Solution: N 8m C
B 

E 6m

A
 represents displacement along vertically upward direction coming out of the plane of paper
 represents displacement along vertically downward direction going into the plane of paper
 Magnitude of the resultant displacement = (AC)2  (10)2 = 10 2 m

Speed
Instantaneous speed is defined as rate of change of distance with time.
In any interval of time, average speed is defined as
total distance s
<speed> = = .
total time taken t

Velocity
(a) Average Velocity
In any interval of time, average velocity is given by
 total displacement
<velocity> = v avg =
total time taken
 
If at any time t1 position vector of the particle is r1 and at time t2 position vector is r2 then for this
  
 r r r
interval v avg  2 1 =
t 2  t1 t

(b) Instantaneous velocity is defined as the rate of change of position vector.

 
 r  dr dx ˆ dy ˆ dz ˆ
v  lim  v  i j k  v x ˆi  v y ˆj  v z kˆ
t  0 t dt dt dt dt


As s  |  r |, hence speed  magnitude of velocity

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 3

Illustration 2: This question contains statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason). Question has
4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which only one is correct.

STATEMENT-1
A bus moving due north takes a turn and starts moving towards east with same speed.
There will be no change in the velocity of the bus.
STATEMENT-2
Velocity is a vector quantity.
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is true, Statement -2 is a correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is true, Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement -2 is true.

Solution: (D)
Because bus is changing its direction of motion.

Illustration 3: A particle moves along a circle of radius R. Find the path length and B
magnitude of displacement from initial position A to final position B.

A
O

Solution: Path length = R B

Displacement = AB = AC + BC = 2R sin (/2). C

A
O

Illustration 4: A cyclist moves 12 km due north and then 5 km due east in 3 hr. Find
(a) his average speed, (b) average velocity, in m/s.

Solution: In the figure, A shows the initial position and C the final position 5 km
B C
of the cyclist. The total distance covered by the cyclist
AB+ BC = (12 + 5) km = 17 km.
17
12 km

 Its average speed = km / hr  1.57 m / s

3

Its displacement is AC and the magnitude is given by

AC = AB2  BC2  122  52 km  13km
13
 Its average velocity = km / hr A
3

 5 
= 1.2 m/s along AC , i.e. at tan1   or 22.6 East of North.
 12 

Acceleration
Rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
Average acceleration is the change in velocity per unit time over an interval of time.
  
 v v 2  v1
aavg =  =
t t 2  t1

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 4

Instantaneous acceleration is defined as

 
 v dv
a  lim =
t 0 t dt

 dv dv x ˆ dv y ˆ dv z ˆ
 a  i j k  a x ˆi  a y ˆj  a zkˆ
dt dt dt dt

Illustration 5: A body moving in a curved path possesses a velocity of 3 m/s towards north at any
instant of its motion. After 10 s, the velocity of the body was found to be 4 m/s towards
west. Calculate the average acceleration during this interval.
Solution: To solve this problem, the vector nature of velocity must be taken into account. In the figure,
the initial velocity v0 and the final velocity v are drawn from a common origin. The vector
difference of them is found by the parallelogram method.
N
The magnitude of difference is
|v – v0| = OC = OA 2  AC2 B 
vo
2 2
= 4  3  5 m/s 3 m /s

The direction is given by A 4 m /s O

E

3 W 
tan  =  0.75   = 37 v 
4    vo
v – v0
 Average acceleration
D
v  v0 C
=
t
A
5
 = 0.5 m/s2 at 37 South of West. S
10

Kinematical Equations of a Particle Moving With Constant Acceleration


 dv dv y
Since a 
dv
 a x ˆi  a y ˆj  x ˆi  ˆj  a
dt dt dt
dv
 ax = x . . . (i)
dt
and ay =dvy/dt . . . (ii)
v t x  t
From (i),  dv x  ax  dt
v o x  0

 vt(x) = vo(x) + axt . . . (iii)

Here, vo(x) is velocity at t = 0,
v t(x) is the velocity at t = t, and
ax is acceleration along x-axis.
Similarly, vt(y) = vo(y) + ayt . . . (iv)
Co-ordinates of the particle can be determined as follows
xt t

  v 0 x   ax t  dt
dx
From (iii),
dt
 v 0 x   a x t   dx 
x0 0
x0 is the position along x axis at t = 0.
1
 x  t   x 0  v 0 x  t  a x t 2 . . . (v)
2

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 5

1 2
Similarly, y t   y0  v 0 y  t  ay t . . .(vi)
2
dv x dv x  dx 
Since ax =  ax =  
dt dx  dt 
vx x2
dv x
 ax = v x
dx
  v x dv x  a x  dx
ux x1

 v 2x  u2x  2a x  x 2  x1  . . . (vii)
Similarly,
v 2y  u2y  2a y  y 2  y1  . . . (viii)
In vector form,
  
v  t   v 0  at
      
v  v  v 0  v 0  2a   r  ro 
   1
r  r0  v 0 t  at 2
2
Displacement during the nth second from the start is given by

  a
sn  v 0   2n  1 . . . (ix)
2
Note: Above equations can be used in one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration in scalar form
as
v = u + at,
1
s  ut  at 2
2
2 2
v  u  2as ,
a
sn = u + (2n  1) .
2
MOTION UNDER GRAVITY (FREE FALL)
When a body is dropped from some height which is much less than the radius of the earth (earth’s
radius = 6400 km), it falls freely under gravity with constant acceleration g (=9.8 m/s2) provided the air

resistance is negligible. The same set of three equations of kinematics (where the acceleration a
 
remains constant) are used in solving such motion. Here, we replace a by g and choose the direction of

y-axis conveniently. When the y-axis is chosen positive along vertically downward direction, we take g as
positive and use the equations as
1
v = u + gt, v2 = u2 + 2gh, and h = ut + gt2
2
where h is the displacement of the body and u is initial velocity of projection in the vertically downward
direction. However, if an object is projected vertically upward with initial velocity u, we can take y-axis
positive in the vertically upward direction and the set of equations reduces to
1
v = u – gt, v2 = u2  2gh, and h = ut  gt2
2

In order to avoid confusion in selecting g as positive or negative, it is advisable to take the y-axis as
positive along vertically upward direction and point of projection as the origin.
We can also write the set of three equations in the vector form:
           1
v  u  gt , v  v  u  u  2g  h and h  ut  gt 2
2

where h is the displacement of the body

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 6

Illustration 6: The motion of a particle is described by the equation v = at, where a is constant and
equals 9 m/s2. Find the distance traveled by the particle in the first 4 second.

Solution: Because for the motion v = at, so acceleration is uniform and is equal to a.
1 1
 Distance traveled = at 2  (9)(4)2 m  72 m
2 2

Illustration 7: A body moving with a constant retardation in straight line travels 5.7 m and 3.9 m in the
6th and 9th second, respectively. When will the body come momentarily to rest ?
th
Solution: A body moving with initial velocity ‘u’ and acceleration ‘a’, traverses distance sn in n second
of its motion,
1
sn = u +  2n  1 a
2
1
 5.7  u   2  6  1 a
2
11
or 5.7 = u + a
2
1
and 3.9 = u +  2  9  1 a
2
17
or 3.9 = u  a
2
Solving eqns. (1) and (2) we get, u = 9 m/s and a = – 0.6 m/s2.
If the body stops moving after t seconds, then from the relation v = u + at
9
 0  9   0.6  t or, t= s  15 s
0.6

Illustration 8: A car moving in a straight line at 30 m/s slows uniformly to a speed of 10 m/s in 5 sec.
Determine:
(a) the acceleration of the car,
(b) displacement in the third second.

Solution: Let us take the direction of motion to be the +x direction.

(a) For the 5 s interval, we have t = 5 s, u = 30 m/s, v = 10 m/s
Using v = u + at, we have
v  u 10  30
a   4 m / s 2
t 5
(b) s = (displacement in 3 s)  (displacement in 2 s)


1
2
 
 
1  1
 
  ut 3  at 32    ut 2  at 22  = u  t 3  t 2   a t 32  t 22
2  2
Here u = 30 m/s, a = 4 m/s2 , t2 = 2 s; t3 = 3 s
1
s = 30(3  2) + (4)(32  22) = 20 m
2
Alternatively,
a
sn = u +  2n  1
2
Here n = 3,
( 4)
 s3 = 30 +
2
 2(3)  1 = 20 m

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 7

Illustration 9: A bullet fired into a fixed target loses half of its velocity after penetrating 3 cm.
How much further it will penetrate before coming to rest assuming that it faces
constant resistance to motion

Solution: (B)
Let initial velocity of the bullet = u
u
After penetrating 3 cm its velocity becomes =
2
From v 2  u2  2as
2
u
   u  2as
2

2
 
u2
 a
8
Let further it will penetrate through distance x and stops at some point
2
u  u2 
0     2  x
2  8
 x = 1 cm

Illustration 10: An anti-aircraft shell is fired vertically upwards with a muzzle velocity of 294 m/s.
Calculate (a) the maximum height reached by it, (b) time taken to reach this height, (c)
the velocities at the ends of 20th and 40th second. (d) When will its height be 2450 m?
Given g = 9.8 m/s2.

Solution: (a) Here, the initial velocity u = 294 m/s and g = 9.8 m/s2
 The maximum height reached by the shell is,
u2 2942
H= =  4410m  4.41 km
2g 2  9.8
u 294
(b) The time taken to reach the height is, T =   30 s
g 9.8
(c) The velocity at the end of 20th second is given by,
v = u – gt = 294 – 9.8  20 = 98 m/s upward,
and the velocity at the end of 40th second is given by,
v = 294 – 9.8  40 = – 98 m/s
The negative sign implies that the shell is falling downward.

(d) From the equation

1 1
h = ut + gt 2 or 2450 = 294(t) – x9.8(t 2 )
2 2
2
or, t – 60 t + 500 = 0
 t = 10 s and 50 s.
At t = 10 s, the shell is at a height of 2450 m and is ascending, and at the end of 50 s it is
at the same height, but is falling.

MOTION D OWN A FRICTIONLESS INCLINE

A particle going down a frictionless incline of inclination  also experiences
constant acceleration. Magnitude of acceleration is g sin . For trivial cases of gsin
 = 0 and  = 90 we can verify the accelerations to be 0 m/s2 and g 
respectively.

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 8

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE WITH VARIABLE ACCELERATION

A particle may move with non uniform acceleration along a straight line. In that case
t t

 vdt  adt
0 0
vavg = t
and aavg  t

 dt  dt
0 0

vdv dv
We can solve problems using a = or a =
ds dt
2
Illustration 11: A particle moves with a velocity v(t) = (1/2)kt along a straight line, where k is a +ve constant.
Find the average speed of the particle in time T.

T T
1 1 1 1
T 0
Solution: vav = v(t)dt   kt 2 dt  kT 2 .
T02 6

Illustration 12: Position of a particle moving along x-axis is given by x = 3t  4t2 + t3, where x is in meters
and t in seconds.
(a) Find the position of the particle at t = 2 s.
(b) Find the displacement of the particle in the time interval from t = 0 to t = 4 s.
(c) Find the average velocity of the particle in the time interval from t = 2 s to t = 4 s.
(d) Find the velocity of the particle at t = 2 s.

Solution: (a) x(t) = 3t  4t2 + t3

 x(2) = 3  2  4  (2)2 + (2)3 = 6  4  4 + 8 = 2 m.
(b) x(o) = 0
x(4) = 3  4  4  (4)2 + (4)3 = 12 m.
Displacement = x(4)  x(0) = 12 m.
x 4   x 2  12   2 
(c)  v   m/s  7 m/ s
 4  2 2
dx
(d)  3  8t  3t 2
dt
 dx 
v(2) =    3  8  2  3   2   1m / s
2

 dt  2

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION AND EQUATIONS OF MOTION

Graphs represent variation of a scalar quantity with respect to another scalar quantity pictorially. In case
  
of 1D motion we can take variables of motion( r,v,a etc.) to be scalar with an implicit sense of direction.
Then we can plot them in a graph to get a better picture of how the variation is with respect to another
scalar quantity like time. We will consider the following type of graphs now.
(i) Position–Time Graph
(ii) Velocity–Time Graph
(iii) Acceleration-Time Graph

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 9

Position–Time Graph
If we plot time t along the x-axis and the corresponding position (say x) from the origin O on the y-axis, we
get a graph which is called the position–time graph. This graph is very convenient to analyse different
aspects of motion of a particle. Let us consider the following cases.
(i) In this case, position (x) remains constant but time changes. This x
indicates that the particle is stationary in the given reference
frame. Hence, the straight line nature of position–time graph
parallel to the time axis represents the state of rest. Note that its
slope (tan ) is zero. o t

(ii) When the x–t graph is a straight line inclined at some angle (  0) with x
the time axis, the particle traverses equal displacement x in equal
intervals of time t. The motion of the particle is said to be uniform x
x x
rectilinear motion. The slope of the line measured by  tan 
t
represents the uniform velocity of the particle. 
t t t

(iii) When the x–t graph is a curve, motion is not uniform. It either speeds
x
up or slows down depending upon whether the slope (tan ) C
successively increases or decreases with time. As shown in the B D

(Position)
figure, the motion speeds up from t = 0 to t = t1 (since the slope tan 
A
increases). From t = t1 to t = t2, AB represents a straight line indicating
uniform motion. From t = t2 to t = t3, the motion slows down and for t >
t3 the particle remains at rest in the reference frame.
O t1 t2 t3 t
(Time)

Illustration 13: The adjacent figure shows the displacement–time graph of a particle x
moving on the x-axis. Choose the correct option given below.
(A) The particle is continuously going in positive x direction. t
(B) The particle is at rest.
t0
(C) The particle moves at a constant velocity upto a time t0, and
then stops.
(D) The particle moves at a constant acceleration upto a time t0, and
then stops.
Solution: (C)
Upto time t0,, particle is said to have uniform rectilinear motion and after that comes to rest as
the slope is zero.

