BS 8007 : 1987

UDC 624.95'3 : 621.642.3.03t :

631.32 - 6t4.8

@ British Ssandarde I No gan of this pubTicadon may be spiedor otherwise mproduced w out be prior perms inwjtang of BSI

British Standard Code of practice for

‹ Desi• gn of concrete structures for
' retaining aqueous liquids

” Calcul des constructions en béton destinées â retenir des liquides aqueux — Code de bonne pratique
r
Leitfaden fur Betonbauteile zum Aufbewahren oder Auffangen wassriger F lussigkeiten

British Standards Institution

BS 8007 : 1987

Foreword

This British Standard has been prepared under the direction This code, which is a type 1” design code, has been
of the Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards prepared by a Technical Committee oonsisting of chartered
Committee. It replaces BS 5337, which is withdrawn. engineers nominated by the organizations represented
Following the withdrawal ot CP 114 the alternative method {see the back cover). The members of the Drafting Panel,
of design allowed in BS 5337 has been omitted in this convened by the [nstitu tion of Structural Engineers, were
British Standard. Secondly, the withdrawal of CP 110 and as follows.
its replacement by BS 8 \ 10 have led to the updating of this Mr R D Anchor B Sc, C Eng, F I Struct E, F I C E Chairman
code to align with BS 8110. One important change is that Mr A H AIlen M A ICantabl, B Sc, C Eng, F I Struct E,
the crack width equations have been modified to align with F ICE
the recommendations of BS 8110 and now include a crack Pro'fessor B P Hughes B Set Eng), D Sc, Ph D, C Eng,
width equation for direct tension. Other changes include a F I Struct E, M I C E
more logical arrangement of objectives and general
Mr D W Quinion B Sc(Eng), C Eng, F I Struct E, F I C E
recommendations for design, the introduction of a
restraint tactor, the introduction of recommendations for Mr E H Thorpe C Eng, M I Struct E
;:artieIly prestressed concrete structures, improved Mr R J W Milne B Sc Secretary
recommendations for joints, updating of guidance on
The work of the Drafting Panel was overseen by the
jointing materials, an elaboration of the recommendations
Steering Group from the Technical Committee, whose
for concrete and reinforcement (including special
members included the following.
reinforcement), and a revision of the inspection and testing
Mr C J Evans M A(Cantab), F Eng, F I Struct E, F I C E,
FIWES Chairman
fior the first time in a British Standard civil engineering
dasign code the designer is recommended to consider Mr H 8 Gould C Eng, F I Struct E, F I C E
oparational safety and to provide appropr iately at the Mr I T Millar B Sc, C Eng, M I C E
design stage. Mr E M 0’ Leary B E, C Eng, F I Struct E, F I C E, M I H T
It has been assumed in the drafting of this code that the Mr K Rowe C Eng, M I C E, F B I M, M I W E S
design of liquid-retaining reinforced and prestressed NOTE. The numbers in square bracke rs used throughout the tex t
concre'e structures is entrusted to chartered civil or
structural engineers experienced in the use of reinforced or append
prestressed concrete, and that site construction is carried Compliance with a British-Standard does not of itself
out under the direction of a competent perso n. confer immunity from legal obligations.
 BS 8007 : 1987

Contents
Page Page

Foreword Inside front cover 6.4 Workability 15

Committees responsible Back cover 6.5 Surface finish of concrete 15
6.6 Blinding layer 15
Code 6.7 Pneumatically applied mort8r 15

Semion one. General Section $euen. Specification and workmanship:

1.1 Scope 2 reinforcement

J.2 Field of application 2 7.1 General 16

I .3 Symbols 2 7.2 Special reinforcement 16
J.4 Operational safety 2
1.5 Statutory requirements 2 Section eight. Specification and workmanship:
prestressing tendons
Section Mo. Design: objectives and general 8.1 General 17
recommendations

2.J Design objectives 3 Section nine. Inspemion and testing of the

2.2 Structural design strumure
2,3 Loads 4 9.1 General
2.4 Analysis of walls and junctions 4 9.2 Testing of structures 1E
2.5 Site conditions 4 9.3 Testing of roofs 1E
2.6 Causes and control of cracking 4
2.7 Design life and serviceability 5
2.8 Specification A Calculation of minimum reinforoement,
2.9 Operational safety considerations 7 crack spacing uml crack widths in relation
to temperature and moisture effects
Section three. Design and detailing: reinforced B Calculation of crack widths in mature
concrete concrete 2',
8
3.1 General C Jointing materials 2'
3.2 Design 8 D Bibliography 2?
Section four. Design and detailing: prestressed Tables
concrete 3.1 Allowable steel stresses in direct or flexural

4.1 General 9 tension for serviceability limit states

4.2 Basis of des ign 5.1 Design options for control of thermal
4.3 Cylindr ical prestressed concrete structures contraction and restrained shrinkage 1
4.4 Other prestressed concrete structures 9 A.1 Factors for the calculation of minimum
reinforcement for crack distribution and
Section five. Design, detailing and workmanship crack spacing
of joints A.2 Typical values of 7s for OPC concretes,
5.1 General 10 where more particular information is not
5.2 Ty pes of joint 10 available 2
5.3 Movement joints 10 A.3 Influence of slab proportions on the
5.4 Construction joints 11 centreline restraint factor
5.5 Temporary open sections J2
5.6 Joints in ground slabs 12 Figures
5.7 Joints in walIs 13 5.1 Examples of movement joints 1
5.8 Joints in roofs 13 A.1 Surface zones' walls and suspended slabs
A.2 Surface zones: ground slabs 2
Section six. Concrete: specification and materials A.3 Restraint factor R for various wall and
6.1 General 15 floor slab placing sequences
6.2 Mater ials 15
6.3 Mix prdportions 15
BS 8007 : 1987
Code of practice. Section one

Section one. General

1.1 Scope
This British Standard provides recommendations for the Recommendations are given for structures in aggressive
design and construction of normal reinforced and soils and for structures in areas liable to settlement and
prestressed concrete structures used for the containment subsidence. No recommendations have been made for the
or exclusion ot aqueous I iquids. The term ‘liquid’ in this effect of any dynamic forces nor for the effem of ice
code includes any contained or excluded aqueous liquids formation on the structure, and the designer should reter
but excludes aggressive I iquids. The code does not cover to specialist Iiterature for information.
dams, pipes, pipelines, lined structures, or the damp-
proofing of basements. The term ‘structure’ is used herein
for the vessel that contains or excludes the liquid, and 1.3 Symbols
includes tanks, reservoirs, and other vessels.
NOTE T . The design of structures of special form or in unusual For the pur poses ot this 8 r itish Standard.the symbols given
ciwumstances i* a matter for the judgemen t of the designer.
in BS 8110 : Part 4 : 198s applv.
NOTE 2. The titles of the publications referred to in this standard
ere listed on the inside back cover.

1.4 Operational safety

16 Field of application
The code includes recommendations for design to provide
This Br irish Standard applies partiCularly to UK conditions, for operational safety.
and although the principles are applicable to design in other
parts of the world, the designer should take account of
IoCaT conditions, particularly variations in clinnate and the 1.5 Statutory requirements
possibility ot earthquakes, which have not been considered
for UK conditi ns. Consideration has been given to the Designers should Check compliance with any statutory
storage of |iquids at ambient temperatures or at requirements.*
temperatures up to approximately 25 ° C such as are found
in swimming pools and industrial structures.

“ Ref erence shouId be m ade to i he R eservoirs Ac t 19 75 fa r str uc tures th at h6*88 C8g08 i t y a! m ore INen 25 000 m'.
 BS 8007 : 1987
Section two

Section two. Design: objemives and general recommendations

2.1 Design objectives surfaoe crack widths for the exposure conditions defined
in 2.7.4 should be taken to be the following.
The purpose of design is the achievement of acceptable (a) Reinforced concrete. The maximum design surface
probabilities that the strumure being designed will not crack widths for direct tension and flexure or restrained
become unfit in any way for the use for which it is temperature and moisture effects are:
intended. This code providesfor a method of design based (1l severe or very severe exposure: 0.2 mm;
on |innit state philosophy that is generally in accordance (2) critical aesthetic appearance: 0.1 mm.
with the mekods employed in BS 8110. Structural Ib) Prestressed concrete. Except for the special
elements that are not part of the liquid-retaining structure recommendations for the design of cylindrical
should be designed in accordance with BS 8110. prestressed structures (see 4.3), the tensile stress in the
concrete should be limited for prestressed concrete
structures in accordance with the recommendations
2.2 Structural design of 2.2.3.4.2 of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 19B5.
A statically determinate member nominally subjemed
2.2.1 Limit state recommendations to axial prestressing should be assumed to have a
The design of the whole structure and all individual minimum eccentricity of prestressing of 20 mm or
members should be in accordance with the recommend- 0.05 times the overall thickness in the plane of bending,
ations given in BS 8110 as modified by the recommend- whichever is less. For statically indeterminate structures,
ations of this code. When all relevant limit states are including cylindr ical prestressed structures, this
considered, the design should lead to an adequate degree minimum eccentricity recommendation can be ignored.
of safety and serviceability. The required exposure conditions for the surfaces of all
It is recommended that the size of the elements and the members should be clearly defined at the outsat of the
amounts of reinforcement are assessed on the basis of the design process and each member designed in accordance
serviceability crack width limit state, and that other limit with the crack width limit state recommendations in this
states, including the ultimate limit states, are checked. section.
Guidance on assumptions and methods that may be used
2.2.2 Ultimate limit states (ULS) for calculating crack widths are given in 2.6 and
The partial safety factor, „ for retained liquid loads appendices A and B.
should be taken as 1.4 (as given in table 2.1 of BS 8110 : 2.2.3.4 Deflections. The recommendations for span.’‘
Part 1 : 19851 for load combinations 1 and 2 and as 1.2 effective depth ratios given in BS 8110 : Part 1 ' 1985
tor load combination 3, as appropriate.” apply to horizontal members carrying uniformIy
distributed loads. For a cantilever wall which tapers
2.2.3 Serviceab ility T i mit states (S LS) uniformly away from the support and which is loaded with
2.2.3.1 General. The partial safety factor, if, for all loads a triangular pressure, a net reduction factor should be
should be taken as unity as implied in 3.3 of BS 8110 . applied to the above ratios if the thickness at the top is less
Part 2 : 1985. than 0.6 times the thickness at the base. This reduction
factor can be assumed to vary Iinearly between 1.0 and
2.2.3.2 FIDt8F/OF. A structure subjecf'to groundwater
0.78 where the thickness at the top varies beMeen 0.6
pres*.ure should be designed to resist flotat:on. The
and 0.3 times the thickness at the bottom. In addition,
deadweight of the empty structure with any anchoring
allowance shoul d be made for the significant additional
devices should provide a safety factor ot not less than 1.1
deflection which occurs at the top of the wal! due to
against uplift pressures during construction and in service.“
rotation, if the pressure distr ibution under the base is
A factor of 1.1 should be used only where the maximum
triangular or very asymme tr ically trapezoidal. Limits for
groundwater level can be assessed accuratel y; otherwise
deflection s wil I normally be those for non- liquid-retaining
the factor should be assessed by the designer. The uplift
structures since only in exceptional circumstances will
may be reduced by'
deflections be more critical with regard to freeboard,
(a) providing effective drainage to prevent a build -up drainage or redistribution of load. Retaining wa1ls should
of external water as far as local conditions permit; be backf illed in even layers around the structure, the
(b) providing pressure relief devices dischar gi ng into the thickness of the Iayers being specified by the designer.
vessel (where the entry of external groundw ater is Overcompaction adjacent to the walI should be avoided
acceptable). otherwise large differential def lections land sliding) of the
wall may occur.
2.2.3.3 tracking. For the purpose of defi ning the
At least 75 % of the liquid load should be considered as
serviceability crack width limit state, the max imum design
permanent when calcula ting deflections.