The Velocity–Time Graph

The velocity–time graph gives three types of information. v
v2
(i) The instantaneous velocity.
(ii) The slope of the tangent to the curve at any point gives
instantaneous acceleration. v1
dv
a  tan 
dt displacement
(iii) The area under the curve gives total displacement of the particle.
t2
s t
1
v dt
t1 t2 t

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 10

Now, let us consider the uniform acceleration. The velocity–time graph will be a straight line.

The acceleration of the object is the slope of the line CD. v

C
BC v  u v
a  tan   
BD t
D 
v  u  at …(1) u B

The total displacement of the object is area OABCD displacement

s = Area OABCD = OABD +  BCD

1 t
s  ut  at 2
O A
…(2) t
2
Again
s  Area OABCD
1 1 1 v u
 (AC  OD)  OA  (v  u)  t = (v  u)  
2 2 2  a 
 v2 = u2 + 2as

Illustration 14: From the velocity–time plot shown in figure, find velocity
5 m/s
(a) distance travelled by the particle during the first 40
seconds. O
(b) displacement travelled by the particle during the 20 40 time(s)

first 40 seconds. 5 m/s

(c) Also find the average velocity during this period.

Solution: (a) Distance = area under the curve velocity

5 m/s
1 1
  20  5   5  20 = 50 + 50 = 100 m
2 2 O
20 40 time(s)
For distance measurement, the curve is plotted as in
Fig. (a) Fig. (a)
velocity
(b) Displacement = area under the curve in Fig. (b) = 0
5 m/s

Displacement
(c) vav  O
20 40 time(s)
time
5 m/s
As displacement is zero,
 vav = 0 Fig. (b)

Illustration 15: The velocity–time graph of a moving object

is given in the figure. Find the maximum 80
Velocity(in m/s)

acceleration of the body and distance 60

travelled by the body in the interval of time 40
in which this acceleration exists. 20

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
time(in sec.)

Solution: Acceleration is maximum when slope is maximum i.e. between t = 30 sec to t = 40 sec.
80  20
amax =  6 m / s2
40  30
1
s = 20 m / s  10 s   6 m / s 2  100 s 2  500 m
2

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 11

Illustration 16: The displacement versus time curve is given:

D
C
A B
S

O t

Column I Column II
(A) OA (p) Velocity increase with time
(B) AB (q) Velocity decreases with time
(C) BC (r) Velocity is independent of time
(D) CD (s) Velocity is zero

Solution: A  (p) B  (r) (C)  (q) D  (r, s)

Because slope of displacement-time curve gives instantaneous velocity.

The acceleration- time graph

Acceleration time curves give information about the variation of acceleration with time. Area under the
acceleration time curve gives the change in velocity of the particle in the given time interval.
a a a

t
t t

Motion under uniform acceleration Motion under uniform Motion under variable
(velocity is positive) retardation(velocity is positive) acceleration

ANALYSIS OF UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION

Case I: For uniformly accelerated motion with initial velocity a
u and initial position x0. a0

Velocity time graph

v v v


 
t t t

If u = 0 If u > 0 If u < 0
In every case tan  = a0
Position time graph
x x x

x0
x0 x0

t t t
If u = 0 If u > 0 If u < 0
Initial position x of the body in every case is x 0(> 0)

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 12

Case II: For uniformly acceleration which is negative with initial velocity a
u and initial position x0.
t
a0

Velocity time graph

v v v

 
t
t t

If u = 0 If u > 0 If u < 0

In every case tan  = a0

Position time graph

x x x

x0 x0 x0

t t t
If u = 0 If u > 0 If u < 0

Initial position x of the body in every case is x0 (>0)

Illustration 17: A particle is moving rectilinearly with a time varying acceleration a = 4  2t, where a is in
m/s2 and t is in sec. If the particle is starting its motion with a velocity of 3 m/s from x =
0. Draw a-t, v –t and x-t curve for the particle.
2
Solution: (m/s )
a
4 a = 4  2t

t (sec)
v t
(m/s)
v  dv   adt
3 0
1
v = 4t  t2  3
1 2 3 t (sec)
x t

m
x
 dx   vdt
0 0

t3
x  2t 2   3t
t (sec) 3

ELASTIC COLLISION OF A PARTICLE WITH A RIGID SURFACE

Many times we find a particle colliding with rigid surfaces and reflecting from them.
In an ideal case, the reflected speed remains same as the incident speed and v i r
v
angle of incidence equals angle of reflection. This type of ideal collision situation is
a case of Elastic Collision. Since this occurs in quite some kinematics problem, it
is being introduced here. We will study this in detail in later chapters.

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 13

SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE

Problem 1: A car covers the first half of the distance between two places at a speed of 40 km/hr and
the second half at 60 km/hr. What is the average speed of the car?

Solution: Let the distance between the two places be 2x km.

x
 Time taken by the car for the first half of the journey = hr
40
x
Also, the time taken for the second half = hr
60
x x 5x
The total time of the journey =  = hr
40 60 120
distance 2x
Average speed =  = 48 km/hr
time 5x 120

Problem 2: A car starts from rest and moves with a constant acceleration of 2.0 m/s2 for 30 seconds.
The brakes are then applied and the car comes to rest in another 60 seconds with
constant retardation. Find
(a) total distance covered by the car, and
(b) maximum speed attained by the car.
(c) Find shortest distance from initial point to the point when its speed is half of the
maximum speed.

Solution: Final velocity at A, v A = 2  t1 = 2  30 = 60 m/sec.

For AB, let the retardation be ‘b’ O B
 0 = vA + bt A
v 60
 b= A = = 1 m/s2
t 60
(a) Total distance = OA + AB
1 1
OB = at12  (v A t 2  bt 22 )
2 2
1 1
=  2  30  30  (60  60   1 60  60)
2 2
= 900 + 3600 – 1800 = 2700 m.
(b) Maximum speed v A = 60 m/s.
(c) v2 = 2  a  s
(v / 2)2 30  30
s= A  = 225 m.
2a 2 2

Problem 3: A rocket is fired vertically and ascends with constant vertical acceleration of 20 m/s2 for 1
minute. Its fuel is then all used and it continues as a free particle. Find the
(a) maximum height reached by the rocket.
2
(b) total time elapsed from the take off till the rocket strikes the earth.(g=10 m/s ).

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
14

Solution: (a) For the time interval from 0 to 60 seconds, rocket accelerates and thereafter it moves
under gravity. Distance moved by it in 60 seconds is given by
1 20m
S1 =  2   60s  = 36000 m.
2
2 s
20m
v(60s) = 2  60s  1200m / s = Velocity attained by it in 60 seconds.
s
If H be the maximum height reached, then its vertical velocity must be zero.
2
 m
 0 =  1200   2g H  36000  , (v 2 = u2 + 2as)
 s
1200  1200
 H = 36000 + m
2  10
= 108000 m
(b) time taken to ascend is
1200 u
t1 = 60s + s = 180 s, [t = t1 + ]
10 a
Let time taken to descend is t2. Then
1
108000 = gt 22
2
2  108000
 t2 =  146.97s
10
Total time T = t1 + t2 = 180 + 146.97 = 326.97 s.

OBJECTIVE
Problem 1: A driver applies brakes on seeing a traffic signal 400 m ahead. At the time of applying the
brakes, the vehicle was moving with 15 m/s and retarding with 0.3 m/s2. The distance of
vehicle after 1 min from the traffic light is
(A) 25 m (B) 375 m
(C) 360 m (D) 40 m

Solution: (A)
The maximum distance covered by the vehicle before coming to rest


v2

15 
2
= 375 m
2a 2  0.3 
v 15
The corresponding time = t =   50 sec
a 0.3
 The distance of the vehicle from the traffic signal after one minute
= 400 – 375 = 25 m

Problem 2: A particle is projected vertically upward with initial velocity 25 ms1. During third second of
its motion, which of the following statement is correct? (g = 10 m/s2)
(A) Displacement of the particle is 30 m.
(B) Distance covered by the particle is 30 m.
(C) Distance covered by the particle is 2.5 m.
(D) None of these.

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 15

Solution: (C)
Displacement of the particle during third second of the motion (i.e. between t = 2 s and t =
3 s) is zero. Hence, t = 2.5 sec is the turning point of the motion.
1
For distance; St = 2 = 25  2   10  22 = 30 m
2
1
and St=2.5 = 25  2.5   10  2.52 = 31.25
2
Hence, distance covered by the particle during third second of motion
= 2 (31.25  30) = 2.5 m.

Problem 3: In the given vt graph, the distance travelled by V(m/s)

the body in 5 sec will be 40
(A) 100 m (B) 80 m
(C) 40 m (D) 20 m 20
4 t
0.0
1 2 3 5 t(s)
20

Solution: (A)
Distance traveled = area under the v–t curve (area must be taken positive to calculate
distance)
20  2 20  1 20  1
  20  2  20  1   = 100 m
2 2 2

Problem 4: In problem 3, the displacement of the body in 5 sec will be

(A) 100 m (B) 80 m
(C) 40 m (D) 20 m

Solution: (B)
Displacement is a vector and is equal to algebraic sum of area under the v–t graph.
= 20 + 40 + 20 + 10  10 = 80 m.
Problem 5: In problem 3, the average velocity of the body in 5 seconds is
(A) 20 m/s (B) 16 m/s
(C) 8 m/s (D) 4 m/s

Solution: (B)
displacement 80
Average velocity    16 m / s
time 5

Problem 6: In problem 3, the average speed of the body during 5 sec is

(A) 20 m/s (B) 16 m/s
(C) 8 m/s (D) 4 m/s

Solution: (A)
dis tance 100
Average speed    20 m / s
time 5

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 16

EXERCISE -1
1. (i) Can a body moving with uniform speed have variable velocity?
(ii) Can a body moving with uniform velocity have variable speed?
(iii) Can average velocity ever become equal to instantaneous velocity?

2. (i) Can a body have an acceleration with zero velocity?

(ii) Can the direction of the velocity of a body change when its acceleration is constant?

3. A stone is thrown upwards with a speed v from the top of a tower. It reaches the ground with a
velocity 3v. What is the height of the tower ?

4. A motorcyclist moving with uniform retardation takes 10 s and 20 s to travel successive quarter
kilometer. How much further he will travel before coming to rest?

5. A stone is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 19.6 m/s. After 2 second, another stone
is thrown upwards with a velocity of 9.8 m/s. When and where will these stones collide?
(take g = 9.8 m/s2)

6. The position of a particle along the x-axis is given in centimeters by x=9.75+1.50t3, where t is in
seconds and x in cm. Consider the time interval t = 2 s to t = 3 s and calculate
(a) the average velocity,
(b) the instantaneous velocity at t = 2 s;
(c) the instantaneous velocity when t = 2.5 s;
7. A car starts accelerating uniformly from rest for sometime, maintains the velocity for sometime
and then comes to rest with uniform deceleration. Draw the v–t curve for the motion.

8. State with reasons why the graph in the adjacent figure cannot represent one- x

dimensional motion of a particle. 

t

9. (i) Is the speed–time graph shown in figure possible? Speed

(ii) Under what circumstances, does the relationship x = vt hold

good?
Tim e

10. A car travels the first half of a distance between two places at a speed of 30 km/hr and the
second half of the distance at 50 km/hr. The average speed of the car for the whole journey is
(A) 42.5 km/hr (B) 40.0 km/hr
(C) 37.5 km/hr (D) 35.0 km/hr

11. In 1.0 sec, a particle goes from point A to point B, moving in a semicircle of radius A
1.0 m as shown in the adjacent figure. The magnitude of average velocity is
1.0 m
(A) 3.14 m/s (B) 2.0 m/s
(C) 1.0 m/s (D) Zero
B

12. A stone falls freely from rest and the total distance covered by it in the last second of its motion
equals the distance covered by it in the first three seconds of its motion. The stone remains in the
air for
(A) 3 sec (B) 5 sec
(C) 7 sec (D) 4 sec

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 17

13. The graph of displacement v/s times is

s

t
Its corresponding velocity time graph will be
v
v
(A) (B)
t
t

v v
(C) (D)
t t

14. The velocity–time graph of a linear v(m/s)

motion is shown in figure. The
4
displacement from the origin after
8 sec is 2
 t (sec.)
(A) 5 m
(B) 16 m 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(C) 8 m
2
(D) 6 m

15. 3 grooves AB, AC and AD are made in a circular disk lying in a vertical A
plane 3 particles B, C and D constrained to move along path AB, AC and
AD respectively are released from point A. Particle B reaches point B in /2

time tB, particle C reaches point C in time tc and particle D reaches at point D
D in time tD. Then which of the following is incorrect(s).
(A) tB = tC = tD (B) tB > tC = tD B
(C) tC > tB > tD (D) tD = tB > tC
C

16. A particle moves over the sides of an equilateral triangle of side  with B

constant speed v as shown in figure. Then

(A) The magnitude of average acceleration from A to C is v  

v
(B) The magnitude of average velocity as it moves from A to C is A C
2 
(C) The magnitude of average velocity as it moves from A to C is v
3 v2
(D) The magnitude of average acceleration from A to C is
2 
2
17. A particle accelerates from rest with acceleration 5m/s . After sometime, particle moves with
2
constant velocity. Then it decelerates with 5 m/s and finally comes to rest. In whole of
journey it takes 25 sec. and the average speed in the journey is 72 km/hr. Then
(A) The time interval during which it has moved with constant velocity is 15 sec.
(B) The maximum velocity is acquired by it is 25 m/s.
(C) The time interval during which it has moved with constant velocity is 25 sec.
(D) The maximum velocity is acquired by it is 30 m/s.