“ In except io n al circumstances where it is envisaged t hat the heig h t of the Iiq•ia can greatly exceed the height of the wall, factor* derived
from 2.2.2 of BS 8110 . Part 2 . 1985 should be cons idered.

3
BS 8007 : 1987
Section Mo

2.3 Loads 2.5 Site conditions

All structures required! to retain liquids should be designed 2.5.1 Ground movement
for both the full and empty conditions, and the assumptions cround movement leading to displacement and cracking
regarding the arrangement of loading should be such as tO of Iiquid-retaining structures may cause severe leakage.
cause the most critica) effects. Particular attention shoUld The designer should therefore consider the possibility of
be paid to possible sliding and overturning. geological faults, mining and other conditions giving rise
Liquid loads should allow for the actual density of the to foundation conditions where the bearin9 strata have
contained liquid and possible transient conditions, e.g. varying degrees of compressibility. When it is not possible
suspended or deposited silt or grit where appropriate. ’ to avoid sites where such conditions occur. the designer
Apr u{zimate limit state conditions, liquid levels should be should consider adopting one or more of the following
taken to the tops of walls assuming that the liquid outlets measures:
are blocked. For serviceability limit state conditions the t•I dividing the whole structure into smaller compart-
liquid level Should be taken to the working top liquid level ments in order to reduce the likely differential
or the overflow level as appropriate to working conditions. movement in each compartment;
Allowance should be made for the effects of any adverse (b) providing specially designed joint in the structure
soil pressures on walls. according to the compaction and/or to facilitate movement;
surcharge of the soil and the condition of the structure (c) using prestressing techniques to act as a safeguard
during construction and in service. No relief should be against cracking:
given for beneficial S ii pressure effects on the walls of
(dl providing flexible sections in service pipes;
containment sttuWures in the full condition. Thermal

expansion of a ruof should be minimized by reflemive (e) in mining areas, providing a form of foundation that
gravel or other protection against solar radiation. A will redure any horizontal forces from ground
example of a critical adverse loading effect occurs when movement;
thermal expansion ot a roof forces the walls of an empty (f) providing under floor drainage to prevent possible
structure into the surrounding backfill. In this case the U lift pressures on floors and wall bases where ground-
passive soil pressure on the walls may be limited by water is not consider',•d in the design. for example, where
i nsertion of a thickness of compressible and durable Oily one compartment of a two-compartment structure
mater ial and/or by providing a st id.ng joint between the • IS filled and leak age occurs.
top of the wall and the underside of the roof. This can be Other measures may also be necessary depending on the
either a temporary tree sliding joint that is not cast into a predicted degree of subsidence.
fixed or pinned connection until reflective gravel or other
solar protective material is placed on the roof, or a 2 5.2 Aggressive soils and chemical deterioration
permanen¥l y slid ing joint of assessed limiting friction. Chemical analyses of the soil and groundwater are essential
Movement of a roof may occur also where there are whare aggressive substances are suspected. Some waters
substantial variations in the temperature of the contained containing dissolved tree carbon dioxide, natural acids or
Iiquid. Where a roof iS rigidl y connected to a wall this may salts may be aggressive, and it will be necessary to take
lead to additional loading in the wall that should be special precaution's. Dissolved salts may cause serious
considered in the design. Earth covering on reservoir roofs deterioration in the concrete and corrosion of the steel.
may be taken as dead load, but due account should be Peferenoe should be made to 6.2 of BS 8110 : Part 1 :
taken of construction loads from plant and heaped earth, 10B5 concerning concrete exposed to sulphate or other
which may exceed the intended design load. attack or susceptible to alkali-silica reaction, and for the
use of special cements to resist the action of certain
aggressive substances. I n other and more serious conditions,
2.4 Analysis of walls and junctions an impermeable protective coating of a suitable bituminous
or other composition may be used on the surface of the
The liquid pressure on plane walls may be resisted by a concrete.
combiñation of hOF izontal and vertical bending moments.
An assessment should be made of the proportions of the
pressure to be resisted by bending moments in the vertical 2.6 Causes and control of cracking
and horizontal planes. Allowance shoutd also be made for

the effects of direct tension in walls induced by fJexural 2.6.1 Applied Iéading effects
action in adjacent walls. Reinforcement should be provided Sections should be checked for shear resistance.
to resist horizontal bending moments at all corners where
walIs are rigidly ioined.
Cyl indr ical structures maY be constructed with a fixed,
pinned or sliding joint between the walls and the
foundation slab. Allowance Should be made for the
calculated flexural actions and hoop tensions.
*o
4
Direct or flexural tension in the concrete
arising from applied external service loads,
from temperature gradients due to solar
radiation, or from the containment of I
iquids at temperatures above ambient, may
cause cracking in the concrete. The
limitation of cracking from appl ied loading
is deal t with in 2.2.3.3 and in the
appropriate design sections. Crack
widths arising from flexure and diract
tension in mature concrete may be
calculated as indicated in appendix B.

5
 BS 8007 : 1987
Section Mo

2.6.2 Temperature and moisture effects lb) restraints to expansion and contraction by the
provision of movement joints (see 5.3);
2.6.2.1 Ofi9ins. Changes in the temperature of the
concrete and reinforcement and in the moisture content of ie) restraints from adjacent sections of the work by
the concrete cause dimensional changes which, if resisted using a planned sequence of construction or temporary
internally or externally, may crack the concrete. The open sections (see 5.5):
distribution and width of such cracks can be controlled by (d) localized cracking within a particular member
reinforcement, together witñ the provision of movement between movement joints by using reinforcement
joints. In this clause, i.e. 2.6.2, temperature and moisture or prestress;
changes and methods for their control in relation to the (e) rate of first filling with liquid (see 9.21;
particular problems of liquid-retaining structures are {f) thermal shock caused by filling a cold structure
considered; it supplements information given in BS 8110 : with a warm liquid or vice versa.
Part 2 : 1985.
2.6.g.3 Reinforcement to control restrained shrinkage and
Heat is evolved as cement hydrates, and the temperature
thermal movement cracking. The reinforcement referred to
will rise for a day or more after casting and then fall
in 2.6.2.2 to control cracking arising from restrained
towards ambient. Cracking usuall y occurs at this time
shrinkage and thermal movement should be placed in all
while the concrete is still weak. Subsequent lower ambient
slabs (floors, walls. roofs) as near to the surface of the
temperatures and loss of moisture when the concrete is
concrete as is consistent with the requirement for cover.
mature will open these cracks, although the loss of moisture
Prestressed slabs should be provided with reinforcement
at the surface under external drying conditions is usually
in any lateral direction in which there is no significant
low. A structure built in the summer but not filled or an
prestress.
external structure standing empty will usually be subjected
to greater drops in temperature than the same structure The reinforcement should be calculated in accordance
filled. Structures constantly' full and protected from with 5.3.3 and appendix A. Except as provided for in
climatic effects (e.g. by earth cover, shading or r+fIective option 3 in table 5.1 and 5.3.3, the amount of reinforce-
treatment) will have a temperature near that ot the liquid ment in each of two directions at right angles within each
stored. surface zone should be not less than 035 % of the surface
zone cross section, as defined in figures A. and A.2 for
The designer should allow for both the greatest drop in
deformed grade 460 reinforcement* and not less than
temperature below the peak temperature arising from the
0.64 $ for pIain grade 250 re inforcement. In wall stabs
heat of hydration and the max imum drying that can be
less than 200 mm in thickness the calculated amount of
expected, bearing in mind the effects of delays in
reinforcement may all be placed in one face. For ground
construction and of conditions that may occur when
slabs less than 300 mm thick (see A.2 j, the calculated
structures are emptied for maintenance or repair.
rein.torcement should be placed as near to the upper
2.6.2.2 Meth ods of control. Cracking arising from surface as possible consistent with the nominal cover.
temperature and moisture changes in concrete structures Bar spacings should generally not exceed 300 mm or the
can be controlled by reinforcement, by prestress, by thickness of the section, whiChever is the lesser. Where

o* movement joints, by temporary open sections closed with

subsequent thort infilI strips, or by a combination of these
methods. Cracking arising from minor uneven settlement
welded fabric” onl y 's used bar spacings shouId not exceed
1.5 I imes the thickness of the sectio n.