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 18

TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION
Projectile Motion:
A particle when given a velocity at an arbitrary angle made with the horizontal surface is known as a
projectile.
Motion over a horizontal plane 
If a particle is projected from point O, at an angle  from the horizontal, with initial velocity u then the

components of u in X and Y directions are given as
ux = u cos  Y ux
 ˆ ˆ
uy = u sin , where u  ux i  uy j u
u y = u sin 

 u  u cos  ˆi  u sin  ˆj H

The X-axis is parallel to the horizontal. Y-axis is parallel 


to the vertical and u lies in the plane X-Y. The constant u x = u cos 
 X
acceleration a is given as R

a  a x ˆi  a y ˆj
where ax = 0 [ as there is no acceleration along the X-axis], and
ay = g [the acceleration is downward and equal to g].
Now, velocity after time t is given as
v x = ux + axt = u cos  (as ax = 0)
vy = uy + ayt = u sin   gt
 
As v  v x ˆi  v y ˆj  v  ucos  ˆi  (u sin   gt)jˆ
  vy 
 The direction of v with the horizontal is given by tan1  
 vx 
Now, Co-ordinates of the projectile after time t is given by
1
x = xo + uxt + axt2  x = 0 + (u cos )t+ 0
2
 x = (u cos ) t . . . (1)
1 1
And y = yo + uyt + ayt2  y = 0 + (u sin ) t  gt2
2 2
1 2
 y = u sin  t  gt . . . (2)
2
From equation (1) and (2), eliminating t, we get
x 1 x2
y  usin   g 2
ucos  2 u cos2 
gx 2
 y  x tan   . . . (3)
2u2 cos2 
The above equation shows the relation between x and y and represents the path of the projectile known
as trajectory. The inspection of eq. (3) shows that it is the equation of parabola of the form
y = bx + cx2
g
where b = tan  = constant, and c   2  constant
2u cos2 
Time of flight
It is time interval during which the projectile remains in air.
Putting y = 0 in (2), we get
2u sin 
T= , where T = time of flight.
g

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 19

Range:
The horizontal range R of the projectile is the horizontal distance between the initial point and the point
where the projectile is again at same horizontal level.
If R be the horizontal range, then R = u cos   (2u sin )/g = (u2 sin 2)/g = (u2 sin 2)/g
  
Since sin2 = sin( 2) = sin 2     
  2 
Let (/2  ) =   sin 2 = sin 2
Hence, range is same for two angles of projection provided the angles be complimentary.
o
For a given velocity of projection, R is maximum when sin 2 = 1  2 = 90   = 45
u2
 Rmax =
g
 x
we can show that y = x tan  1   …(3)
 R

Maximum height
 v 2y  u2y  2a y y
At y = ymax, vy = 0  0 = u2 sin2   2 g ymax
 The maximum height attained by the projectile is given by
u2 sin2 
ymax =
2g

Horizontal Projection From a Given Height

Referring to the figure, let a particle be projected with a horizontal
velocity v0, which remains constant along horizontal line due to the v0
(0, 0)
absence of any horizontal force. Due to earth’s gravitation the X
particle acquires vertical velocity vy at any time t and at any position
P(x,y).
vy = uy + gt. P (x, y)
Since there is no vertical component of v0 initially, uy = 0.
H vx
 vy = gt
and the vertical displacement is
vy
1 1 Y
y = uyt + gt 2 = gt 2
2 2
Again, vy2 = uy + 2gy
Putting uy = 0, we get, vy = 2gy

Displacement 
Let the position vector of this point be r . Now the horizontal displacement x = v 0t and the vertical

displacement y = 1/2 gt . Since the position vector r  xiˆ  yjˆ , putting the values of x and y, we obtain,
2

 1
r  v 0 tiˆ  gt 2 ˆj .
2
Velocity
v = v x î + vy ĵ
 v = v0 î + vy ĵ

 v  v 0 ˆi  gtjˆ ( vy = gt).

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 20

Range
When y = H (height of the cliff or height of fall of the projectile), the corresponding horizontal distance
2H
(Range R) can be found by putting the values of time of fall t = in the equation x = v0t.
g
2H 2H
Putting x = R and t =  R  v0
g g

Equation of trajectory
The locus of the path of the particle is given as
1 x gx 2
y = gt 2 where t   y 
2 v0 2v 20
This equation represents a parabola
3 3
Illustration 1: The co-ordinates of a moving particle at any time t are given by x = t any y = t . the
speed of the particle at ‘t’ is given by
dx
Solution: v x   3t 2
dt
dy
vy   3t 2
dt
 v  v 2x  v 2y = 3t 2  2   2

Illustration 2: A ball is thrown at a speed of 50 m/s at an angle of 60 with the horizontal. Find
(a) the maximum height reached, and
(b) the range of the ball. (Take g = 10 m/s2)
2
u2 sin2  (50)2  3 
Solution: (a) Maximum height, H = =   m = 93.75 m
2g 2  10  2 

u2 sin2 (50)2  sin120

(b) Range, R =  = 216.5 m
g 10

Illustration 3: A particle is projected with velocity v 0 = 100 m/s at an angle Y

v0
 = 30o with the horizontal. Find
(a) velocity of the particle after 2 s,
(b) angle between initial velocity and the velocity after 2 s,

(c) the maximum height reached by the projectile,
X
(d) horizontal range of the projectile, and
2
(e) the total time of flight. (Take g = 10 m/s )

Solution: (a) v  t   v x t  ˆi  v y  t  ˆj

where î and ĵ are the unit vectors along +ve x and +ve y axes, respectively.


 v  t    u x  a x t  ˆi  uy  a y t ˆj 
Here, ux = vo cos  = 50 3 m/s
ax = 0
uy = vo sin  = 50 m/s
ay = g

 v  t   v o cos  ˆi   v o sin   gt  ˆj

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 21

v(t 2) = 50 3iˆ   50  10  2  ˆj = 50 3iˆ  30ˆj m/s

 v(t 2)  v 2x  v 2y  91.65 m / s

(b) v o  50 3i  50ˆj
  
v  t 2   50 3iˆ  30 ˆj  v o .v  t 2   7500  1500  9000
 
If  is the angle between vo and v t 2  , then
 
v o .v  t  2 9000
cos  =   
v v 100  91.65
o  t 2 
1
  = cos (0.98) = 10.9o .
(c) v 2y  u2y  2a y y at y = ymax, vy = 0
 0  v02 sin2   2  g y max
v 20 sin2 
 ymax =  125 m
2g
u2 sin2
(d) R= = 866 m
g
2v 0 sin 
(e) T= = 10 sec.
g

Illustration 4: A football is kicked off with an initial speed of 20 m/s at an angle of projection of 45. A
receiver on the goal line at a distance of 60 m away in the direction of the kick starts
running to meet the ball at that instant. What must be his speed if he is to catch the ball
before it hits the ground? [Take g = 10 m/s2]

Solution: Let u = 20 m/s,  = 45 and v = speed of the receiver.

The ball is projected from P and the receiver starts running from R to receive the ball at Q.
Let t be the time after which they meet.
So, t is the time taken by the ball to go from P to Q in which the receiver goes from R to Q.
u2
 PQ = sin 2 and QR = vt
g 20 m/s
RECEIVER
45
u2
PR = 60  (sin 2) + vt = 60 …(i) 60 m
Q
g P R
2u sin 
Putting the value of t (i.e. the time of flight) =
g
in equation (i), we get
u2  2u sin  
sin 2 + v   = 60
g  g 
60g  u2 sin 2
 v
2u sin 
 600  400 
= 2 =5 2 m/s .
 2  20  
 

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 22

The Projectile on an Inclined Plane

In case the projection is from an inclined plane, we consider two y
y x
axes x and y, along and perpendicular to the inclined plane.
Motion up the plane:
In x-y plane, g sin 
ux = v0 cos(  ), uy = v0 sin (  ) x
v0
ax = g sin  , ay = g cos 
1  g g cos 
Since y = [vo sin(  )]t  g (cos )t2 
2
At t = T, y = 0, where T = time of flight. x
2v o sin     
 T=
gcos 
2v o sin     
Again, x   v 0 cos  .T = v0 cos 
gcos 
So, range along inclined plane (R) = x = x cos
2v 20 cos  sin     
 x = [Apply formula 2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B)  sin(A  B)]
gcos2 
v 20 sin  2     sin  
x = R =
gcos2 
Now, R will be maximum when sin(2 ) is maximum, i.e. sin(2  ) = 1.
v 2 1  sin   v 02
 Rmax = 0  Rmax = up the plane.

g 1  sin2   g 1  sin  

Motion down the plane

Let the particle be thrown with a velocity v0 at an angle ‘’ with the horizontal as v0
shown in figure. 
1 
[v 0 sin(  )]T  (gcos )T 2  0 [for y = 0]
2
2v o sin     
R
 T=
gcos  

1 2  sin  2     sin  
v 20
R = [vo cos( + )]T + [g sin ]T =  
2 g  1  sin2  
Since  is the variable and maximum value of sin function is 1, therefore
for R to be maximum, sin (2 + ) = 1
v 2  1  sin   v 20
and Rmax = 0   = down the plane.
g 1  sin2   g 1  sin  
Note: The kinematical equations can be used in any direction if the components of each vector are taken
in that direction.

Illustration 5: The surface of a hill is inclined at an angle  to the horizontal. A stone is thrown from the
top of the hill at an angle  with the vertical with a velocity v 0. How far from the top will the
stone strike the surface of the hill?

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 23

Solution: Take the axis as shown in the adjacent figure. y


ux = v0 sin (  )
v0
ux = v0 cos (  )
ax = g sin 
ay = g cos  
Applying kinematics equation along x and y axes:
x
1
x = v0 sin (  ) t  g sin  t 2 …(I)
2
and 0 = v0 cos (  ) t  1/ 2g cos  t 2 …(II)
2v 0 cos     
From Eq. (ii), t
gcos 
2v 0 cos      1 4v 02 cos2     
So, x = v0 sin (  )  gsin 
gcos  2 g2 cos2 
2v02 cos      2v 20 cos      sin 
 sin      cos   cos      sin   
gcos2  gcos2 

Illustration 6: A batsman hits a ball at a height of 1.22 m above the ground so that the ball leaves the
bat at an angle of 45o with the horizontal. A 7.31 m high wall is situated at a distance of
97.53 m from the position of the batsman. If there were no wall, then the ball would be
106.68 meters away when it is again at a height of 1.22 m. Will the ball clear the wall?
Take g = 10 m/s2.

v0 y
v 20 sin2
Solution : As R(range) =
g 45 x
Rg 1.22 m
v02
o
   Rg (as  = 45 ).
sin2 A 106.68 m B

 v0 = Rg . . . (1)
Equation of trajectory:
gx 2 gx 2
Y = xtan   = x  [using (1) and  = 45]
2v02 cos2  2Rg( 12 )
Putting x = 97.53, we get
10   97.53 
2
y = 97.53   8.36 m
106.68  10
Hence, height of the ball from the ground level is
h = 8.36 + 1.22 = 9.58 m.
As height of the wall is 7.31 m, so the ball will clear the wall.

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
24

SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE
Problem 1: A body falling freely from a given height ‘H’ hits an inclined plane in its path at a height
‘h’. As a result of this impact, the velocity of the body becomes horizontal. For what value
of (h/H) will the body take maximum time to reach the ground?

Solution: After rebound, the body has only horizontal O

velocity and hence no vertical velocity.
OA = H – h
t1 = time to fall freely from O to A vertically
2 H  h 
=
g A

t2 = time to fall freely from A to B H

= 2h / g h
t = total time from O to B = t1 + t2
2 H  h 
=
g
2h
g
+ =
2
g

Hh  h 
B B1
If ‘t’ depends on h (H and g are constants), then
d t
for maximum value of t, 0
dh
d 
H  h   h1/ 2  = 0  h/H = 1/2.
1/ 2
i.e. 
dh 
Problem 2: A particle projected with velocity v0 strikes at right angles a v0
plane passing through the point of projection and having
inclination  with the horizontal. Find the height (from horizontal 
plane) of the point where the particle strikes the plane.