may also be controlled by the provision of movement

joints and by reinforcement or prestress (see 2.5.1). 2.7 Design life and serviceability
In order to mini ni ze and control cracking that may result
from temperature and moisture changes in the structure it 2.7.8 General
is desirable to limit the following factors: The life of a completed structure depends on the durability
la) the maximum temperature and moisture changes of its components. For a correctly designed structure and
during construction by.- good-quality materials and workmanship, the design life of
the structure should be between 40 years and 60 years.
- ( 1 ) us ing aggregates hav ing Iow or medium
Some components of the structure (such as jointing
coeff icients of thermal expansion and avoiding the
materials) have a shorter like than the structural concrete
use of shrinkable aggregates,
and' may require renewal during the like of the structure.
(2) using the minimum cement content consistent
with the requirements for durability and, when 2.7.D Maintenance and operation
necessary, for sulphate resistance, The completed structure should be inspected regularly.
(3) usi ng cements with lower rates of heat evolution, The designer should provide the user with a statement
(4) keeping concrete from drying out until the listing the itqms requiring examination during such
structure is filled or enclosed, maintenance inspections, and stating the recommended
(5) avoiding thermal shock or over-rapid cooling of a trequency of such inspections. The inspection should
concrete surface;

* Deform ed gra de 460 bars compIy ing vv it h BS 4449 or BS 4461 and h igh-y ieId wire fabric compIy ing vv ith BS 4483 having a
guaren teed y ieId ar proof stress and guaranteed vveld szrengt h, -
5
 BS 8007 : 1987
Section two

include examination of the concrete for cracking, leakage, 2.7.5 Impermeability of the concrete
surface deterioration and settlement. Particular attention The concrete should have low permeabil ity. This is
should be paid to any rust stains that might indicate important not only for its direct effect on leakage but also
corrosion of the reinforcement. Any defects should then because it is one of the main factors influencing durability,
be corrected. Movement joints should be cleaned and the resistance to leaching, chemical attack, erosion, abrasion,
joint materials replaced if necessary. frost damage and the protection from corrosion of
The designer should ako prepare a schedu]e of precautions embedded steel. The recommendations in this code
to be taken by the user in order to prevent the structure for concrete mixes, aggregates, minimum cement content
being damaged or the design life shortened during use. The and strength, curing and admix tures generally ensure an
schedule should be included in the commissioning adequately impermeable concrete, but it is essential that
documentation. complete compaction without segregation is obtained on
site. Tn some cases an increased cement and water content
2.7.3 Exposure and appearance may be required in order to obtain adequate workability
For the purposes of this oode, both faces ot a liquid- to ensure complete oompaction without increasing the
containing or liquid-excluding structural member, together water/oement ratio, but in no case should the maximum
with anv internal walls and columns of a containment cement content be exceeded. Alternatively, adequate
structure, are to be considered as subject to severe exposure workability may be achie.ved by using a lower water/cement
as defined in 3.3.4 of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985. ratio tor the same cement content: for this a water-reducing
Surfaces subjected to very severe exposure as defined agent is employed.
in 3.3.4 of BS g110 . Part 1 : J 985 should be designed for
a maximum design crack width of 0.2 mm lsee 2.2.3.3) and 2.7.6 Coxer
concrete cover and mix complying with the recommenda- The nominal cover of concrete tor all steel, including
tions of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985, as well as 2.7.6 and 6.3. stirrups, 1inks, sheathing, and spacers should be not less
Where significant efflorescence and staining of the surface than 40 mm. A greater cover may be necessary at a face in
of the structure would be considered to be unacceptable, contact with aggressive soils tsee 2.5.2) or subject to
the recommendations for critical aesthetic appearance erosion or abrasion. If the nominal cover is increased,
should be satisfied (see 2.2.3.3). crack widths will increase, especially flexural and direct
tension cracks in sections less than 300 mm thick.
2.7.4 Durability In thin sections where it is not possible to achieve 40 mm
The recommendations in this code for cover, concrete cover, a higher cement content (see 2.7.4) or special
grade, cement content. maximum free water/cement ratio reinforcement (see 7.2) may be used to give a normal
and the means of ensuring a low permeability of the design life.
concrete are intended to meet the durability recommend-
ations that correspond generall y with the recommendations
in table 3.4 of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 for severe exposure 2.8 Specification
(see 6.3). Consideration should be given to the effect of the
liquid to be stored on the durability of all the materials of The designer should consider the following items when
construction, e.g. concrete, reinforcement or prestressing preparing the specification for the structure to ensure that
steel and jointing macerials: this is especially pertinent to the design assumptions for both materials and workmanship
process liquids and some sewage eff luents, at though the are realized during construction:
latter are usual Iy deficient in oxygen and not particularly (a) dimensional tolerances for concrete;
aggressive. Similar considerations apply to groundwaters
lb) dimensional tolerances for placing reinforcement
(see 2.5.21. Attentior is also drawn to the possibility of
biological attack, especial Iy on the jointing materials. and prestressing tendons;
The protection afforded by the specifi,•.d cover and a (cl a scheme for ensuring the quality of the concrete in
correctl y designed anc fuIly compacted concrete mix is the structure in terms both of constituent materials and
satisfactory for the majority of constructions, but where of batching, mixing, etc.;
’ extended design life is required for a structure, consideration (d) a scheme for ensuring the quality of the steel
' may be given to increasing the cement content (see the reinforcement and prestressing tendons;
next paragraph I, increasing the cover {see 2.7.6) or using (e) the positions and details of all construction and
’ special reinforcemen z isee 7.2). movement joints;
A concrete mix wi th e n increased cement content will Ifl the requirements for the test for liquid retention or
provide extra protection for the reinforcement, but a exclusion, and any period during which au togenous
higher cement content wilI cause more heat of hydration healing is permissible.
and require extra reinforcement in accordance with For the purposes of this code. this clause replaces 2.3 of
appendix A. BS 8110 : Part 1 : J 965'.

6
 BS 8007 : J 987
Section twg

2.9 Operational safety considerations

2.9.1 Statutory safety requirements than 2.5 m. Tt is preferable to provide a platform under an
The designer st›ouId take account of the safety requirements access hatch. Metal ladders, where provided, should be in
appropriate to the construction and operation of the accordance with class A of BS 4211 and walkways should
structure issued by the Health and Safety Executive [ 1 ] . be in accordance with BS 5395 : Part 3. Step irons in
, The requirements are avai table on request from the Health accordance with BS 3572 should be provided where
and Safety Executive. appropriate.

2.9.2 Provision for access 2.9.3 Ventilation

I n enclosed structures the provision of access tor personnel Harmful and/or explosive gases may collect in enclosed
is required for inspection, clean ing and testing. At least two strumures, and provision should be made for adequate
access hatches should be provided at opposite ends of the ventilation to limit any possible dangerous accumulations
structure and at laast one in each compartment. The to ecceptabTe levels.
hatched should be of sufficient size to enable personnel
•aearing breathing apparatus to enter (e.g. 600 mm x 2.9.4 Toxic materials
900 mmI, and it should be possible to lock the hatches Toxic materials should not be used, except where their
in both the open and closed positions. The designer should toxicity exists only for a short period prior to
also consider providing concrete stairs where access is commissioning.
required into large liquid compartments that are deeper
BS 8007 : 1987
Section three

Section three. Design and detailing: reinforced concrete

3.1 General
This section gives methods of analysis and design that will Compliance with the recommendations for maximum
in general ensure that the recommendations in section two design surface crack width for each class of exposure given
for reinforced concrete structures are met. in 2.2.3.3 may be achieved by providing adequate
reinforcement at suitable spacings to resist the appropriate
stresses. The reinforcement provided to control cracking
3J Design arising from direct tension in the immature concrete may
be regarded as forming the whole or a part of the
reinforcement required to control cracking arising from
3.2.1 Basic of design
direct and flexural tension in the mature concrete.
Design and detailing in reinforced concrete sho uld be in Calculations for the different cases should be carried out
accordance with the recommendations given in section as follows.
three of BS 81 t0 : Part I : 1985, except that:
(a) Direct tension in immature concrete. The crack
(al references to section two therein should be read in widths arising from restrained shrinkage and heat of
conjunction with section Mo of this code, which takes hydration movement should be assessed in aeoordance
precedence; with appendix A.
(b) the design ultimate anchorage bond stresses for (bl Direct tension in mature concrete. The crack widths
horizontal bars in sections in direct tension should not for reinforced conerete members in externally sppTled
be greater than 0.7 times the values obtained from direct tension should be assessed in accordance with
3.12.8.4 of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985; appendix 8 or they may be deemed to be satisfactory if
(c) maximum design crack widths should be calculated the steel stress in service conditions does not exoeed the
in accordance with 3.2.2 of this code, for the exposure app-opriate value in table 3.1. Tension resulting from
conditions described in 2.7.3 and to the limits given seasonal movement of mature concrete should be
in 2.2.3.3; assessed in accordance with appendix A.
(d) 3.1.2 (basis of design for reinforced concrete) of \c\ Flexural tension i'n meture concrete. The crack
BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 does not apply; widths should be assessed in accordance with appendix B
(e) for the design of flat slab roofs, the coefficients for or they may be deemed to be satisfactory if the steel
the simplif ied method given in 3.7.2.7 of BS 8110 : stress in service conditions does not exceed the
Part 1 : 1985 may also be used for analy sis at the appropriate value in table 3.1. The equations in
serviceability limit state, provided that the effective appendix B apply specifically to members in pure
column head diameters are of the maximum size flexure and direct tension. When a column or other
permitted, based on the shortest span framing into the member is subjected to combined \Iexural and
column; compressive stresses, or combined flexural and tensile
(I) 3.12.2 (joints) of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 is replaced stresses, the calculated flexural strain should be modified
by section five of this code; to allow for the direct strain before estimating the crack
(g) 3.3.1 Inominal cover), including table 3.4, of width.
BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 is replaced by 2.7.6;
(hI 3.3.4.1 (exposure conditions: general) of Table 3.1 Allowable steel stresses in direct or
BS 8110 : Part 1 19B5 is replaced by 2.7.3; flexural tension for serviceability limit states
Ij) 3.52.5 (minimum areas of reinforcement in members)
Design creek
of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 is to be read in conjunction width
with 2.6.2.3 and appendix A.