Solution: Let  be the angle between the velocity of projection and X

Y
the inclined plane.
v0
v0x = v0 cos , v0 y  = v0 sin 
ax = g sin  ay = g cos 
Y
 v x (t) = v0 cos   (g sin ) t
At the point of impact v x = 0
X
v cos  
 t= 0 . . . (1) 
gsin 
Also, y at this point is zero.
 (v 0 sin ) t  (1/2)g (cos ) t2 = 0
2v sin 
 t= 0 . . . (2)
gcos 
cot 
From (1) and (2), tan  = . . . (3)
2
x = [v0 cos( + )]t
v 20
 cos2  cot   sin  cos  
g  

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 25

 
2 
v2  2 cot  2  v 2 2cot 
 0  cot   .
g  2  2 2  
0
 4  cot   4  cot  4  cot  
 g 4  cot 2 

v 02 2cot 
 y  x tan   . tan 
g 4  cot 2 
2v 20
y

g 4  cot 2  
OBJECTIVE
Problem 1: A body when projected vertically up from a flat horizontal round. It covers a total distance
D during its time of flight. If there were no gravity, the distance covered by it during the
same time would be
(A) 0 (B) D
(C) 2D (D) 4D

Solution: (C)
The displacement of the body during the time t as it reaches the point of projection,
S = 0  v0t  1/2 gt2 = 0  t  2v0 / g
During the same time t, the body moves in absence of gravity through a distance
D = v.t, because in absence of gravity g = 0
 2v  2v 02
 D = v 0  0   …(1)
 g  g
In presence of gravity, the total distance covered
v2 v2
= D = 2H = 2 0  0 …(2)
2g g
Dividing (1) and (2)  D = 2D.

Problem 2: A particle is projected from a point A with a velocity u at an angle  to the horizontal. At
a certain point B, it moves at right angle to its initial direction. It follows that
(A) velocity of the particle at B is u. (B) velocity of the particle at B is u cos .
u
(C) velocity of the particle at B is u tan  (D) the time of flight from A to B is
gsin

Solution: (D)
  
v  u  at C
Considering along the line AC
u
0 = u – g sin t  t = B
gsin u
v
Now consider along the line CB 
A
u
v = 0 + g cos   ucot 
gsin 

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 26

EXERCISE -2
1. (i) Is the height you take for jumping important in the long jump?
(ii) Name the three quantities which would be reduced if air resistance is taken into account in
the study of motion of projectile.
2. The time of flight of a projectile is 10 s. Its range on a horizontal plane is 100 m. Calculate the
angle of projection and the velocity of projection. (g = 10 m/s2)
3. A ball is thrown with a velocity of 100 ms1 at an angle of 30 to the horizontal and meets the
same horizontal plane later. Find
(a) its time of flight, (b) the horizontal distance it travels,
(c) the velocity with which it strikes the ground at the end of its flight. [ g = 10 ms2]
4. A projectile shot at an angle of 60 to the horizontal, strikes a wall 30 m away at a point 15 m
2
above the point of projection. (g = 10 m/s )
(a) Find the speed of projection.
(b) Find the magnitude of velocity of the projectile when it strikes the wall.

5. (i) A projectile is thrown horizontally from the top of a tower and strikes the ground after 3
second at an angle of 45 with the horizontal. Find the height of the tower and speed with
which the body was projected. Given g = 9.8 m/s2
(ii) A bullet P is fired from a gun when the angle of elevation of the gun is 30. Another bullet
Q is fired from the gun with same initial speed when the angle of elevation is 60. Which
of the two bullets would have a greater horizontal range and why?

6. Two particles move near surface of earth with uniform acceleration g = 10 m/s2 towards the
ground. At the initial moment, the particles were located at one point in space and moved with
velocities v 1 = 3.0 m/s and v 2 = 4.0 m/s horizontally in opposite directions. Find the distance
between the particles at the moment when their velocity vectors become mutually perpendicular.

7. A particle is thrown at time t = 0, with a velocity of 10 m/s at an angle 10 m/s

of 60 with the horizontal, from a point on an incline plane, making an

60
angle of 30 with the horizontal. The time when the velocity of the 30
projectile becomes parallel to the incline is (g = 10 m/s2)
(A) 2/3 sec (B) 1/3 sec
(C) 3 sec (D) 1/23 sec

8. A particle is projected at an angle  = 30º with the horizontal, with a velocity of 10 m/s then
(A) after 2 s the velocity of particle makes an angle of 60º with initial velocity vector
(B) after 1 s the velocity of particle makes an angle of 60º with initial velocity vector
(C) the magnitude of velocity of particle after 1 s is 10 m/s
(D) the magnitude of velocity of particle after 1 s is 5 m/s
x t3
9. A particle moves along positive branch of the curve y  where x  , x and y are measured in
2 3
metres and t in seconds, then
1
(A) the velocity of particle at t = 1 s is ˆi  ˆj
2
1
(B) the velocity of particle at t = 1 s is ˆi  ˆj
2
(C) the acceleration of particle at t = 1 s is 2iˆ  ˆj
(D) the acceleration of particle at t = 2 s is ˆi  2ˆj

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 27

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

As another small illustration, of motion of a particle in two dimensions let’s analyse the uniform circular
motion of a particle.
In uniform circular motion, the particle moves in a circular path with constant speed.
Let’s choose the centre of the circular path, as the origin of the reference frame. Point ‘P’ is an arbitrary

point on the path whose position vector r = xiˆ + yjˆ .
where r, the radius of the circular path, is related to x and y by following Y

equations
y P
x = r cos , y = r sin  and x2 + y2 = r2 r
 
 r  r cos  ˆi  r sin ˆj O x
X

Now, the velocity of particle ‘P’ is given as


 dr dx dy d(r cos ) d(r sin )
v  i j  i j
dt dt dt dt dt
 d d
 v  r sin . i  r cos  j
dt dt
d
But    cons tan t [for uniform circular motion]
dt

Thus, v = r(sin  î + cos  ĵ )
 
Now, v  r = r (sin  î + cos  ĵ )  (rcos  î + rsin  ĵ ) = r2(sin  cos  + cos  sin ) = 0
  
i.e. v is perpendicular to r  v is along the tangent

| v | = r sin2   cos2  = r

Now, acceleration a is given as

 dv  d d 
a  r   cos  i  sin  j
dt  dt dt 

 a  2r  cos  i  sin  j 
  
 a  2 r  2   r 
  
Which shows that a is directed in the opposite direction of r . Thus, a is always directed towards the
centre.

Magnitude of a , | a |  2r cos2   sin2   2r

NON-UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

In a non-uniform circular motion, the speed also changes along  v v
with the direction. at

Acceleration due to change in direction (centripetal/radial/normal ar ar

acceleration)
at
2 v2 fig. 1: speed increases fig. 2: speed decreases
= ar =  r = = v, direction being towards the centre.
r
Acceleration due to change in speed (tangential acceleration)
dv
= at = along the tangent
dt
 magnitude of the net acceleration a = a2t  ar2
Note: When velocity and acceleration make an acute angle, the speed increases and when the angle is
obtuse, the speed decreases.

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 28

Illustration 1: Find the magnitude of average acceleration of the tip of the second hand of length 10 cm
during 10 seconds.
Solution: Average acceleration has the magnitude
a = v/t, where v = 2v sin /2
2v sin  / 2
 a=
t
Putting v = /300 m/sec, t = 10 seconds and  = 60°, we obtain
2(  / 300)sin30 2
a=  a = /3000 m/sec .
10
2
Illustration 2: A point moves along a circle with speed v = at, where a = 0.5 m/s . Find the total
acceleration of the point at the moment when it covered (1/10)th of the circle after
beginning of motion.
Solution : We know s = ut + (1/2)at2
2r r
Here, s =  , at = 0.5 m/s2 and u = 0 an
10 5
r 1 4r
  0   0.5 t 2 , t 
5 2 5 a
at

4r r
 v = at = 0.5  =
5 5
v2 r 1 
 an = =  =
r 5 r 5
2
 2 1
 a= a2n  a2t  2
   0.5 =  = 0.8 m/s2
5 25 4

Radius of Curvature
In a curvilinear motion, every small path may be assumed to be an arc of a
v2
circular path, and hence the radius of curvature will be different at different v1
points. So, if a particle moves on a curved path, then radius of curvature is
given by R =v2/aR. (because aR is responsible for the change in direction) v3
where v = instantaneous velocity at any time at that point and
aR = acceleration acting normal to the path towards the centre of
curvature.
Illustration 3: Find the ratio of radius of curvature at the highest point of projectile to that just after its
projection if the angle of projection is 30.

Solution : If v0 is the initial velocity y
vp = v0 cos 
P
Normal acceleration at O = g cos   
v0 vP
Normal acceleration at P = g
(an)p
Hence, if r0 and rp be radii of curvature at O and P respectively.

v 20 v 2 cos 2  O
r0 = and rp = 0 x
gcos  g (an)0

rp 3 3 3
Hence, the required ratio = = cos  = .
r0 8

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 29

SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE

Problem 1: A wheel rotates around a stationary axis so that rotation angle  varies as
 = Pt2, where P = 0.20 rad/s2. Find the total acceleration ‘a’ of the point A at the rim at
the moment t = 2.55 sec, if the linear velocity of the point A at this moment
is v = 0.65 m/s.

Solution: Total acceleration of a body moving in a circular path

   aR
a  aR  at
   at
a  aR2  a2t a
2
Given  = Pt
d d
 =  2Pt and  =  2P
dt dt
The radial acceleration, aR is the centripetal acceleration
aR = 2R = 4P2 t 2R . . . (i)
Tangential acceleration, aT = 2PR . . . (ii)
Total acceleration = (4P2 t 2R)2  (2PR)2

 4P t R 
2
  2PR 
2 2 2
=

= 2PR 1  4P2 t 4
v 2
= 1  4P2 t 4 = 0.7 m/s .
t

OBJECTIVE
Problem 1: Which of the following parameters of a particle executing uniform circular motion
remains constant?
(A) Velocity (B) Radial acceleration
(C) Angular velocity (D) All of these

Solution: (C)
The magnitude of the velocity of the particle, that is speed v remains constant and
velocity vector changes from time to time. Therefore, it accelerates radially inwards. This
v2
is known as centripetal acceleration, ar. Its magnitude remains constant whereas its

r
direction changes from time to time. Therefore, ar is not constant. Since the sense of

rotation of the particle remains constant, its angular velocity  remains constant in
direction.

Problem 2: A particle is projected horizontally from the top of a cliff of height H with a speed 2gH .
The radius of curvature of the trajectory at the instant of projection will be
(A) H/2 (B) H
(C) 2H (D) 

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 30

Solution: (C)
 
Since g  v , therefore
radial acceleration, ar = g
v 20
  g (where r is the radius of curvature).
r
2gH
  g (  v  2gH)
r
 r = 2H

EXERCISE -3
1. The blades of an aeroplane propeller are 2 m long and rotate at 300 rpm. Calculate: (i) frequency,
(ii) period of rotation, (iii) angular velocity, and (iv) linear velocity of a point on the blades 0.5 m
from the tip of the blades.
2. A particle is projected with a velocity u at an angle  with the horizontal. Find the radius of
curvature of the parabola traced out by the particle at the point where velocity makes an angle
(/2) with the horizontal.
3. (i) The tangential acceleration changes the speed of a particle whereas the normal acceleration
changes its direction. State whether the statements are true or false?
 
(ii) At a certain moment, the angle between velocity v v
   
vector v and the acceleration vector a of the particle a 

is . What will be the motion of the particle at this (a) (b)


 a
moment for different ’s: rectilinear or curvilinear, v 
a

v
 
accelerated or decelerated? 
a (d)
(c)

4. A particle is moving in a circle of radius R with constant speed. The time period of particle is T =1
second. In a time t = T/6, if the difference between average speed and magnitude of average
velocity of the particle is 2 m/sec, find the radius of the circle (in metres).
y
5. A projectile is thrown at an angle of 60 with the horizontal with an
initial speed of 20 m/sec, with H being highest point of its trajectory.
u
Another particle P is now forced to move along the same trajectory as H
that of the projectile such that its speed is continuously increasing.
 
When the particle P is at H, vP = 20 m/sec, aP = 50 m/s2, then 

acceleration vector aP at H equals (take g = 10 m/s2) x

(A) 50iˆ m/s (B) 50ˆj m/s

2 2

(C) (20 6iˆ  10ˆj) m/s (D) (30iˆ  40ˆj) m/s

2 2

6. A particle is going in a spiral path as shown in the figure with constant

speed.
(A) The velocity of the particle is constant.
(B) The acceleration of the particle is constant.
(C) The magnitude of acceleration is constant.
(D) The magnitude of acceleration s decreasing continuously.
7. The position vector of a particle in a circular motion about the origin sweeps out equal area in
equal time. Its
(A) velocity remains constant (B) speed remains constant
(C) acceleration remains constant (D) tangential acceleration remains constant

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 31

8. An object follows a curved path. The following quantities may remain constant during the motion
(A) speed (B) velocity
(C) acceleration (D) magnitude of acceleration
 
9. Let v and a be the instantaneous velocity and acceleration of a particle moving in a circle. Then
dv
rate of change of speed of the particle is equal to
dt

 v.a
(A) | a | (B)
v
   
(C) the component of a parallel to v (D) the component of a perpendicular to v

10. A particle is projected from the ground in earth’s gravitational field at an angle  with the
horizontal then
(A) center of curvature of projectile’s trajectory at the highest point is below the ground level if
  tan1 2
(B) centre of curvature of projectile’s trajectory at the highest point is above the ground level if
  tan1 2
(C) center of curvature of projectile’s trajectory at the highest point may be above ground level if
  tan1 2
(D) center of curvature of projectile’s trajectory at the highest point is below the ground level is
  tan1 2

RELATIVE VELOCITY
The position, distance, displacement, velocity and acceleration of a Y
particle depend on the reference frame chosen. P
A particle P is moving and is observed from two frames S and S. The
Y
frame S is stationary and the frame S is in motion.
Let at any time position vector of the particle P with respect to S is
    O S X
OP  rp,s and with respect to S is O 'P  rp,s '
 
Position vector of the origin of S with respect to S is OO'  rs ',s O S X

From vector triangle OOP, we get

  
O 'P  OP OO '
  
 rp,s '  rp,s  rs ',s
d  d  d 

dt
 
rp,s ' 
dt
 
rp,s   rs ',s 
dt
  
 vp,s '  v p,s  v s ',s

Physical Significance of Relative Velocity

Let two vehicles move unidirectionally. Two persons A and B VA VB
are sitting in the vehicles as shown in figure. Assume, v A =
10 m/s & vB = 4 m/s. The person A notices person B to be
moving towards him with a speed of (10  4) m/s = 6 m/sec.
That is the velocity of B with respect to (or relative to) A. That

means v BA is directed from B to A.