3.2.2 Crack widths N/mm* N/mm*

Methods of calculating crack widths are given in appendix A 0.1 85 100
(which covers the calculation of minimum reinforcement, 0.2 115 130
crack spacing and crack widths in relation to temperature
and moisture effects I and appendix B {which describes the ’ Plain grade 250 bers complying with BS 4449.
calculation of crack widths in mature concrete). The I Deformed grade 460 bars complying with BS 4449 or
calculated crack width is that crack width that has an BS 4461 end high-y iel d wire fabrjC Comply ing with 06 4483
acceptable probability of not bein9 exceeded. An occasional having a guaranceed y ield or proof street and guaranteed
wider crack in a completed structure should not necessarily weld strength.
be regarded as evidence of exceuive local damage unless
other Victors, such as leakage or appearance, contribute to
its unacceptability.
 BS 8007 : 1987
Section four

Section four. Design and detailing: prestressed concrete

4.1 General

This section gives methods of analysis and design that will direction, after allowance for all losses of prestress and
in general ensure that for prestressed concrete structures on the assumption that the top and bottom edges of the
the recommendations in section two are met. wall are free of all restraint.
{e) The bending moments in the vertical direction
should be assessed on the basis of a restraint equal to
4.2 Basis of design one-half of that pr+vided by a pinned foot, when the
foot of the walI is free to slide. In other casas where
sliding at the 'foot of the wall is prevented, the moments
Design should be in accordance with the recommendations
in the vertical diremion should be assessed for the actual
given in section four of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 except
degree of restraint at the wall foot. The tensile stress
where these are at variance with the specific recommend-
arising from vertical moments should not exceed
ations of this code. In general the design of prestressed
concrete members in exposure conditions as defined 1.0 N/mm*.
in 2.7.3 is controlled by the concrete tension Iimitations (f) Where the structure is to be emptied and filled at
for service load conditions, but the ultimate Iimit state frequent intervals, or perhaps left empty for a prolonged
should be checked. period, the structure should be designed so that there is
no residual tension in the concrete at any puint when
the structure is full or empty.
&3 Cylindrical prestressed concrete Prestressing wire may be placed outside the walls, provided
structures that it is protected with pneumatic mortar. However in
industrial areas or near the sea, where there is a possibility
of corrosive penetration of the covering concrete, the cables
The special recommendations for the design of cylindrical
should preferably be placed within the walls and grouted.
concrete structures prestressed vertically and circumferent-
Non-bonded tendons may be used provided that they and
ially are as follows.
their anchorages are adequately protemed against corrosion.
(a) The jacki ng 1'orce in the circumlerential tendons
Cylindrical concrete structures which are prestressed
should not exceed 75 % of the characteristic strength.
circumfere nt ially and reinforced vertically sh ould comply
(b) The principal compressive stress in the concrete general Iy with the recommendations of this clause, except
should not exceed 0.3*’cu • that 4.3(f) may be relaxed to al low tensile stresses not
(c) The temporary vertical moment induced by the exceeding 1 N/mm* . The design for the vertical reinforce
circum ferential prestressing operation in the partialIy ment should be in accordance with section three.
stressed condition should also be con:idered. The
maximum value of the flexural stress in the vertical
direction trom this cause may be assumed to be 44 Other prestressed concrete structures
numerically equal to 0.3 times the circum ferential
compressive stress. Where the tensile stress would exceed Class 3 prestressed concrete structures as defined
1.0 N/mm*, either the vertic'aI prestress should be in 2.2.3.4.2 of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 should be designed
increased or the circumferential prestress should be in accordance with 4.2 and 4.3. In addition, the nominal
built up in stages, with each stage i nvolving a progressive cover should satisfy the very severe’ exposure conditions
application of prestress from one end of the cy linder. given in table 4.8 of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985, and should
(d) When the structure is full there should be no be not less than 40 mm.
resultant tension in the concrete in the circum ferential
 BS 8007 : 1987
Section five

Section five. Design, detailing and workmanship of joints

5.1 General

Joints in liquid-retaining structures are temporary or Restraints on free contraction or expansion of the
permanent discontinuities at sections, and may be formed structure should be reduced as far as possible. With long
or induced. wall bases or slabs founded at or below ground level,
This section describes the types of joint that may be restraints can be reduced by the provision of a sliding layer.
required and gives recommendations for their design and This can be provided by founding the structure on a flat
construction›. The types of joint are illustrated in figure 5. J and smooth layer of site concrete with interposition of
and are intended to be diagrammatic. Jointing materials soma material to bresk the bond and facilitate movement,
are considered in appendix C. provided that friction is not assumed in the design to resist
Joints may be used, in conjunction with a corresponding sliding. Structures on piled foundations should be designed
proportion of reinforcement. to control the concrete crack to have a sliding layer between the foundations and the
widths arising from shrinkage and thermal changes to superstructure, or the restraint provided by the piles should
within acceptable limits. be considered in the design.
An order of casting slabs that gives temporary free edges
in two directions at right angles will help reduce the
5.2 Types of joints restraint to free contramion of the immature concrete.

5.3.2 Design and detailing of movement joints

A movement joint (see 5.3) is intended to accommodate
relative movement between adjoining parts ot a structure, 5.3.2.1 Ceneza/. All movement joints should be designed
special provision being made to maintain tha water- to accommodate repeated movement of the structure
tightness of the joint. Movement joinu may be of the without loss of liquid. The joint should be designed to suit
following types. the characteristics of the material available (see appendix CI
la) Expansion joint. This has no restraint to movement and should also provide for the exclusion of grit and debris
and is intended to accommodate either expansion or that would prevent the closing of the joint. Liquid pressure
contraction of the concrete. on the joint should be adequately resisted. Detailing at
places where the joint changes direction or intersects with
(b) Complete contract ion joint. This also has no
restraint to movement, but is intended to accommodate another joint should be uncomplicated.
only contraction of the concrete. 5.3.2.2 Expansion joint. At an expansion joint there is
(C) Partial contraction joint. This provides some restraint, complete discontinuity in both reinforcement and concrete.
but is intended to accommodate some con traction of An initial gap should be provided between adjoinirig parts
the concrete. of the structure to accommodate the expansion or
(d) Hinged yoiht. This allows two structural members to contraction of the structure. Waterstops, joint fillers and
rotate relative to one another with minimal restraint. joint seal ing compounds are essential.
(e) Sliding joint. This allows Mo structural members to Design of the joint so as to incorporate sliding surfaces is
slide relative to one another with minimal restraint. not precluded and may sometimes be advantageous.
5.3.2.3 Complete contraction joi'nt. At a complete
A construction joint (see 5.4) is a joint i? the concrete contraction join t there is complete discontinuity in both
introduced for convenience in construction. Measures are
reinforcement and concrete. Cracking in the adjoining
taken to achieve subsequent continuity with no provision
parts of the structure is controlled by the spacing of the
for further relative movement.
joints and the corresponding amount of reinforcement
required to transmit movements to the adjacent joints.
5.3 Movement joints A joint may be formed either by using stop ends with no
initial gap beMeen the concrete or by using a crack inducer
(or other means I to reduce the depth of the concrete
0.3.1 Need for movement joints section by at least 25 P». I n the latter case, the restraint to
Structures should be provided with movement joints if initial contraction of the concrete exerted by the reduced
effective and economic means cannot otherwise be taken cross section of the concrete at the joint is small and may
to avoid unacceptable cracki ng. Regard should be paid to be neglected. Waterstops are essential, as are joint sealing
the conditions of structures in service. Tn elevated compounds, where debris may enter the joints. Transfer of
structures where restraint is small, movement joints may shear across the”joint can be achieved by the use of dowel
not be required. bars with one end of the dowel free to slide.
The risk of cracking because of overall temperature and 5.3.2.4 Partial con tracf:ion join r. A distinction is made
shrinkage effects may be reduced by Iimiting the changes between a complete contraction joint and a partial
in temperature to which the structure is subjected, contraction joint in that, while both types have
as discussed in 2.6.2. discontinuity in the concrete, a partial contraction joint
The storage of warm liquids may affect the provision of he a proportion of the reinfotcement continuing through
’ expansion joints, as may an uninsulated roof slab. the joint.