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 32

Similarly A seems to move towards B with a speed 6 m/sec. That means the velocity of A relative to B

v AB  has the magnitude 6 m/sec & directed from A to B as shown in the figure.
 
 Therefore v AB =  vBA . 
vBA
  
In general, vBA = vB  v A

  v AB
 vBA  v AB
 
vB  v A
| v AB |  v 2A  v B2  2v A v B cos  
vB

 (vB sin ) 
and   tan1    
 (v A  vB cos )  
vA

vA

RELATIVE MOTION BETWEEN RAIN AND MAN

   
We know that, vr  v rg = velocity of rain w.r.t. ground, vm  vmg vm

velocity of man w.r.t. ground 

   
and v rm  v r  v m , velocity of rain w.r.t. man v rm Direction of rain
   fall as seen by the
 v r  v rm  vm moving man

That means the vector addition of the velocity of rain with respect
  vm
to man ( v rm ) and the velocity of man (vehicle) v m
 
yields the actual velocity of rain v r . The magnitude and direction of v r can be given as

vr  2
v rm  v m2  2v rm v m cos 

 v rm s in   
  tan1   with horizontal ( v m )
 v rm cos   v m 
Direction of rain fall as 
seen by the stationary man
vm




 vr
v rm
vm= 0 
vr   
v rm  v m  v r

Illustration 1: From a lift moving upward with a uniform acceleration ‘a’, a man throws a ball vertically
upwards with a velocity v relative to the lift. The ball comes back to the man after a time t.
Show that a + g = 2 v/t

Solution: Let us consider all the motion from lift frame. Then the acceleration, displacement and
velocity everything will be considered from the lift frame itself. As the ball comes back to
the man, therefore displacement from the lift frame is zero. Again, the velocity with
respect to the lift frame is v.
Similarly, the acceleration with respect to the lift frame is
g – (–a) = a + g () downwards
1 2
Now, s = ut + at
2
1 v
 0 = vt – (a+g)t 2 or a+g=2 .
2 t

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 33

Illustration 2: A stationary person observes that rain is falling vertically down at 30 km/hr. A cyclist is
moving on the level road, at 10 km/hr. In which direction should the cyclist hold his
umbrella to protect himself from rain?

Solution: Relative to stationary frame, velocity of rain is 30 km/hr downward. Take horizontal axis as x-
axis and vertical axis as y-axis and ˆi, ˆj are the unit vectors along x and y axes respectively.
 
vR  0  30ˆj , v c  10iˆ Y
   
vR,c  vR  vc
vc
vc X
 30ˆj  10iˆ  10iˆ  30ˆj

If angle between horizontal and vR,c is  then
tan  = 30 /  10  3 vR - vc vR
1
  = tan 3
  = 72o .
Therefore, to protect himself from rain the cyclist should hold the umbrella at an angle of 72o
from horizontal in the direction of motion of the cyclist.

Illustration 3: A man walking eastward at 5 m/s observes that wind is blowing from the north. On
doubling his speed eastward, he observes that wind is blowing from north-east. Find the
velocity of the wind.

Solution: Let velocity of the wind is North

Y
v  (v ˆi  v ˆj) m/s
w 1 2
X
And velocity of the man is West East
v  5iˆ
m

 vwm = v w  vm =  v1  5  ˆi  v 2 ˆj South

In first case,
v1  5 = 0  v1 = 5 m/s.
v2
In the second case, tan 45 =
v1  10
 v2 = v1  10 = 5 m/s
 v  (5iˆ  5ˆj) m/s.
w

RELATIVE MOTION OF A SWIMMER IN FLOWING WATER

 
Take vm = velocity of man v mw

v w = velocity of flow of river, 
vm
  
vmw = velocity of swimmer w.r.t. river. v mw  v w
  
vm can be found by the velocity addition of vmw and v w .
   
Since v mw  v m  v w . vw
  
v m  v mw  v w

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 34

Crossing of the River with Minimum Drift

Case 1: v mw  v w
B
A man intends to reach the opposite bank at the point directly
opposite to the starting point. He has to swim at angle  with a
given speed v mw w.r.t. water, such that his actual velocity
    d
vm will direct along AB, that is perpendicular to the bank (or v mw  ( v mw  v w )

velocity of water v w ).
  A

 For minimum drift, vm  v w vw

You can realise the situation by a simple example. If you want to reach the directly opposite point or cross
the river perpendicularly, a stationary man on the ground, that is to say, Hari, must report you that, you
are moving 
perpendicular to the shore. What does this report signify?

Since Hari observes your actual
velocity ( vm ) to be perpendicular to the bank vm is perpendicular to v w .
Observing the vector-triangle v w = v mw sin  & v m = v mw cos 
 v 
   sin1  w  & v m  v mw 2
 v 2w
v
 mw 
d
 The time of crossing, t =
vm
d
 t
v 2
mw
 v 2w

Case 2: v w  v mw
Let the man swim at an angle  with normal to the bank for B t=t C
y
minimum drift. Suppose the drift is equal to zero. For zero drift, the
velocity of the man along the bank must be zero.
d
 vm = vw – v mw sin  = 0 
v mw  
vw vm
This gives, sin   , since v w  v mw , sin  > 1 which is
v mw  x
A vw
t=0
impossible. Therefore, the drift cannot be zero.
Now, let the man swim at an angle  with the normal to the bank to experience minimum drift. Suppose
that the drifting of the man during time t when he reaches the opposite bank is
BC = x
x = (v m)x ( t) …(1)
AB d
where t =  …(2)
(v m )y v mw cos 
and (v m)x = component of velocity of man along the water flow
 (v m)x = v w – vmw sin  …(3)
Using (1), (2) & (3), we obtain
d
x  (v w  v mw sin  )
v mw cos 
 v 
x   w sec   tan   d …(4)
 vmw 

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 35

For x to be minimum, B t=t

C
dx  v w  y
 sec  tan   sec 2   d  0
d  v mw 
d
vw v 
tan   (sec )  sin   mw v mw 
v mw vw  vm
x
v  
  sin1  mw  t=0
A vw
 vw 
Substituting the value of  in (4), we obtain
 v2  v2 
x d
w mw

 v mw 

Illustration 4: A man swims in still water with v mw. Find the minimum time required by the man to reach
the opposite bank of a river flowing with speed v w.
Solution: Let the man swim at an angle  with AB. We know that the component of the velocity of
man along shore is not responsible for its crossing the river. Only the component of
velocity of man (v m) along AB is responsible for its crossing along AB.
AB B
The time of crossing = t 
v mw cos 
Time is minimum when cos  is maximum 
v mw 
The maximum value of cos  is 1 for  = 0. vmw cos 
vm
That means the man should swim perpendicular to 
the shore
  
 v mw  v w A vw
d d d
 Then t min    t min 
v mw cos    0 v mw v mw

Comprehension
Illustration 5: A and B are two fixed spots in a river in which water has a steady Y
speed vW . a person who can swim with a speed v relative to water
swims from A to B and back to A along the shortest path. If the A B
X
water is still, the person will take a time 30 minute in swimming from
A to B and back to A along the shortest path. But we know that
water is actually not still. The person also knows the technique of
just flowing with water without exerting his own effort. Using this
technique, i.e., just being carried with water, he takes a time 20
minute in moving from A to B. As shown, X and Y are two places
directly opposite to each other on opposite banks. Assuming that
width of the river is the same as the distance between A and B,
answer these questions. (assume v > vW ).
Now answer the following questions
1. Time taken by the person to swim from A to B (in running water) if the person uses his own effort
also, will be nearly
(A) 15.2 min (B) 16.5 min
(C) 8.6 min (D) 12 min

2. Time taken by the person to swim from B to A (in running water) is

(A) 60 min (B) 45 min
(C) 30 min (D) 12 min

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 36

3. Time taken by the person to swim from X to Y (in running water) along the shortest path is
60 60
(A) min (B) min
12 5
60 60
(C) min (D) min
2 7

4. Shortest time in which the person could swim form one bank to the other (in running water) will be
(A) 12 min (B) 15 min
(C) 8 min (D) 25 min

Solution (1-4): Assuming AB = d

d d
  30
V V
d d
  15 and  20
V VW
d d
In question (1) required time t = =  8.5 minutes
V  VW d d

15 20
d d
In question (2) required time t =   60 minutes
V  VW d d

15 20
d 60
In question (3) required time t =  minutes
V  VW
2 2
7
d
In question (4) required time t = = 15 minutes
V

Ans. 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 37

SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE
Problem 1: Two particles A and B move with constant velocities v 1 and v 2 along two mutually
perpendicular straight lines towards the intersection point O. At moment t = 0, the
particles were located at distances l1 and l2 from O, respectively. Find the time when they
are nearest and also this shortest distance.
  
Solution: v AB  v A  vB  v1ˆi  v 2 ˆj y

A v1
Minimum distance is the length of the perpendicular O
  x
to v AB from B.

If  is the angle between the x-axis and v AB , then D
v2
 C
v v 
tan  =  2  2 B
VAB
v1 v1
v2
In  AOD, OD = OA tan  = l1
v1
v1l2  v 2l1
Therefore, BD = l2  OD =
v1
BC
In  BCD, cos  
BD
v l  v 2l1 v1
 BC = BD cos  = 1 2 
v1 v1  v 22
2

| v1l2  v 2l1 |
 BC =
v12  v 22
AC AD  DC
The required time t =   
| v AB | | v AB |
l1 v1l2  v 2 l1 v2
v12  v 22  x
l1 sec   BC tan  v1 v12  v 22 v1
 =
v12  v 22 v12  v 22
l1v1  l2 v 2
=
v12  v 22
Alternatively
After time ‘t’ , the position of the point A and B l1
A
are O
v1 A
(l1  v1t) and (l2  v2t), respectively.
The distance L between the points A and B L
are
l2
L2 = (l1  v1t)2 + (l2  v2t)2 . . . (i) B
Differentiating with respect to time, v2
dL B
2L  2  l1  v1t  (  v1 )  2  l2  v 2 t  ( v 2 )
dt
dL
For minimum value of L, 0
dt

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
38

v 2
1 
 v 22 t  l1v1  l2 v 2 or t 
l1v1  l2 v 2
v12  v 22
Putting the value of t in equation (i)
|l v l v |
Lmin  1 2 2 1
v12  v 22

Problem 2: A man moving with a velocity of 5 m/s on

a horizontal road observes that raindrops
fall at an angle of 45 with the vertical. 450 y
When he moves with a velocity of 16 m/s v = 5 m/s x
along an inclined plane, which is inclined
at 30 with the horizontal, he observes 0
30
raindrops falling vertically downward as
shown in the figure. Find the actual
velocity of the raindrops. v = 16 m/s

 
Solution: Velocity of rain, v r  v x ˆi  v y ˆj , vm  5iˆ

v rm  (v x  5)iˆ  v y ˆj
vy
  tan 450 (Given)
vx  5
vy = (v x – 5) … (i)
In second case:
 16 3 ˆ 16 ˆ
vm  i j
2 2

  (v x  8 3 )iˆ  (v y  8)ˆj
v rm

Given resultant vrm is in vertical direction.
 vx  8 3
Hence, from (i)
vy   8 3  5  


 vr  8 3iˆ  8 3  5 ˆj . 
Problem 3: A man can row a boat 4 km/hr in still water. If he is crossing a river where the current is
2 km/hr,
(a) in what direction will his boat be headed if he wants to reach a point on the other
bank, directly opposite to the starting point?
(b) If width of the river is 4 km, how long will it take him to cross the river, with the
condition in part ‘a’.
(c) In what direction should he head the boat if he wants to cross the river in shortest
time?
(d) How long will it take him to row 2 km up the stream and then back to his starting
point?

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 39

Solution: B is a point directly opposite to the starting point A. B

Let the man heads the boat in a direction making an v
angle  with the line AB. d  u

Here, v w  2iˆ

vbw  4 sin  ˆi  4 cos ˆj A
  
 vb absolute   v bw  v w =  2  4 sin   ˆi  4cos ˆj Y

 vbx = 2  4 sin  and vby = 4 cos 

X
(a) For directly opposite point v bx = 0
1
 sin  = = sin 30o
2
o
  = 30
Hence, to reach the point directly opposite the starting point he should head the boat an
angle
o o o
 = (90 + 30 ) = 120 with the river flow.
y d 4 2
(b) t = =   hr.
v by 4cos  4 cos30o 3
(c) For t to be minimum, cos  = 1   = 0o
4
 tmin =  1 hr.
4cos 0
2 2  1 4
(d) T = hr  hr   1   hr  hr.
 4  2  4  2  3  3

Problem 4: A man wants to reach point B on the opposite bank of a river B

flowing at a speed u as shown in the figure. What minimum
450 u
speed relative to water should the man have so that he can
reach point B? In which direction should he swim?
A

Solution: v x = u – v sin 
u
vy = v cos 
tan 45 = vy/v x = 1  450
 vy = v x v

u – v sin  = v cos 
u u
v= =
sin   cos  2 sin(   450 )
u
Clearly, minimum value of v = (for  = 45).
2

OBJECTIVE

Problem 1: The relative velocity of a car ‘A’ with respect to car B is 302 m/s due North-East. The
velocity of car ‘B’ is 20 m/s due south. The relative velocity of car ‘C’ with respect to car
‘A’ is 102 m/s due North-West. The speed of car C and the direction (in terms of angle it
makes with the east) are
(A) 202 m/s, 45 (B) 202 m/s, 135
(C) 102 m/s, 45 (D) 102 m/s, 135

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 40

Solution: (A) N(Y)

vCA vAB
 
 
v A  vB  30 2 cos 45o ˆi  sin 45o ˆj = ( 30iˆ  30ˆj ) m/s

 
vB  20ˆj m/s 45 45 E(x)
 
   
vC  v A  10 2  cos 45o ˆi  sin 45o ˆj = 10iˆ  10ˆj m/s
vB

Problem 2: A swimmer crosses a river of width d flowing at velocity v. While swimming, he keeps
himself always at an angle of 120 with the river flow and on reaching the other end he
finds a drift of d/2 in the direction of flow of river. The speed of the swimmer with respect
to the river is
(A) (2 – 3 ) v (B) 2 (2 – 3 ) v
(C) 4 (2 – 3 ) v (D) (2 + 3 ) v

Solution: (C)
Drift = d/2 = (vr – vs sin 30)d/vs cos 30  vs = 4 (2 – 3 )v

EXERCISE -4
1. A boy sitting on a rail road car moving with a constant velocity tosses a coin up. Describe the path
of the coin as seen by
(a) the man on the train.
(b) the man standing on the ground near the rail.
2. An elevator car whose floor to ceiling distance is equal to 2.7 m starts ascending with a constant
acceleration of 1.2 m/s2. Two sec after it starts, a bolt begins to fall from the ceiling of the
elevator. Find
(a) the bolt’s free fall time;
(b) the displacement and the distance covered by the bolt during the fall with respect to ground.
[Use g = 9.8 m/s2].
3. A person is standing on road by holding an umbrella at right angle to the horizontal surface in
order to protect himself from rain falling at a speed of 10m/s, and where as the velocity of wind is
zero. Suddenly wind begins to blow at a speed of 20m/s, towards 300 south of west. Now by what
angle the person has to turn his umbrella in order to protect himself from rain?

4. A man can swim with a speed of 4 km/h in still water. How long does he take to cross a river 1 km
wide if the river flows steadily at 3 km/h and he makes his strokes normal to the river current?
How far down the river does he go when he reaches the other bank?

5. An airplane flies northward from town A to town B and then back again. There is a steady wind
blowing towards the north so that for the first stage of the trip, the airplane is flying in the same
direction as the wind and for the return trip of the journey, the airplane is flying directly into the
wind. The total trip time Tw, as compared to the total trip time in the absence of any wind T0.
(A) Tw = T0 (B) Tw > T0
(C) Tw < T0 (D) Tw = 2T0
6. A person walks up a stationary escalator in 90 sec. If the escalator moves with the person, first
standing on it, it will take 1 minute to reach the top from ground. How much time it would take him
to walk up the moving escalator?
(A) 24 sec (B) 48 sec
(C) 36 sec (D) 40 sec

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 41

7. If a boat can have a speed of 4 km/hr in still water, for what values of speed of river flow, it can be
managed to row the boat right across the river, without any drift?
(A)  4 km/hr (B) greater than zero but less than 4 km/hr
(C) only 4 km /hr (D) none of these

8. A raft is moving in a river with speed of 10 m/s and a cycle is moving

with a speed of 15 m/s in the direction shown. 10 m/s x
(A) the speed of the river as seen by the cyclist is 565 m/s. y
(B) the velocity of the river as seen by the cyclist is at an angle 0
x
 9  37
tan1   from x-axis.
 22 
15 m/s
(C) the speed of the river as seen by the cyclist is 325 m/s.
(D) the velocity of the river as seen by the cyclist is at an angle 53
from x-axis.

9. Two particles A, B are projected from the same point on the ground. Particle A is projected on a
2v
smooth horizontal surface with speed v, where as B is projected into air with speed . The two
3
particles collide when the particle B drops on the surface for the first time.
(A) the angle with which the particle B was projected into air is 37
v2
(B) separation between the two particles when B is at its highest position is m
2g
(C) the angle with which the particle B was projected into air is 30
v2
(D) separation between the two particles when B is at its highest position is m
6g

10. A train is moving with a constant speed of 5 m/s and there are two persons A and B standing at a
separation of 10 m inside the train. Another person C is standing on the ground. A moves towards
B and back to its position in 10 seconds with constant speed. Then,
(A) displacement by A, in frame of reference of C is 50 m.
(B) distance covered by A, in frame of reference of C is 50 m.
(C) displacement by A, in frame of reference of train is 25 m.
(D) distance covered by A, in frame of reference of C is 25 m.

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 42

ANSWER TO EXERCISES
Exercise -1
1. (i) yes 2. (i) yes
(ii) no (ii) yes
(iii) yes
3. 4v 2/g
4. 10.42 m
5. after 4 sec of throwing first stone, at the point of projection
6. (a) 28.5 cm/s, (b)18.0 cm/s, (c) 28.1 cm/s
7. V

t
8. Two positions of a particle at one instant are not possible.
9. (i) no 10. C
(ii) constant velocity
11. B 12. B
13. A 14. A
15. B, C, D 16. B, D
17. A, B
Exercise -2
1. (i) yes (ii) time of flight, range and height 2. (i) tan 1 (5), (ii) 51 ms 1
3. (a) 10 s; (b) 866 m; (c) 100 m/s 4. (a) 22.1 m/s, (b) 13.7 m/s
5. (i) 44.1 m, 29.4 m/s (ii) same range 6. 2.42 m.
7. B 8. B, C
9. A, C
Exercise -3
u2 cos2 
1. (i) 5 rps, (ii) 0.2 s, (iii) 31.4 rad/s, (iv) 47.1 m/s 2.
gcos3  / 2
3. (i) True
(ii) (a) Curvilinear and decelerated
(b) Curvilinear and accelerated
(c) Curvilinear with constant speed
(d) Rectilinear and decelerated
4. 7 5. D
6. C 7. B, D
8. A, D 9. B, C
10. A, B, C

Exercise -4
1. (i) one dimensional, straight line
(ii) two dimensional, parabolic
2. (a) 0.7 sec, (b) 1.31 m
3.   tan1(2) ; w.r.t. the initial position umbrella towards 30 north of east
4. 15 minutes, 0.75 km

5. B
6. C 7. B
8. A, B 9. C, D
10. A, B

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 43

CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE AT A GLANCE

1. When a body changes its position with respect to some reference frame with time, it is said to be
in motion, otherwise it is at rest.

2. |displacement|  distance covered

3. Displacement is a vector quantity, while distance is a scalar quantity. Both have the same
SI unit m.

4. Slope of displacement–time graph gives instantaneous velocity.

5. Average velocity is displacement of the body divided by the time taken, whereas average speed
is the distance travelled by body divided by the time taken.

6. Speed is a scalar quantity while velocity is a vector quantity. Both have the same SI unit m/s.

7. Speed or Average speed can never be negative.

8. Velocity, Average velocity, Acceleration and Average acceleration are vector quantities so it is
wrong to say that they can be negative as comparison operators are not defined with vectors. In
1D motion, where we can represent them as a scalar, they can be negative.

9. Average acceleration is the change in velocity divided by the time taken.

10. Acceleration has unit of cm/s2 or m/s2.

11. The direction of velocity and acceleration are not necessarily same.

12. In 1D motion where variables of motion are represented as scalars

(a) Area under velocity–time graph gives displacement.
(b) The slope of velocity–time graph gives acceleration.
(c) Area under acceleration–time curve gives change in velocity.
(d) For uniformly accelerated body, graph of x–t is a parabola.

1 2 2 a
13. Equations of motions are: v = u + at, s = ut + at , v = u2 + 2as, Sn = u + (2n1), where a is
2 2
uniform acceleration.

14. When a body is dropped from the top of a tower and another body is projected horizontally from
the same point, both will reach the ground at the same time.

15. The motion of projectile is an illustration of two-dimensional motion and path of the projectile is
parabolic.

16. In projectile motion, the vertical component of velocity decreases, becomes zero at the highest
point and then increases. The horizontal component of velocity remains constant.

17. When a projectile is fired at an angle  with the horizontal with velocity u, then
u2 sin2  2usin  u2 sin2
H= ,T= and R = , where H = maximum height, T = time of flight
2g g g
and R = horizontal range.

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
44

18. For same velocity of projection, horizontal range of projectile is same for two angles of projection
 and (90  ) with the horizontal.

v2
19. Centripetal acceleration, an =  2r, the direction being towards the centre.
r

v2
20. For uniform circular motion, at = 0 and an = .
r

21. For non-uniform circular motion,

a2t  an2
2
at = dv/dt, an = v /r and a =

v2
22. Radius of curvature of a trajectory = 
an

where an is normal acceleration
  
23. rp,s '  rp,s  rs ',s

  
24. vp,s '  v p,s  v s ',s

  
25. ap,s '  ap,s  as',s

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 45

CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEM

Subjective Questions

1. A car moving with constant acceleration covered the distance between two points 60.0 m apart in
6.00 s. Its speed as it passes the second point was 15.0 m/s.
(a) What was the speed at the first point ?
(b) What was the acceleration ?
(c) At what prior distance from the first was the car at rest ?

2. A football is kicked vertically upward from the ground, and a student gazing out of the window
sees it moving upwards past her at 5.00 m/s. The window is 15.0 m above the ground, Air
resistance may be ignored.
(a) How high does the football go above ground ?
2
(b) How much time does it take to go from the ground to its highest point ? Take g = 10 m/s .

3. A projectile takes off with an initial velocity of 10 m/s at an angle of elevation of 45°. It is just able
to clear two hurdles of height 2m each, separated from each other by a distance d. Calculate d.
At what distance from the point of projection is the first hurdle placed? Take
g = 10 m/s2.

4. The v-s graph for an airplane travelling on a straight v(m/s)

run-way is shown. Determine the acceleration of the plane 50
at s = 50 m and s = 150 m. Draw the a-s graph.
40

s(m)
100 200

5. The driver of a car wishes to pass a truck that is travelling at a constant speed of 20.0 m/s.
Initially, the car is also travelling at 20.0 m/s. Initially, the vehicles are separated by 25.0 m, and
the car pulls back into the truck’s lane after it is 25.0 m ahead of the truck. The car is
5.0 m long, and the truck is 20.0 m long. The car’s acceleration is a constant 0.600 m/s2.
(a) How much time is required for the car in this process?
(b) What distance does the car travel during this ?
(c) What is the final speed of the car ?

MCQ  Single Correct

6. A body travelling along a straight line traversed one third of the total distance with a velocity
4 m/s. The remaining part of the distance was covered with a velocity 2 m/s for half the time and
with velocity 6 m/s for the other half of time. The mean velocity averaged over the whole time of
motion is
(A) 5 m/s (B) 4 m/s
(C) 4.5 m/s (D) 3.5 m/s

7. Two cars start off to race with velocities 4 m/s and 2 m/s and travel in straight line with uniform
2 2
accelerations 1 m/s and 2 m/s respectively. If they reach the final point at the same instant, then
the length of the path is
(A) 30 m (B) 32 m
(C) 20 m (D) 24 m

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 46

8. Starting from one corner of a cube an insect has to travel to the D

diagonally opposite corner. The insect travels along the edges. It
C
traverses the first edge AB with constant velocity v 1, the second edge
BC with constant velocity v2 and the third edge CD with constant
velocity v3. Find the average velocity of the whole path.
A B

3 v1  v 2  v 3
(A) (B)
1 1 1 3
 
v1 v 2 v 3

3 2
(C) (D)
1 1 1 1 1 1
   
v1 v 2 v 3 v1 v 2 v 3

9. A particle is projected vertically upwards from a point A on the ground. It takes time t 1 to reach a
point B, but it still continues to move up. If it takes further t2 time to reach the ground from point B.
Then height of point B from the ground is
1
(A) g  t1  t 2 
2
(B) gt1 t 2
2
1 1
(C) g  t1  t 2 
2
(D) gt1 t 2
8 2

10. A particle is projected up an inclined plane with initial speed v = 20 m/s at an angle  = 30° with
plane. The component of its velocity perpendicular to plane when it strikes the plane is
(A) 10 3 m / s (B) 10 m/s
(C) 5 3 m / s (D) data is insufficient

11. The speed of a projectile when it is at its greatest height is 2 / 5 times its speed at half the
maximum height. The angle of projection is
(A) 30° (B) 60°
(C) 45° (D) tan1 (3/4)

12. The acceleration time graph of a particle moving in a

straight line is as shown in the figure. The velocity of the a(m/s)2
particle at time t = 0 is 2 m/s. The velocity after 2 4
seconds will be
(A) 6 m/s
(B) 4 m/s
1 2 t(s)
(C) 2 m/s
(D) 8 m/s

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 47

13. Velocity vs displacement graph of a particle moving in straight line is v(m/s)

shown in the figure. Corresponding acceleration vs velocity graph will
be 10

10 s(m)
2 2
(A) a(m/s) (B) a(m/s)

10 10

10 v(m/s) 10 v(m/s)
(C) a(m/s)2 (D) a(m/s)2

10 10

v(m/s) 10 v(m/s)

14. A glass wind screen whose inclination with the vertical can be changed is mounted on a car. The
car moves horizontally with a speed of 2 m/s. At what angle  with the vertical should the wind
screen be placed so that the rain drops falling vertically downwards with velocity 6 m/s strike the
wind screen perpendicularly.
(A) tan–1 (1/3) (B) tan1 (3)
1
(C) cos (3) (D) sin1 (1/3)

15. A very broad elevator is going up vertically with a constant acceleration of 2 m/s2. At the instant
when its velocity is 4 m/s a ball is projected from the floor of the lift with a speed of
4 m/s relative to the floor at an elevation of 30°. The time taken by the ball to return the floor is
(g = 10 m/s2)
1 1
(A) s (B) s
2 3
1
(C) s (D) 1s
4

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 48

ASSIGNMENTS
SECTION-I
1. What is the significance of the slope of x–t graph?