10
 BS 8007 : 1987
Section five

5.3.2.5 Hinged joint. A hinged joint is a joint that transmits (1I It is possible for horizontal cracks io occur at any
thrust and shearing force, but permits rotation with free-standing vertical end because of the change in
minimal restraint. A hinged joint may be tormed either by horizontal restraint with respect to height. For bays of
Completely separating the Mo elements, placing one any height the vertical strain arising from this warping
element in a groove in the other, or by crossing the etfect may be taken as approximately half the
reinforcement at the junction oT the two elements. In horizontal strain, and the vertical steel ratio should not
either rase the rotation of one element ;yiN not transfer be less than the critical ratio, p«›t.
moment to the other. T2) The vertical restraint exerted on a newly cast bay
0.3.2.6 Sliding joint. A sliding joint has complete at a vertical construction joint may be assumed to
discontinuity in both reinforcement and concrete and develop at a depth of 2.4 m from the free top surface.
allows relative movement in the plane of the joint. The Thus design for freedom of movement (option 3) may
surface of the concrete on the lower component should be be used for the vertical reinforcement in the top 2.4 m
tlat and smooth so that movement is not restricted. In of a lift. Design for partial restraint (option 2) is
order to prevent bonding between the two faces, a appropriate for vertical steel below this depth.
separating layer or layers of a suitable material should be The choice of design imposes a discipline on construction.
provided to allow movement to take place. It is desirable to achieve minimum restraint to early
thermal contraction of the immature concrete in walls and
S.3.3 Spacing of movement joints slabs even though the finished structure may be designed
The provision of movement joints and their spacing are for full continuity. Cracks arising from thermal contraction
dependent on the design philosophy adopted, i.e. whether in a rnof supported on columns may be minimized or even
to allow for or restrain shrinkage and thermal contraction prevented if the roof slab is not tied rigidly to the walls
in wajTS and slabs. At one extreme, the designer may during construction.
exercise control by providing a substantial amount of
reinforcement in the form of small diamete• bars at clase
spacing with no movement joints. At the other extreme, 5.4 Construction joints
the designer may provide closely spaced movement joints
in conjunction with a moderate proportion of reinforce The positions of construction joints should be specified by
ment. Between these extremes, control may be exercised the designer and indicated on the drawings. If there is a
by varying the reinforcement and joint spacing, an increase need on site to revise any specified position or to have
In spacing being compensated for by an increase in the ,' additional JoinIs the proposed positions Should be agreed
proportion of reinforcement required. wiih the designer.
The three main options for the designer are summarized Full structural continuity is assumed in design at a
in table 5.1 as follows. construction joint. Reinforcement is fully continuous
(a) /o option I (design for full restraint) no contraction across the joint and the concrete is taken to be as nearly
joints are provided within the area designed for monolithic as possible. Cracking in the concrete member
continuity, and crack widths and spacing are controlled arising from all thermal and load effects is controlled by
by the reinforcement. Construction joints become part the use of reinforcement.
of the crack pattern and have similar crack widths. The designer should specify the Vol lowing.
(b) In option 2 (design for partial restraint) cracking is The concrete at the joint Should be bonded with that
controlled by the reinforcement, but the joint spacing subsequently placed against it, without provision for
is such that some of the daily and seasonal movements relative movement between the two. Concrete should not
in the mature sl ab or str uctur al member are be allowed to run to a feather-edge, and vertical joints
accommodated at the joints, so reducing the amount of should be formed against a stop end. Particular care should
movement to be accommodated at the cracks between be taken when forming the joints.
the joints. The surface of the first pour should be toughened to
(c) In option 3 (design for freedom af movement) increase the bond strength and to provide aggregate
cracking is controJled by the prox inn ty of the joints, interlock. With horizontal joints, the joint surface should
with a moder e te amount of reinforcement provided, be toughened, without disturbing the coarse aggregate
sufficient to transmit movement at any cracked section particles, by spraying the joint surface, approx imately 2 h
to the adjacent movement joints. Significant cracking to 4 h after the concrete is placed, with a fine spray of
between the adjacent movement joints should not occur. water and/or brush ing with a stiff brush. Vertical joints
The options given in table 5.1 are considered in terms of can be treated simiIar!y, if the use oT a retarder on the
horizontal movemen t, but ver tical movement i n walls stop end is authorized, to enable the joint surface to be
should also be considered. Two cases are as follows. treated after the stop end has been removed.

11
BS 8007 : 1987
Section five

Table 5.1 Design options tor control of thermal contraction and restrained shrinkage

Option Type of construction and Mqyement joint sparing Steel retio Comments
method ofi control (see note 2)

1 Continuous: No joints, but expansion joints at Minimum Use small size bars at close
for full restraint wide spacings may be desirable in ofp„;t spacing to avoid high steel
walls and roofs that are not prot- ratios well in exces• °* .«
ected from solar heat gain or where
the contained liquid is subjected to
a substantial temperature range

2 Semicontinuous: la) Complete joints.6 10 m Minimum Use small size bars but less
for partial restraint (b) Alternate partial and ofpCt;t steel than in option J
complete joints (by
interpolation),6 11.25 m
{c) Partial joints,4 7.5 m

3 Close movement ioint (a) Complete joints, \n metres 2/3 p„;t Restrict the joint spacing
spacing: for freedom for options 31b) and 3Ic)
of movement 6 4.8 + —
(bl Alternate partial and
complete joints, in metres
6 0.5sm„ + 2.4 + —
(c) Partial joints

NOT E 1 . R eferences sho T d be m ade to appen dix A for the descr ipt io n a f the sym bol s used in th is la bl e and fo r calculating pt, t,

NOTE 2. In options 1 and 2 the steel ratio wiII general Iy exceed pqt;t to restr ict the crack widths o accep•abI e valuas. In option 3
the steel ratio of 2/3 p#,;t v• ill be edequate.

If the joint surface is not roughened until the concrete has The width of the open section between adjacent panels
hardened, the larger aggregate particles near the surface should be not greater than t000 mm. Properly tormed
should be exposed by sandblasting or by applying a scaling construction joints should be provided at each end of the
hammer or other mechanical device. Powerful hammers temporary open section with the longitudinal reinforcement
should not be used as they may damage or dislodge mom each adjacent panel lapping in this area.
aggregate particles so reducing, rather than increasing, Provided that the isolated panels satisfy the cr iteria for
the capacity of the joint to transfer stresses. Care should option 31a) of table 5.1, only the effects of r# , the
be taken that the joint surface is clean immediately before temperature fall due to seasonal variations (see A.3), need
the fresh concrete is placed against it. II may meed to be be considered when designing the complete continuous
dampened prior to the new concrete being plaCed, to structure.
prevent excessive loss of mix water into it by absorption. Sufficient t.me should be allowed for all tha early
Particular care should be taKen in the placing of new thermal movement to take place before the open semion
concrete close to the joint to ensure that it has an adequate is infilled.
fines content and is tulIy compacted and densa. I t is not
necessary to incorporate \vaterstops in proper Iy constructed
construction joints. 5.6 Joints in ground slabs

5.5 Temporary open sections The floor of a structure may be designed to permit
thermal contraction and shrinkage by minimizing restraints
Where structural continuity is required in the final to movement. A separating layer of 1000 g/m2 polyethylene
structure (e.g. the wall of a rectangular tank) the amount should be provided between the floor slab and the blinding
concrete. Panels may be cast in single bays or in larger areas
of reinforcement required to control early thermal effects
with induced 1o•nts.
may be reduced by the use of temporary open sections.

12
 BS 8007 : 1987
Section five

AIternative!y, the floor may be designed as tul ly restrained For structural design purposes the horizontal reinforcement
against shrinkage and thermal contraction and should be should be completely continuous at vertical joints. A
cast directly en to the blinding concrete. central waterstop should be used together with sealing
Frequently, in large structures, the floor is designed as a compounds on both faces, whether or not any attempt is
series of continuous strips with transverse induced complete made to achieve concrete continuity.
contraction joints provided to ensure that cracking oocurs
in predetermined positions. Longitudinal joints between 5.8 Joints in roofs
the strips shouId form complete contraction joints.
Roof slabs are generally designed as flat slabs, in which case
all interior joints sFould be construction joints so that the
5.7 Joints in walls slab is structurally monolithic. Early thermal effects and
subsequent temperature effects should be considered.
Wal Is may be designed as fully restrained against thermal Roofs, even those covered by soil. may be subjected to a
contraction and shrinkage, or the restraints may be reduced larger thermal change than the walls and floor, but if the
by providing movement joints in accordance with table 5.1. roof is not connected monolithically to the wall the
Where the wall is designed to be monolithic with the base subsequent temperature effects may be disregarded
slab, a kicker should be cast at the same time as, and (i.e. reinforcement to control cracking is based only on T ,
integrally with, the slab. The height of the kicker should be the fall in temperature between the hydration peak and
at least 75 mm to enable the next lift of formwork to fit ambient (see A.3)).
tightly and to avoid leakage of cement grout from the Where roofs and walls are monolithic, movement joints in
newly deposited concrete. The joint in this position will be roofs should correspond with those in the walls to avoid
a construction joint, and although it is recommended that the possibility of sympathetic cracking. The final
wall panels are cast in one lift, any necessary extra connection beMeen the roof and walls should not be made
horizontal joints will be construction joints. until the roof is insulated. If, however, provision is made
In walIs to circu lar structures, one of the predominant by means of a sl iding joint tor movement between the roof
forces from the liquid pressure is horizontal hoop tension. and walls, correspondence of the joints is less important.

13
BS 8007 . 1987
Section five

\•/aIl Fl0Or
Sealing compound on Iron-absorbent S e at ing co mpound N on- abs orbgn f
one or bofh faces jo nt filler joint filler

No steel

Expansion I Ape Initial gap f or

caters fop e ¥g8 fl STOIL

Ia) E xpans ion joints

Formed
Sealing Compound No concrete continuit y
ont or both faces and no initial gap

Waterstop
w itr
Induced
Sealing compound on
Induced track
one or both f aces Induced rrack led later

Cenral <racE
induUng watersfop Waters top with ‹rack
inducing up stand
(b) Compleie con t rac tion j oin1s

Sealing compound on No concrete continuit y Joint sealing

one or both faces and no initial gap conpnund
; .. . .”..°”. °. . ”L . •”.? . . • ’. o. ’ .': ”. "’ Floor
Steel -Steel
•. c ontinui t y contnu
" 50°@ 50%

/
Waterstop
Induced
Sealing compound on Induced rrack
one or both fares

Centra crack
inducing vaters Top
(c) Par tial can traction joints

Figure 5.1 Examples of movement joints

J4

15
 BS 8007 : 1987
Section six

Section six. Concrete: specification and materials

6.1 General 6.4 Workability

This section gives methods of specifying, producing and The workability of the concrete should be specified in
assessing concrete for compliance that will in general ensure relation to the equipment and methods ot handling and
that the strength, durability and impermeability will be compaction, so that the concrete is placed without
adequate for liquid-retaining structures. The recommend- segregation, fully compacted, surrounds all reinfprcsment,
ations in section six of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 apply tendons and ducts and completely fills the formwork. It is
except where these are amended by this code. particularly important to ensure that full compection is
obtained in the vicinity of construmion and movement
joints, embedded water bars, tendon anchorages, pipes, etc.
6.2 Materials