2. A point moving in a straight line traversed half the distance with a velocity v o. The remaining part
of the distance was covered with velocity v 1 for half the time, and with velocity v 2 for the other half
of the time. Find the mean velocity of the point averaged over the whole time of motion.

3. At the instant the traffic light turns green, a car starts with a constant acceleration of 2.2 m/s2. At
the same instant a truck, travelling with a constant speed of 9.5 m/s, overtakes and passes the
car.
(a) How far beyond the starting point will the car overtake the truck?
(b) How fast will the car be travelling at the instant?

4. A train is crossing an observer standing on a platform. The first compartment of the train takes
2 second to cross the observer while the second compartment takes 2.5 seconds to cross him.
The train is moving with uniform acceleration. Find: (a) the velocity of the train when the front of
the first compartment crosses the observer, and (b) the acceleration of the train. Given, the length
of each compartment is 15 metres.

5. (i) A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 20 m/s from a x

hard floor. Draw a graph showing the velocity of the ball as a
function of time if the ball suffers elastic collisions continuously.
(ii) Figure shows the x-coordinate of a particle as a function of time.
Find the signs of v x and ax at t = t1, t = t2 and t = t3. t1 t2 t3 t


6. A projectile is thrown with a velocity v 0  3iˆ  4ˆj m/s where î and ĵ are the unit vectors along
the horizontal and vertical direction respectively. What is the speed of the projectile at the highest
point of its motion?

7. From the foot of an inclined plane, whose angle is tan-1(1/3), a shot is projected with a velocity of
10 m/s at an angle of 60o with the horizontal up the plane. Find the time of flight and range.
2
(g = 9.8 m/s )

8. A particle is thrown over a triangle from one end of a horizontal base and
grazing the vertex, it falls on other end of base. If  and  are base  

angles and  the angle of projection, prove tan  = tan  + tan .

9. A particle is projected from point A perpendicular to inclined plane

with a velocity 50 m/s as shown in the figure. Particle strikes a B
u
vertical plane perpendicularly at point B. Find the time taken by
particle in going from point A to point B.
A

37

10. Is uniform circular motion, an example of constant acceleration? Why?

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 49

11. A particle is moving with a constant angular acceleration of 4 rad/s2 in a circular path. At time
t = 0, the particle was at rest. Find the time at which the magnitudes of centripetal acceleration
and tangential acceleration are equal.

12. A bulb is accidentally dropped from the ceiling of a train moving with constant velocity. What
shape of the path will be seen from an observer on the ground?

13. A cabin is moved up the inclined plane with constant acceleration g g sin 
sin. A particle is projected with some velocity with respect to the
cabin in a direction perpendicular to the inclined plane. If maximum u
height attained by particle perpendicular to inclined plane is same
as range of particle with respect to the cabin parallel to plane then

calculate values of cot .

14. Two boats A and B move away from buoy anchored at the middle of a river along mutually
perpendicular straight lines, the boat A moves along the river and the boat B across the river.
Having moved off an equal distance from the buoy the boat returned. Find the times of motion of
boats tA / tB if the velocity of each boat with respect to water is n times greater than the stream
velocity.

15. A river is flowing with the velocity of 23 m/s. A boat has to move B
from A to B. Find the minimum velocity of boat in still water.
vr = 23
m/s

60
A

SECTION-II
OBJECTIVE
(MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT)
1. The velocity of a body moving in a straight line depends on time according to the equation
v = 20 + 0.1 t2. The body is undergoing
(A) Uniform acceleration (B) Uniform retardation
(C) Non-uniform acceleration (D) zero acceleration

2. A body travels for 15 sec starting from rest with constant acceleration. If it travels distances S1, S2
and S3 in the first five seconds, second five seconds and next five seconds respectively the
relation between S1, S2 and S3 is
(A) S1 = S2 = S3 (B) 5S1 = 3S2 = S3
1 1 1 1
(C) S1 = S2 = S3 (D) S1 = S2 = S3
3 5 5 3

3. The displacement time graph for two particles A and B are straight lines inclined at angles of 30
and 60 with the time axis. The ratio of velocities of v A : vB is
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 1 : 3
(C) 3 : 1 (D) 1 : 3

4. A body freely falling from the rest has a velocity ‘v’ after it falls through a height ‘h’. The distance it
has to fall down for its velocity to become double, is
(A) 2h (B) 4h
(C) 6h (D) 8h

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 50

5. A particle is thrown vertically upwards. If its velocity at half of the maximum height is 10 m/s, then
maximum height attained by it is (take g = 10 m/s2)
(A) 8 m (B) 10 m
(C) 12 m (D) 16 m
0
6. A particle is projected from ground at an angle 60 103 m/s
with horizontal with a speed of 103 m/s from point 103 m/s
A as shown. At the same time the sufficient long 30 60
wedge is made to move with constant velocity of
103 towards right as shown in figure. The time in A
second after which particle will hit the wedge will
be. (g = 10 m/s2)
(A) 1 sec (B) 2 sec
(C) 3 sec (D) it will never collide on the wedge

7. A ball is released from the top of a tower of height h meters. It takes T seconds to reach the
ground. What is the position of the ball in T/3 seconds
(A) h/9 meters from the ground (B) 7h/9 meters from the ground
(C) 8h/9 meters from the ground (D) 17h/18 meters from the ground

8. A parachutist after bailing out falls 50 m freely. When parachute opens, it decelerates at 2 m/s2.
He reaches the ground with a speed of 30 m/s. At what height, did he bail out?
(A) 75 m (B) 111m
(C) 91 m (D) 182 m

9. A particle is moving eastwards with velocity of 5 m/s. In 10 sec the velocity changes to 5 m/s
northwards. The average acceleration in this time is
1
(A) zero (B) m/s2 toward north-west
2
1 2 1
(C) m/s toward north-east (D) m/s2 toward north-west
2 2

10. A body is thrown horizontally from the top of a tower of height 5 m. It touches the ground at a
distance of 10 m from the foot of the tower. The initial velocity of the body is (g = 10 m/s2)
(A) 2.5 m/s (B) 5 m/s
(C) 10 m/s (D) 20 m/s

11. Galileo writes that for angles of projection of a projectile at angles (45 + ) and
(45  ) the horizontal ranges described by the projectile are in the ratio of (if   45)
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 2
(C) 1 : 1 (D) 2 : 3

12. For a given initial speed, a projectile has the same range R for two angles of projection. If t1 and t2
are the times of flight in the two cases then
(A) t1t2  R2 (B) t1t2  R
1 1
(C) t1t 2  (D) t1t 2  2
R R

13. A ball is thrown from a point with a speed v 0, at an angle of projection . From the same point
and at the same instance a person starts running with a constant speed v 0/2 to catch the ball. Will
the person be able to catch the ball? If yes what should be the angle of projection.
(A) Yes, 60 (B) yes, 30
(C) No (D) Yes, 45

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 51

14. If the equation for the angular displacement of a particle moving on a circular path is given by
 = 2t3 + 0.5, where  is in radians and t in seconds, then the average angular velocity of the
particle after 2 sec from its start is
(A) 8 rad/sec (B) 12 rad/sec
(C) 24 rad/sec (D) 36 rad/sec

15. A boat is moving with velocity of 3iˆ  4ˆj in river and water is moving with a velocity of 3iˆ  4ˆj
with respect to ground. Relative velocity of boat with respect to water is
(A) 6iˆ  8ˆj (B) 6iˆ  8ˆj
(C) 8iˆ (D) 6iˆ

MULTI CHOICE MULTI CORRECT

1. Two particles projected from the same point with same speed u at angles of projection  and 
strike the horizontal ground at the same point. If h1 and h2 are the maximum heights attained by
the projectiles, R is the range for both and t1 and t2 are their time of flights, respectively, then:

(A)     (B) R  4 h1h2
2
t
(C) 1  tan  (D) tan   4 h1 / h2
t2

2. Let ar and at represent radial and tangential accelerations. The motion of a particle may be
circular if: (assume that only momentary rest is allowed)
(A) ar = at = 0 (B) ar = 0 and at  0
(C) ar  0 and at = 0 (D) ar  0 and at  0

3. A particle is projected from ground with speed u at an angle  with the horizontal. Radius of
curvature:
(A) is minimum at the highest point (B) is minimum at the point of projection
u2 cos2  u2
(C) is same at all the points (D) varies from to
g g cos 

4. A body is projected with velocity u at an angle of projection  with the horizontal. The body makes
30 with the horizontal at t = 2 second and then after 1 second it reaches the maximum height.
Then
(A) u  20 3 m/s (B)  = 60
(C)  = 45 (D) u  20 / 3 m/s

5. A ball starts falling freely from a height h from a point on the inclined P
plane forming an angle  with the horizontal as shown. After collision
with the incline it rebounds elastically off the plane. Then it again strikes h
the incline at
A
8h 
(A) t = after it strikes the inclined at A.
g
2h
(B) t = after it strikes the inclined at A.
g
(C) a distance 4h sin from A along the incline.
(D) a distance 8h sin from A along the incline.

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 52

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

1. A train of length 200 m switches on its headlight when it starts moving with acceleration 0.5 m/s2.
Some time later, its tail light is switched on. An observer on the ground notices that the two
events occur at the same place. The time interval between the two events is K  102. Then find
the value of K.

2. A particle starting from rest moves in a straight line with acceleration as a acceleration (m/s2)
shown in the a-t graph. Find the distance (in m) travelled by the particle in 1
the first four seconds from start of its motion.
O 1 t
time(s)

NUMERICAL BASED WITH NON-NEGATIVE INTEGER TYPE

1. The following figure shows the velocity and acceleration of a point
120 v0 = 8 m/s
like body at the initial moment of its motion. The acceleration
vector of the body remains constant. The time (in sec) after which
its speed becomes 8 m/s again is a = 2 m/s2

2. At what speed (in m/s) must a pebble be thrown from a height of h = 3.6m, and at an angle of 30o,
measured from the horizontal, if it is to hit the ground at an angle of 45o. (Air drag can be
neglected.) (Take g = 10 m/s2)

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

1. A bead moves along straight horizontal wire of length L, starting from the left end with a velocity
v0. Its retardation is proportional to the distance from the right end of the wire. Find the initial
retardation (in m/s2) (at left end of the wire) if the bead reaches the right end of the wire with a
v
velocity 0 . (given v0 = 5 m/s and L = 1 m)
2

2. A particle is projected from the ground at an angle with the horizontal. The velocity of the
3
projectile when it is at the greatest height is times when it is at one third of its greatest height.
5
The angle of projection is 2K. Find the value of K.

NUMERICAL BASED (QUESTION STEM) DECIMAL TYPE

2
A particle starts moving in a plane with constant tangential acceleration at = 2 m/s and normal
4 2
acceleration an = t . The acceleration of the particle is 2 5 m/s after having covered a distance S = X
meter and the radius of curvature of its trajectory is 4m after having covered a distance S = Y meter.

1. The value of X is ………..

2. The value of Y is …………..

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 53

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

(I)
The vector difference between the absolute velocities of two bodies is called their relative velocity. The
concept of relative velocity enables us to treat one body as being at rest while the other is in motion with

the relative velocity. This jormalism greatly simplifies many problems. If v A is the absolute velocity of a
   
body A and vB that of another body B then the relative velocity of A in relation to B is v AB = v A  vB
  
and vBA = vB  v A
B
The principle follows here is that the relative B
velocity of two bodies remains unchaged if  
vB  vB 
the same additional velocity is imparted to vBA vBA
both the bodies. A simple way of carrying out
this operation is to be represent the velocities 
A

A
in magnitude and direction from a common v A v A

point. Then the line joining the tips of the

vectors represents the relative velocity

Read the above passage carefully and answer the following questions.
1. A train A moves to the east with velocity of 40 km/hr and a train B moves due north with velocity
of 30 km/hr. The relative velocity of A w.r.t. B is
(A) 70 km/hr towards East (B) 10 km/hr towards North East
(C) 50 km/hr at some angle South of East (D) 50 km/hr at some angle North of East.

2. A river is flowing from west to east at a speed of 5 m/s. A man on the south bank of the river,
capable of swimming at 10 m/s in still water, wants to cross the river without drifting, he should
swim
(A) due north (B) 30 east of north
(C) 30 west of north (D) 60 east of north.