6.2.1 Cements, ground granulated blastfurnace 6.5 Surface finish of concrete

slags lg.g.b.s) and pulverized-fuel ashes (p.f.a.)
These are to be used as specified in 6.1.2 of BS 8110 : The type of surface finish to be given to any member will
Part 1 : 1985 except that for normal use the target mean depend on its position in the structure, its exposure, whethei
proportion of g.g.b.s. should not exceed 50 %. This applies or not it is to receive an applied finish and the properties of
to blended cements (6.1.2.1(b]) and combinations made at the Iiquid to be stored. The recommendations in 6.10 of
the mixer (6.1.2.1 (dl). The target mean proportion of p.f.a. BS 8110 : Part J : 1985 apply.
should not exceed 35 S as stated in BS 8110 : Part 1. It is not possible to ensure that a reinforced concrete
NOTE. In th is code the term ‘cement‘ mea gs Portland cement or a member will remain uncracked. TI is recommended,
Combination of Portl and cement end g.g.b.s. in accordance with therefore, that any member that is to be permanently
BS 6699 or p. f.a. in accordance with BS 3892 . Part 1, unless
exposed to view is provided with a profile and type of
otherwise stated.
finish that tend to minimize the effects of any surface
6.2.2 Aggregates ” marking.
Aggregates to be used shuuld comply with either BS 882
or BS 1047 and have an absorption, as measured in
accordance with BS 812 : Part 2 : 1975, generally not
6.6 Blinding layer
greater than 3 é..
NOT E. Coarse Eggregates wi th a Iow co eff icien t af th er mai
Where walls or floors are founded on the ground a screeded
expansi an are p re fer red {see BS 81 10 : Part 2 : 1985) . layer of plain concrete not less than 75 mm thick should be
placed over the ground.
In normal circumstances this concrete should have
6.3 IVIix proportions proportions weaker than that used in the remainder oi the
structure, but not weaker than grade C20 as given in
The minimum cerr'ent content should be 325 kg/m’. table 6.2 ot BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985. Where aggressive soil
A maximum water/cement ratio of 0.55 should be used or aggressive groundwater is expected, the concrete should
except when Portland pulverized-fuel ash cement or a not be weaker than grade C25, and if necessary, a sulphate-
combination of ordinary Portland cement and p.f.a. is used, resisting or other special cement should be specified.
when the water/cement ratio shouId be 0.50. The 28-day
characteristic cube strength should not be less than
35 N/mm* , and the concrete shou Id be classed as grade 6.7 Pneumatically applied mortar
C35A.
It should be noted that this classification is not in The pneumâtic application of mortar is a specialist
accordance with BS 8110, as higher 28-day strengths may, operation and should be carried out only by experienced
with some types and proportions of constituent mater ials, operators. The designer should agree a full specification
lead to undesirabl y high cement contents. A reduction n with the contractor for materials, mix proportions, mixing,
the water/cement ratio may be ach ieved by the Use of placing, equipment and curing before any work commences.
plasticizers.
For reinforced concrete the cement content should not
exceed either 400 kg/m’ of ordinary Portland cement or
cements containing g.g.b.s. or 450 kg/m’ where cements
containing p.f.a. are used. F or prestressed concrete the
maximum cement content may be increased to
500 kg/m* or 550 kg/m* respectivel y.

15
BS 8007 : 1987
Section seven

Semion seven. Specification and workmanship: reinforcement

7.1 General
The provisions of section seven of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 euential that the coating process is undertaken in factory
apply. conditions, and as there is no British Standard,
ASTM A775/A775M-84 should be complied with as a
minimum, in respect of the caating.
7J Special reinforcement
7.Z.3 Stainless ctee{ reinforcement
7.2.J Galvanized reinforcement Bar reinforcement in accordance with the preferred range
Normal bar and fabric reinforcement may be hot-dip zinc of sizes given in BS 6744 should be used.
coated in accordance with BS 729. The minimum coating
thickness should be 85 Hm. 7C.4 Bond strength
It may be assumed for the design that the bond strength of
7.2.2 Epoxy coated reinforcement deformed bar types J and 2 is not affemed by hot-dip zinc
Reinforcement may be epoxy powder coated with the coating or epoxy coat ng
coating bonded by an electrostatic fusion process. It is NOTE. No 9uidence can be given for coated elain surface bers.

16
 BS 8007 : 1987
Section eight

Section eight. Specification and workmanship: prestressing tendons

8.1 General
Prestressing tendons should comply with the
recommendations in section eight of BS 8110 : Part 1 :

17
BS 8007 : 1987
Section nine

Section nine. Inspection and testing of the structure

9.1 General practicable, be carried out from the liquid face. When a
remedial lining is applied to inhibit leak age at a crack it
should have adequate flexibility and have no reaction with
Inspection and testing of structures should be carried out
the stored liquid.
in accordance with 2.8. Testing for liquid tightness should
be in accordance with 9.2 and 9.3. Should the structure not satisfy the 7-day test, then afier
the completion of the remedial work it should be refilled
and if necessary left for a further stabilizing period;
a further test of 7 days' duration should then be undertaken
9.2 Testing of structures in accordance with this clause.

For a test of liquid retention, the structure should be

cleaned and initially fi Ited to the normal maxim um level 9.3 Testing of roofs
with the specified liquid (usually water) at a uniform rate
of not greater than 2 m in 24 h. The roofs of liquid-retaining structures should be watertight
When first filled, the liquid level should be maintained by and should, where practicable, be tested on completion by
the addition of further liquid for a stabil izing period while flooding the roof with water to a minimum depth of
absorption and autogenous healing take place. The 25 mm for 24 h or longer if so specified. Where it is
stabilizing period may be 7 days for a maximum design impracticable, because of roof falls or otherwise, to oontain
crack width of 0.1 mm or 2I days for 0.2 mm or greater. a 25 mm depth of water, the roof should have water
After the stabilizing period the level of the liquid surface applied by a oontinuous hose or sprinkler system to provide
should be recorded at 24 h intervals for a test period of a sheet flow of water over the entire area of the roof for
7 days. During this 7-day test period the total permiss1ble not less than 6 h. In either case the roof should be
drop in level, after allowing for evaporation and rainfall, considered satisfactory if no leaks or damp patches show
should not exceed 1/50Oth of the average water depth of on the soffit. Should the structure not satisfy either of
the fulI tank, 10 mm or another specified amount. these tests. then after the completion of the remedial work
Notwithstanding the satisfactory completion of the test, it should be retested in accordance with this clause. The
any evidence of seepage of the |iquid to the outside faces roof insulation and covering should be completed as soon
of the liquid-retaining walIs should be assessed against the as possible after satisfactory testing.
requirements of the speciT ination. Any necessary remedial
treatment of the concrete, cracks, or joints should. where

18
 BS 8007 : 1987
Appendix A

Appendices

required to distribute the cracking, ‘concrete section’

Appendix A. Calculation of minimum
being the surface zones given in I igures A. I and A.2;
reinforcement,° crack spacing and crack /'y is the direct tensile strength of the immature
widths in relation to temperature and concrete (usually taken at the age of 3 days as
moisture effects 1.6 N/mm* for grade C35A);
by is’the characteristic strength of the reinforcement as
A.1 General given in table 3.1 of BS B110 : Part 1 : J985.

The des 9 P °ceduresgiven in A.2 and A.3 are appropriate

AT Crack spacing
to long continuous wall or floor or roof slabs of ‘thin’
cross section. Reference should be made to 5.3.3 for
modifications that are necessary when considering the When sufficient reinforcement is provided to distribute
introduction of movement joints. A.4 considers ‘thick’ cracking the likely maximum spacing of eracks, sm„,
sections. A.5 considers ex ternal restraint factors and their is given by the equation:
application to thin sections subject to varying degrees of
external restraint. Finally, A.6 refers to specialist literature
regarding factors other than design that have a significant
influence on the degree of thermal and moisture effecu. where
Fg is the ratio of the tensile strength of the concrete (Ip)
to the average bond strength (fp ) between concrete
’b and steel (see table A.1 l;
A.2 Minimum reinforcement*
$ i•. the size of each reinforcing bar;
Direct tension cracking from thermal movement is not the p is the steel ratio based on the aFeas of surface zones
same mechanism as that of fjexural cracking. After the lsee figures A.1 and A.2).
formation of an initial crack, all the other cracks are For square•mesh fabric reinforcement in which the cross-
influenced by the reinforcement. Provided that the wires are not smaller than the main vyires, it may be assumed
reinforcement across these primary cracks does not yield, that 20 % of the maximum force ii' the main wires is taken
the contraction of the concrete at both sides of the crack at each welded intersection within the bond development
becomes restrained by the reinforcement. Once this length.
restrained contraction reaches the tensile strain capacity Thus:
of the concrete, a further crack may be induced. Therefore,
the effect of the reinforcement on the cracking pattern is — x — 11 — 0.2 n j
to increase trie number of cracks above those given in the
primary cracki ng pattern, but all of the cracks, both where
primary and secondary, are of a controlled width. n is the number of welded intersections within the
To be effective in distributing cracking the amount of length sm; and is normally 1 or 2;
reinforcement provided needs to be at least as great as
that given by the equation:
For immature concrete [2] , the vajue of fy/Fp may be
taken as unity for plain round bars and two-thirds for
deformed (type 2) bars, as shown in table A.1.
P< it '• the cr i tical steel ratio, i.e. the minimum ratio,
of steel to the gross area of the concrete section,

Table A.1 Factors for the calculation of minimum reinforcement* for crack
distribution and crark spacing li n i mm a ture concrete: thermal movement dom inant)

ñ$ = 1.6 N/ mm’ type 2,

fg = 2.4 N/mm*

C35A 0.0064 0.0035 1.0 0.67

When celcula ting the area of thermal c rac k co ntrol steel:
At = A# p#,tt to distribute the crac king (A.2); or
d y = A# p fo r sp ec if ied m ax imum crack w id th s (see A. 3)

" AI th ough th e e xpre ss io n ‘m i nimum re info rcemenI ’ is used it is p oss i b Ie ro have 2/3 p C ,;t under optio n 3 o f tabl e 5.1

19
BS 8007 : 1987
Appendix A

300mm
t0
500mm

l00mm

20
 BS 8007 : 1987
Appendix A

The width of a fully developed crack arising from drying is the fall in temperature between the hydration
shrinkage and thermal movement contraction in restrained peak and ambient.
walls and slabs may be obtained from: Alternatively, the above may be expressed as:
I'm x = sm„ R a 7i
where where
I'm is the estimated maximum crack width; R is the restraint factor, being the restrJined proportion
em. is the estimated likely maximum crack spacing; of the theoretical Iinear thermal or shrinkage
movement, taken as 0.5 for immature concrete with
e is the effective strain and is obtained from: rigid end restraints, after allowing for the internal
’ ' ’cs * ’te 100 A 1&‘ ] creep of the concrete.
where A low a signiflcantIy reduces the percentage ot thermal
eg is the estimated shrinkage strain; crack control reinforcement required to restrict crack
’te )S the estimated total thermal contraction after widths (see table 7.3 of BS 8110 : Part 2 : 1985 for typical
peak temperature arising from thermal effects. . values).
For immature concrete the coefficient of thermal Typical values of T for UK .concreting using OPC are
contraction, less its associated creep strain (which is very given in table A.2. For design purposes T should be
high in immature concrete), may be taken as one half of assumed to be not less than 30 ”C for walls and not Tess
the value for mature concrete. than 15 °C for slabs. In table A.2 values of T below
For walls and slabs exposed to normal UK climatic these are marked with an asterisk.
conditions, the shrinkage strain less its associated creep NOTE. For guidance on appropriate values of £t when using other
strain is general Iy less than 100 x 10”^ (i.e. about one-half types of concrete. see sections 2.4 and 2.5 of CIRIA report
of the ultimate concrete tensile strain) unless high no. 91 [3J .
shrinkage aggregates are used (see 2.6.2). Hence the value Admixtures have little direct effect on the temperature
of wmt for cooling to ambient from the peak hydration rise, other than to alter the time-scale of the temperature
temperature may be assumed to be: rise.
Provided that durability is not impaired, work ability aids
*ma,’ and cementitious mater ials other than OPC may be used
to reduce the OPC content and early-age thermal cracking
where (see section 2.5 of Cl R IA report no. 91 [3] ).
a is the coefficient of thermal expansion of mature
concrete;

Table A.2 Typical values of T for OPC concretes, whera more particular
information is not available

2
6ectio n WaIls Ground slabs:
thickness OPC content,

325 350 400 ‘ 325 350 400

mm ’C
300 11’ 13* 15“ 23 25 31 15 17 21
500 20 22 27 32 35 43 25 28 34
700 2B 32 39 *38 42 49
1000 38 42 49 t2 47 56

NOTE 1. F r susp end ed sIa be cas t an flat steel to rm wor k, use th e d a ta in coIumn 2
NOT E 2. For s usp ended s la bs cast on pI Ywood fo rm vvo rk, use the da ta in col umn 4
Th e ta bl e assum es the foIIovv ing :
{a) that the formwar k is 1 eft in position un ti) the peak temperature has passed;
T b} that the concrete placing Ternper a ture is 20 ° C;
Tc) tfiat the mean daiIy temperature is \ 5 ° C;
(d) that an allowance has not been made for sol ar heat gain in slabs.

21
BS 8007 : 1687
Appendix A •

A concrete placing temperature higher than that assumed A.4 Internal restraint in thick sections
in table A.2 can be expected in the UK on at least a few
days each year, but because of the lower total heat evolved
For thick sections, major causes of cracking are the
with higher placing temperatures, massive sections are
differences in temperature that develop beMeen the
unlikely to show more than a 15 % increase over that given
surface zones and the core of the section (see 3.8.4.1(a) of
in table A.2. In thin sections, where the rate of heat
BS 8110 : Part 2 : 1985). The thickness of concrete that
evolution is controlling the temperature rise, higher placing
can be considered within the ’surface zone’ is somewhat
temperatures, coupled with high daily temperatures, can
arbitrary. However, site observations have indicated that
substantially increase the temperature rise over that given
the zone thicknesses.for » > 500 mm in figures A.1 and
in table A.2, but these temperature rises cannot be greater
A.2 are appropriate for thick sections, and the procedure
than those for massive sections.
tor calculating thermal crack control reinforcement in
The designer should consider whether it is necessary to thick sections is then the same as for thin sections.
assume a maximum concrete placing temperature of 25 C
for special UK conditions, such as hot weather and long•
haul distances, to ensure that design assumptions are not
significantly exceeded.
A.5 External restraint famom
The minimum and maximum cement content should be
specified, and the design should be based on the specified Effective external restraint may be taken as 50 S of the
total external restraint because of internal creep. Reference
maximum permitted content, unless the actual maximum
was mada in A.3 to movement joints that greatly reduce
the rigid external restraint assumed for continuous wa|Is.
In addition to the temperature fall 7t there can be a However, there are other situations where the assumed
further tall in temperature, 7t , h.°cause of seasonal external restraint factor P can be less than 0.5. Some
variations. The consequent thermal contractions occur in typical situations for thin sections subjected to external
the mature concrete for which the factors controlIing restraint are illustrated in figure A.3 and allow for Bny
cracking behaviour are substantially modified. The ratio of beneficial internal restraints.
the tensile strength of the concrete to the average bond
Note that no thermal cracking is likely to occur within
strength, ñtt//'b, is Appreciably lower for mature concrete. ’
2.4 m of a free edge since experience has shown that this
In addition, the restraint along the base of the member
is the length of walI or floor slab over which the tensile
tends to be much more uniform and less susceptible to
strain capacity of the concrete exceeds the increasing
stress raisers, since a considerable shear resistance can be
restrained contraction, the restraint factor varying beMeen
developed along the entire length of the construction joint.
zero at the free edge to a maximum ot 0.5 at 2.4 m from
Although precise data are not available for these effects,
the free edge. Note that cracking can occur naar the ends
a reasonable estimate is to assume that the combined effect if stress inducers such as pipes occur within this 2.4 m
of these factors, in conjM nction with creep, is to reduce the
length of wall or slab. However, if not less than 2/3 ‹.
estimated contraction by half. Hence the value of •vm.x
based on the surface zones, is provided and there are no
when taking an additional seasonal temperature fall into
obvious stress raisers, it may be assumed that the tree ends
account is given by:
of the members wilI move inwards without cracking up to
where 6 = 0.5. Where th is is onI y a temporary free edge
and a subsequent bay is cast against the edge, the larger
restraint factor for the subsequent bay is shown in
parentheses in figure A.3 and should be assumed 14] .
The restraint within a wall or floor panel depends not only
Thus, in terms of restraint factor, the value of R for mature on the location within the slab but also on the proportions
concrete with rigid external restraint can a Iso be taken as of the slab. Table A.3 shows how the restraint factors vary
0.ii. If movement joints as indicated in option 2 and 3 of beMeen opposite edges, one free and one fixed (e.g. for a
table 5.1 are provided, then the subsequent temperature walI slab the base section is the fixed edge and the top
fall r, need not be considered (see also A.5), provided that section is the free edge).
the steel has been reduced by 50 P• at partial contraction
joints.

22
” BS 8007 : 1987
Appendix A

00.5
• 0.S 0;S£

»r free

0.5

0
0.5

Horizontal restraint fart or. o

Obtain from table A.3
for th s cantra zone ^

fa) Well on bese ¥ Where /Y 1, this factor = 0.5(1-

Ibl Hori zon tal sla b De tween rigid restraints

0

010.251

H ” a.*s“,
0.S’':

¥\Yh ere /' 2 /Y fhese restraint factors

=0.5 (1 - )

(c) Sequen dial bay woll construction Twith construction joints) NOTE. Values pf Q u sed in t he design shou Id be related to the
p rac tica I distr ibut io n of reinforcement.

IdI AI female bay wall construct ion Twith construction joints)

Figure A.3 Restraint factor R for various wall and floor slab placing sequences

23'
BS 8007 : jea7
Appendices A and B

E, modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement

Table A.3 Influence of slab proportions h overall depth of the member
on the centreline restraint factor
v design surface crack width
6/0 Decign ontreline horizonul i depth of the neutral axis
em average strain at the level where the cracking is
Bese of panel Top of panel
being considered
et strain at the level consideredI
1 o.5t o c\ strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete
2 0.St 0 between cracks
3 0.St 0.05t
4 0.St 0.3t
» 8 0.5t 0.51' B.2 Assessment of craek widths in flexure
* H is che height or width to a free edge; Provided that the strain in the tension reinforcement is
L i* the distance between fuI) con traction joints. limited to 0.8€y/£# and the stress in the concrete is limited
I These values cen be less i+ £ 4.g m. to 0.45f , the design surface crack width should not
exceed the appropriate value given in 2.2.3.3 end may be
The effective external restraint in ground slabs cast on calculated from equation (1).

3a em
smooth" blinding concrete for the seasonal temperature ( 1)
variation 7t may be taken as being the design restraint " ' 1* 2
factor 6 = 0.5 at the mid-length, for 30 m lengths and over,

and it may be assumed to vary uniformly from 0.5 to zero where em is assessed in accordance with B.3.
at the ends.