3. If a stone is released from a balloon rising with acceleration a at the instant when its velocity is v
then immediately after release, the acceleration and velocity of the stone are
(A) a (upwards), v(downwards) (B) a (downwards), v(upwards)
(C) g (downwards), v(upwards) (D) (g  a) (downwards), v(upwards)

(II)
Using the concept of relative motion, answer the following question. y
Velocity of the river with respect to ground is given by ‘V0’. Width of the
river is ‘d’. A swimmer swims (with respect to water) perpendicular to the V0
d
current with acceleration a = 2t (where t is time) starting from rest form the
origin O at t = 0. O x

1. The time of crossing the river is

1/3 1/3
(A) (d) (B) (2d)
(C) (3d) 1/3 (D) Information is insufficient

2. The drift of the swimmer is

(A) V 0 (d) 1/3 (B) V 0 (2d) 1/3
(C) V0 (3d) 1/3 (D) None of these

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 54

(III)
Velocity time graph of a particle moving along straight V(m/s)
line is shown in figure. Then answer the following 10
questions.
40
0
20 6 t(s)
10

1. Average speed of the particle is

(A) 1 m/s (B) 4 m/s
(C) 5 m/s (D) 8 m/s

2. Distance travelled by the particle in 40 sec is

(A) 50 m (B) 100 m
(C) 150 m (D) 200 m

MATCH LIST TYPE

Answer questions 1 and 2 by appropriately matching the list based on the information given in the
paragraph.

Four particles 1, 2, 3, 4 are launched as projectiles having an initial speed u and angle of projection . It is
found that particle 1 with initial speed u0 and initial angle of projection 0 = 23 has time of flight T0 and
horizontal range R0. (Take sin 23 = 5/13)
List–I gives the above four particles with their projection angles, while List –II gives magnitudes of some
quantity
List – I List – II
13
(I) 1 = 23 (P)
10
39
(II) 2 = 30 (Q)
25
(III) 3 = 37 (R) 1
13
(IV) 4 = 45 (S)
5 2

3
(T)
15
35
(U)
25

1. If all the four particles are launched with same initial speed u0, then their time of flights in the units
of T0 will be
Options
(A) I  P, II  Q, III  Q, IV  R
(B) I  R, II  P, III  Q, IV  S
(C) I  P, II  S, III  S, IV  R
(D) I  P, II  Q, III  R, IV  S

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 55

4 15 12
2. If the four particles are launched with the initial speeds, u0 ; u0 ; u0 ; u0 then the
13 13 13
correct match for their respective ranges in the units of R0 is
Options
(A) I  P, II  Q, III  Q, IV  R
(B) I  P, II  T, III  Q, IV  U
(C) I  R, II  T, III  Q, IV  P
(D) I  P, II  Q, III  R, IV  S

3. On a rainy day, a man is running on a hilly terrain in such a way that he is always finding the rain
drops hitting him vertically. It is assumed that rainfall is uniform in the whole terrain from O to E.
When the man was at rest on stretch OA, he found the rainfall at an angle of 30 with the vertical.
E
30 vrain
vertical 60

O D
A

30 30

B C
Match the statements from List I with those in List II and select the correct answer using the code
given below the lists.
List –I List-II
The magnitude of velocity of rain observed on
(P) stretch AB to the magnitude of velocity of man on (1) 3/2
stretch BC
The magnitude of velocity of rain observed on
(Q) stretch BC to the magnitude of actual velocity of (2) 2/3
rain
The magnitude of velocity of rain observed on
(R) stretch DE to the magnitude of velocity of rain (3) 3
observed on stretched CD
The magnitude of velocity of man on stretch DE
(S) to the magnitude of velocity of man on stretch (4) 3/2
CD
Code:
P Q R S
(A) 2 1 4 3
(B) 1 3 2 3
(C) 3 3 1 2
(D) 2 3 3 1

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 56

4. Trajectory of particle in a projectile motion is given as:

x2
y=x . Here, x and y are in metres. For this projectile motion match the following with
80
2
g = 10 m/s . Match the statements from List I with those in List II and select the correct answer
using the code given below the lists.
List –I List-II
(P) Angle of projection (1) 20 m
(Q) Angle of velocity with horizontal after 4s (2) 80 m .
(R) Maximum height (3) 45
 1
(S) Horizontal range (4) tan1  
2
Code:
P Q R S
(A) 3 3 1 3
(B) 1 3 2 3
(C) 3 3 1 2
(D) 2 3 3 1

MATCH THE FOLLOWING TYPE

This question contains statements given in two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C,
D) in column I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s, t) in column II.

1. Two particle P and Q moving with velocities v2
  y
v1 and v2 in the direction as shown in figure.
 2
From figure answer the given questions. v1
Q


x
1

Column I Column II
Magnitude of relative velocity of P with respect v 2 cos(2  )  v1 cos(1  )
(A) (p)
to Q
Magnitude of velocity of P relative to Q along v 2 cos 2  v1 cos 1
(B) (q)
the line joining them
Magnitude of velocity of P relative to Q along x  
(C) (r) v1  v 2
axis
Magnitude of velocity of P relative to Q along y  
(D) (s) v 2  v1
axis
(t) v 2 sin(2  )  v1 sin(1  )

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 57

MATCHING TYPE WITH 3 COLUMNS & 4 ROWS

The following table has 3 columns and 4 rows. Based on table, there are THREE questions. Each
question has FOUR options (A), (B), (C), and (D). ONLY ONE of these four options is correct
A particle is projected at an angle  from horizontal with velocity v and having time of flight Tf.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

F1 F2 T
(I)  = 15 (i) v = 10 m/s (P) Tf = 2
(II)  = 30 (ii) v = 20 m/s (Q) Tf = 18/5
(III)  = 45 (iii) v = 30 m/s (R) Tf = 2
4( 3  1)
(IV)  = 60 (iv) v = 40 m/s (S) Tf 
2
1. In which case range of particle is 10 m.
(A) (III) (i) (R) (B) (II)(ii) (P)
(C) (I) (iv) (S) (D) (IV) (ii) (P)
2. In which case maximum height of particle is 5 m
(A) (III) (i) (R) (B) (II)(ii) (P)
(C) (I) (iv) (S) (D) (IV) (ii) (P)
3. If above projectile motion were to take place in a closed box then which of the following
combination would give minimum rectangular area in the plane of motion for an uninterrupted
motion
(A) (IV) (ii) (P) (B) (II) (ii) (P)
(C) (III) (i) (R) (D) (I) (ii) (S)

ASSERTION-REASONING TYPE
This question contains statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason). Question has 4 choice (A),
(B), (C) and (D) out of which only one is correct.
1. STATEMENT -1
When range of projectile is maximum its angle of projection may be 45 or 135
Because
STATEMENT -2
Whether  is 45 or 135, value of range remains the same, only the sign changes.
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is true, Statement -2 is a correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is true, Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement -2 is true.

2. STATEMENT -1
A body falling freely may do so with constant velocity
Because
STATEMENT-2
The body falls freely, when acceleration of a body is equal to acceleration due to gravity.
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is true, Statement -2 is a correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is true, Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement -2 is true.

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 58

SECTION-III
(MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT)
1. The position of a particle in a straight line motion is given by x = 1+ 10t  5t 2. The correct
representation of the motion is

x x
(A) (B)

t t

x x
(C) (D)

t t

2. Figure shows the displacement–time (x–t) graph of a body moving

in a straight line. Which one of the graphs shown below represents x
the velocity–time (v–t) graph of the motion of the body?
O 5 10 15 20
t

v
v
(A) (B)
O 5 10 15 20
O 5 10 15 20
t t

v v

(C) (D)

O O 5 10 15 20
5 10 15 20
t t

3. Two particles start moving along the same straight line starting at the same moment from the
same point in the same direction. The first moves with constant velocity u and the second with
constant acceleration f. During the time that elapses before second catches the first, the greatest
distance between the particles is
u u2
(A) (B)
f 2f
f u2
(C) 2 (D)
2u f

4. The height y and distance x along the horizontal for a body projected in the vertical plane are
given by y = 8t  5t2 and x = 6t. The initial speed of projection is
(A) 8 m/s (B) 9 m/s
(C) 10 m/s (D) (10/3) m/s

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 59

5. A particle is projected horizontally in air at a height of 25 m from the ground with a speed of 10
m/s. The speed of the particle after 2 seconds will be
(A) 10 m/s (B) 22.4 m/s
(C) 25 m/s (D) 28.4 m/s

6. Speed of two identical cars are u and 4u at a specific instant. The ratio of the respective
distances in which the two cars are stopped from that instant is
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 4
(C) 1 : 8 (D) 1 : 16

7. A body is thrown horizontally from a tower, 100 m high with a velocity 10 ms1. It is moving at an
angle of 45 with horizontal after:
(A) 2 sec (B) 4 sec
(C) 1 sec (D) 3 sec

8. A projectile is projected at an angle  (>45°) with an initial velocity u. The time t, at which its
horizontal velocity will equal the vertical velocity, is
u u
(A) t = (cos  – sin ) (B) t = (cos  + sin )
g g
u u
(C) t = (sin   cos ) (D) t = (sin2  – cos2 )
g g

9. Rain is falling vertically with speed of 4 ms1. After some time, wind starts blowing with a speed of
3 ms1 in the north to south direction. In order to protect himself from rain, a man standing on the
ground should hold his umbrella at an angle  given by
3 3
(A)   tan1   with the vertical towards south (B)   tan1   with the vertical towards north
4
  4
3 3
(C)   cot 1   with the vertical towards south (D)   cot 1   with the vertical towards north
4 4

10. Which of the following options is correct for the object having a straight D
line motion represented by the following graph C
(A) The object moves with constantly increasing velocity from O to A and
B
then it moves with constant velocity.
(B) Velocity of the object increase uniformly t A
(C) Average velocity is zero
O s
(D) The graph shown is impossible

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

1. A stone is projected at an angle 45 with horizontal. A bee follows the trajectory of the stone at a
constant speed equal to the initial speed of the stone. Neglect air resistance for motion of stone. If
the magnitude of acceleration of the bee at the topmost point of its trajectory is (4.9)k m/s2. Find
the value of k. (g = 9.8 m/s2)

2. The following figure shows the velocity and acceleration of a point

120 v0 = 8 m/s
like body at the initial moment of its motion. The acceleration
vector of the body remains constant. The time (in sec) after which 2
its speed becomes 8 m/s again is a = 2 m/s

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 60

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

1. At what speed (in m/s) must a pebble be thrown from a height of h = 3.6m, and at an angle of 30o,
o
measured from the horizontal, if it is to hit the ground at an angle of 45 . (Air drag can be
2
neglected.) (Take g = 10 m/s )

2. A motor car moving with a uniform speed of 20 m/sec comes to stop on the application of brakes
after traveling a distance of 10 m. Its magnitude of acceleration is

3. A ball is projected from ground with a speed of 20 m/s at an angle of 45o with horizontal. There is
a wall of 25 m height at a distance of 10 m from the projection point. The ball will hit the wall at a
height of (in meter)

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 61

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Subjective Questions
1. (a) 5 m/sec
(b) 1.67 m/sec2
(c) 7.5 m

2. (a) 16.25 m
(b) 1.8 sec

3. 4.5 m, 2.75 m

4. 8 m/sec2, 4.5 m/sec2

5. (a) 15.8 sec

(b) 391 m
(c) 29.5 m/sec

MCQ  Single Correct

6. B
7. D
8. C
9. D
10. B
11. B
12. A
13. A
14. B
15. B

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 62

ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENTS
SECTION-I
1. Slope of x–t graph provides instantaneous velocity of motion.

2v o  v1  v 2 
2. 3. (a) 82 m; (b) 19 m/s
2vo  v1  v 2

4. (a) 8.17 m/s (b) 0.67 m/s2

5. (i) v(m/s) (ii) t1 t2 t3

+20
vx +ve 0 ve

2 4 6 t(sec) ax +ve ve +ve

20

6. 3 m/s 7. 2/3 s, 20/3 m

9. 4 sec

10. No, because acceleration of the particle changes its direction always.

11. 0.5 sec 12. parabolic

 n 
13. 8 14.  
 n2  1 

15. 3 m/s

SECTION-II
OBJECTIVE
(MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT)
1. C 2. C 3. D 4. B

5. B 6. B 7. C 8. A

9. B 10. C 11. C 12. B

13. A 14. A 15. B

MULTI CHOICE MULTI CORRECT

1. A, B, C 2. B, C, D 3. A, D 4. A, B

5. A, D

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS
 63

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

1. 2 2. 4

NUMERICAL BASED WITH NON-NEGATIVE INTEGER TYPE

1. 4 2. 12

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

1. 18.75 2. 22.50

NUMERICAL BASED (QUESTION STEM) DECIMAL TYPE

1. 2 2. 1

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

(I) 1. C 2. C 3. C

(II) 1. C 2. C

(III) 1. C 2. D

MATCH LIST TYPE

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C

MATCH THE FOLLOWING TYPE

1. A  (r), (s) B  (q) C  (p) D  (t)

MATCHING TYPE WITH 3 COLUMNS & 4 ROWS

1. A 2. B 3. C

ASSERTION-REASONING TYPE
1. A 2. D

SECTION-III
(MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT)
1. D 2. D 3. B 4. C

5. B 6. D 7. C 8. C

9. B 10. C

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

1. 4 2. 4

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

1. 12.00 2. 20.00 3. 7.50

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-KINEMATICS