B.3 Average strain in flexure

A.6 Specialist literature
The average strain at the level where cracking is bei ng
A summary of the factors that help prevent or control ansidered is assessed by calculating the apparent strain
early-age thermal cracking, many of which are not within using characteristic loads and normal elastic theory.
the control of the designer and which should be taken into Where f |exure is predominant but some tension exists
account in the specification, is given in table 10 of CIRIA at the section, the depth of the neutral axis should be
report no. 91 [3] . adjusted. The calculated apparent strain fit is then
adjusted to take into account the stiffening effect of
the concrete between cracks et . The value of the
stiffening effect may be assessed from B.4. and

Appendix B. Calculation of cracL widths in

mature concrete
B.4 Stiffening effect of concrete in flexure
B.1 Symbols
The stiffening effect of the concrete may be assessed by
deducting from the apparent strain a value obtaineci from
For the purposes of this appendix the following symbols equation (2) or f3).
apply.
F or a lim it ing design surface crack width of 0.2 mm:
a’ distance from the compression face to the point
b, \ h - K) {8’ - ¥)
at which the crack width is being calculated (2)
a„ distance from the point considered to the surface 3 E, A , (d — x j
of the nearest longitudinal bar For a limiting design surface crack width of 0.1 mm:
A area of tension rein forcement 1.56, (/j — x) (a’ — x)

6t width of the section at the centroid of the ^a ' ‘

36,A, \ d — x \
tension steel
cm„ minimum cover to the tension steel The stiffening effect factors should not be intereolated or
extrapolated and apply only for the crack widths stated.
a’ effective depth
 ” Power floa bed and/or use a f sheet membrane to break bond.
I Calculated ignoring the stiff ening effect of the concrete in the tension zone. -

• 24

23'
 BS 8007 : 1987
, Appendices B and C

B.5 Assessment of crack widths indirect joints should take into account their performance
characteristics, both individually and in combination,
tension and the restrictions and difficulties of access to them
should the joints not perform as designed. One of the
Prov i ded that the strain in the reinforcement is limited to principal problems with joints is obtaining continuously
0.8r lit, the design crack width should not exceed the satisfactory adhesion between joint sealing compounds
appropriate value given in 2.2.3.3 and may be calculated and the concrete surfaces beMeen which they are to
from equation 14) provide a liquid-tight seal. Joint sealing compounds cannot

w = 3a„ eg (4) be expected to provide a liquid-tight seal for more than a

where cm is assessed in accordance witfi B.6. proportion of the life of the structure, and waterstops
should always be provided in movement joints.
When proprietary mater ials or products are used, the
B.6 Average strain in direct tension recommendations at the manufacturer should be followed.
Jointing materials should be capable of accommodating
The average strain is assessed by calculating the apparent repeated movement without permanent distortion or

strain using characteristic loads and normal elastic theory. extrusion, and they should not be displaced by tluid
The calculated apparent strain is then adjusted to take into pressure. The materials should remain effective over the
account the stiftening effect of the concrete between whole range of temperature and humidities considered.
cracks. The value of the stiffening effect may be assessed For example, they should not slump unduly in hot weather
from B.7. neither should they become brittle when cold. The
materials should be insoluble and durable and not change
unduly by evaporation of solvent or plasticizers, nor,
in exposed portions, should they be altered by exposure to
B.7 Stiffening effect of concrete in direct light. Depending on the application, they may need to be
tension non-toxic and taintless and resistant to chemical and
biological attack. Ease of handling and of application or
The stiffening effect of the concrete may be assessed by installation are important, and the use of jointing materials
deducting from the apparent strain a value obtained trom should not prevent the proper compaction of the concrete
equation (5) or (6). next to the joint. Detailing at places where the joint
For a I imi ting design surface crack width of 0.2 mm: changes direction or intersects another joint should not be
2j /i unduly complicated.
t
(j) Sealants, unless otherwise specified in this code, should
3E,A , comply with BS 62J3.
For a I imiting design surface crack width of 0.1 mm:
6t h
*2 — (61 C.2 Joint fillers
E, A,

The stitfening effect factors should not be interpolated or Joint f illers are used i ñ expansion joints as illustrated in
extrapolated and apply only for the crack widths stated. section five. They consist of compressible sheet or strip
mater ial fixed to the faCe of the first-placed concrete and
against which the second-placed concrete is cast. They
provide the initial separation between the faces of the
concrete and compress under the predetermined expansion
from each face of the concrete. It is important that the
Appendix C. Jointing materials
joint filler accommodates the compression without
transferring appreciable load across the expansion loint
C.1 General and recovers so that the joint remains filled when the
concrete faces subsequentl y move apart. Since the
The joints described in section five requ ire the use of percentage expansion or contraction of the Miller is inversely
combinations of jointin9 materials, which may be proportional to the initial width of the joint. there is an
classified as: advantage in using a wide joint.
l
(a) joint fillers; The use fulness of a joint filler is in creased if the mater ial
(b) waterstops; remains in contact with both laces of the joint throughout
(c) joint sealing compounds (including primers where joint movements. This is important since the joint filler is
required). used as a support to the joint sealing compound which is
usually resisting liquid pressure.
These materials are inaccessible once the liquid-retaining
structure has been commissioned until the structure is Only non-rotting and non-absorbent mater ia|s should be
taken out of use. The design uses for these materials in used as joint fillers.
25
BS 8007 : 1987
Appendix C

C.3 Waterstops Surface waterstops should be used only in situations where

there is sufficient pressure from the outside to ensure that
the waterstop remains in position.
Waterstops are pretormed strips ot durable impermeable
material that are wholly or partially embedded in the
concrete during construction. They are located across joints C.4 Joint sealing compound
in the structure to provide a permanent liquid-tight seal
during the whole range of joint movements. W aterstops are
These materials (or sealants) are impermeable ductile
usually proprietary items with determined performance
materials that are required to provide a liquid•tight seal by
characteristics in accordance with BS 6213. When specified,
adhesion to the concrete throughout the range of joint
waterstops should be appropriate to the required design
movements. The sealing performance is obtained by
performance.
permanent adhesion of the sealing compound to the
The different applications of waterstops are described in concrete each side of the joint only. and most sealants
section five and illustrated in figure 5.1. It is essential that should be applied in conditions of complete dryness and
the concrete placed around the waterstop is well compacted cleanliness. There are joint sealing compounds that are
and that the waterstop be fixed and maintained firmly in produced for application to surfaces that are not dry.
position until the concrete placing is completed and the The recommendations of the manufacturer should be
concrete has set. .
followed to ensure that the sealing compounds are applied
Waterstops may b divided into four categories. The first correctly to adequately prepared surfaces. It is necessary
category, known as the central-bulb type, is used in walls that the corners of the concrete each side of the joint are
to form expansion, contraction and partial contraction accurately cact as detailed with impermeable concrete to
joints. The central bulb is positioned across the joint, and avoid water by•passing the sealant through the concrete.
the main waterstop is set parallel to the water-surface of BS 6213 : 1982 provides guidance on types of construct-
the concrete wall. There is a solid bulb or wing at each end ional sealant and on their selection and correct application,
of this type of waterstop, which is made of rubber or so enabl ing the specifier to select appropriately from
tlex ible plastics such as PVC. The distance of the waterstop table 4 of that standard. This table Iists the main types of
from the nearest exposed concrete face should not be less sealants, their suitability for the different tynes of joints
than half the width of the waterstop. The second category in a variety of liquid-retaining structures. Table 4 and
is simiiar to the first category but has no centr al bulb. It is sections six and seven of BS 6213 . 1982 give guidance on
set in a. similar manner to category one, but should be used the ’method of application of the sealants. Table 2
only in contraction, partial contraction and construction provides an expected servicé I ife for the various types, with
joints. The third category, consisting of surface types of an indication that 20 years is a reasonable maximum,
waterstop, is mainIy used on the undersides of concrete although in favourable conditions a longer service I ife may
slabs, and sometimes on the outer face of walls that are be obtained.
backf illed. These waterstops are set into the surface oT the
In tloor ioints, the sealing compound is usually applied in
concrete each side of contraction or partial contraction
joints that are formed. They are also used with a central a chase formed in the surface of the concrete along the line
crack-inducing tongue for induced contraction joints. To of the joint. The actual minimum width will depend on the
secure good compaction of the concrete against ihe water- known characteristics of the material. In floor joints of the
stop it should be tixed to a base of blinding concrete or expansion type, the sealant is supported by the joint I iller.
Tn tloor joints, retention of the sealant is assisted by gravity,
formwork. The use of a surface waterstop is sometimes
and in many cases sealing can be delayed until just before
specified at construction joints. This type of waterstop is
the structure is put into service, so that the amount of joint
usualIy formed from rubber or flexible plastics such as PVC.
opening subsequently to be accommodated is small. The
The fourth category of waterstop is a rigid type and is
chase should be neither too narrow nor too deep to hinder
specified when, as in construction joints. no movement is
complete filling and should be primed bafore the sealing
expected at the joint but a positive waterstop is required
compound is applied. Here again, a wider joint demands a
because of the pressure of the contained Iiquid as in a
smaller percentage distortion in the material.
pressure pipeline. Such waterstops are usual Iy formed from
copper or steel strip. Vertical joints in walls should be primed where necessary
The design of the structure should generally provide for and then sealed on the liquid- face with a sealant that is
usually pressured by gun or knife into the preformed chase,
the continuity of the waterstop system across all joints
and particularly junctions beMeen tloor and wall systems. The sealants should have non-slumping properties and great
The correct procedure for making the running joints on extensibil ity.
site using heat fused butt welds for PVC, vulcanized or The long-term performance of a joint sealing compound
pocketed *Ieeve joints for rubber and brazed or welded lap depends on its formulation, the workmanship with which
joints for copper or steel needs to be adopted. Intersections it is prepared and applied as well as the circumstances of
and special junctions such as those that arise between the structure. It would be unwise to depend on the sealing
rubber and PVC should be prefabricated. compound for liquid-tightness in the long term and that
should t›e provided by the waterstop. The sealing
Metal waterstops can be lapped instead of welded, provided
compound should maintain stability at the face of the joint
that the gap between them is 5 mm greater than the
and preclude the ingress of any hard objects that could
specified size of the coarse aggre§ate.
impair joint movement.

26
’ BS 8007 : 1987
Appendix D

Appendix D. Bibliography

1. HEALTH AND SAFETY EX ECUTIV E. Articles and 4. HUGHES, B.P. Elimination of sfirink•s• and cracking in
substances for use at wark, Guidance note GS 8, a water-retaining structure, Technical note 36, CIRIA,
August 1977. London 1971.
HEALTH AND SAFETY EX ECUTIV E. Entry into F«her reading
confined spaces, Guidance note GS 5, June 1980.
5. WATER AUTHORITIES ASSOC IAT ION. Cir'I
HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE. OcCU|0âl/OMd! engineering specification I'or the water industry,
exposure limits, Guidance note. EH 40/85, April 1985• 2nd edition, 1984.
2. HUGH ES, B.P. Control of them›al and fifirinkage 6. ANCHO R, R.D. and HUGHES, B.P. Guide ro BS 8007,
cracking in restrained reinforced concrete waIIS, Institution of Structural Engineers, London (to be
Technical note 21, CIRIA, London 1976. published).
3. HAR R ISON, T.A. Early-age thermal crack COntrol in 7. ANCHOR, R.D. Design of liquid retaining concrete
concrete, Report no. 91, CIRIA, London 981. structures, Surrey University Press, Glasgow 1981.

27