Foundation in Science

MODULE: CHEMISTRY 1
TOPIC: CHEMICAL BONDING II
Inspire • Empower • Elevate

Prepared by: Ms. Shasha

Learning outcome
At the end of the lecture, student should be able to:
1. Explain the shapes of, and bond angles in molecules by using VSEPR using
simple examples:
a) CO2 (linear),
b) CH4 (tetrahedral),
c) BF3 (trigonal planar),
d) NH3 (trigonal pyramidal),
e) H2O (bent/ v-shape),
f) SF6 (octahedral)
2. Predict the shapes and bond angles in molecules.
3. Determine whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar based on its geometry

2
INTRODUCTION
• Lewis Structure: Explains
compositions of molecules
and their covalent bonds Tetrahedral Trigonal Planar
Octahedral
which form stable molecules.
Do not show the shape of a
molecule.
• Lewis Theory + VSEPR Theory
= Shapes of Molecules

Linear
Trigonal Pyramidal Bent

3
VSEPR THEORY
• VSEPR = Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Repulsion of electron groups (lone pairs, bonded pairs & single electron)
Strength of Repulsive Force:
Lone pair – Lone pair > Lone pair – Bonded pair > Bonded pair – Bonded pair

Maximum separation between electron

groups, therefore minimum energy

Determine shapes of the molecules

4
PREDICTING MOLECULAR GEOMETRIES
STEP 1: Draw Lewis structure
STEP 2: Determine number of electron groups around central atom
- Lone pairs, single bonds, multiple bonds & single electron each count as ONE
group.
- Strength of repulsive forces:
Lone pair – Lone pair > Lone pair – Bonded pair > Bonded pair – Bonded pair
STEP 3: Identify the bond angle
- Bond angle:
Lone pair – Lone pair > Lone pair – Bonded pair > Bonded pair – Bonded pair
STEP 4: Deduce the shape of the molecule

5
Total electron pair Zero lone pair One lone pair Two lone pair

2 Linear

3 Trigonal planar Bent

4 Tetrahedral Trigonal pyramidal Bent

6 Octahedral

6
Linear – CO2
Electron Groups 2
Lone pair on central atom 0

Lewis structure

Molecular geometry Linear

Molecular shape

Bond angle 180°

7
Trigonal planar – BF3
Electron Groups 3
Lone pair on central atom 0

Lewis structure

Molecular geometry Trigonal Planar

Molecular shape

Bond angle 120°

8
Bent / V - Shape – H2O
Electron Groups 4
Lone pair on central atom 2

Lewis structure

Molecular geometry Bent / V-shape

Molecular shape

Bond angle 104.5°

9
Tetrahedral - CH4
Electron Groups 4
Lone pair central atom 0

Lewis structure

Molecular geometry Tetrahedral

Molecular shape

Bond angle 109.5°

10
Trigonal pyramidal-NH3
Electron Groups 4
Lone pair on central atom 1

Lewis structure

Molecular geometry Trigonal Pyramidal

Molecular shape

Bond angle < 109.5°

11
Octahedral - SF6
Electron Groups 6
Lone pair on central atom 0

Lewis structure

Molecular geometry Octahedral

Molecular shape

Bond angle 90°

12
PRACTICE
Predict the shape and the bond angle of:

Compounds Shape Bond angle

BeCl2
BCl3

PCl3

13
 POLARITY OF MOLECULES
• Polarity of a molecule depends on SHAPE & NATURE OF ITS BONDS
• Difference in electronegativity between 2 atoms ↑, polarity ↑

Non Polar Molecules

14
DIPOLE AND
DIPOLE
MOMENT
• Polar molecules: Has HIGH
electron density area (δ-) &
LOW electron density area
(δ+) = Dipole
• Dipole is measured by
DIPOLE MOMENT (μ)
• Dipole moment = Vector
quantity (Has both
magnitude & direction)
• Non Polar molecules: The
dipole moments cancel off
each other

15
BOND POLARITY
• Polar bond in polar molecules – the bond between the
two atoms has a partial +ve end & a partial -ve end
(dipole moment)
• The unequal sharing of electrons leads to:
a) a partial -ve charge on the more
electronegative element (δ −)
b) a partial +ve charge on the less
electronegative element (δ +)
• A covalent molecule is polar if the covalent bond is
polarised
16
• Electronegativity, χ
a) a measure of the ability of an atom in a
molecule to attract bonding electrons in
a covalent bond to itself
b) decide whether a bond is polar, which
atom of the bond is -ve & which is +ve
c) increase from left to right across a
period & decrease down a group
▪ Electronegativity trend: F > Cl > Br > I
17
POLAR COVALENT BOND IN POLAR MOLECULE

H F

▪ Non-uniform distribution of electron

density between the two atoms
▪ Due to F is more electronegative than H,
the F atom tends to exert a stronger
attraction on the bonding e– compared to
the H atom
18
▪ Electron density of the bonding electrons
to be higher around the F atom than the H
atom
▪ ‘F end’ of molecule acquires a partial
negative charge while the ‘H end’
acquires a partial positive charge
▪ The covalent bond in the H–F molecule is
polarised
19
EXAMPLE 1: Bromine Monochloride, BrCl (Linear)

• Cl is more electronegative than Br

• Cl = δ-, Br = δ+
• Hence, BrCl is a POLAR molecule.

μ≠0

20
EXAMPLE 2: Sulphur Dioxide, SO2 (Bent / V-Shape)

• O is more electronegative than S

• O = δ-, S = δ+
• Due to the bent shape, the dipole moment DO NOT CANCEL each
other
• Hence, SO2 is a POLAR molecule.

21
EXAMPLE 3: Ammonia, NH3 (Trigonal Pyramidal)

• N is more electronegative than H

• N = δ-, H = δ+
• Due to presence of lone pair
electrons on N which cause
asymmetrical shape, the dipole
moment DO NOT CANCEL each
other
• Hence, NH3 is a POLAR molecule.

22
EXAMPLE 4: Tetrachloromethane, CCl4 (Tetrahedral)

• Cl is more electronegative than C

• Cl = δ-, C = δ+
• Each C-Cl bond is polar
• But the 4 C-Cl bonds’ dipoles are acting on
opposite directions due to symmetrical shape
• All 4 dipoles CANCEL OFF EACH OTHER
• Hence, CCl4 is a NON POLAR molecule.

23
EXAMPLE 5: Boron trifluoride, BF3 (Trigonal Planar)

• F is more electronegative than B

• F = δ-, B = δ+
• Each B-F bond is polar.
• But the 3 B-F bonds’ dipoles are acting on
opposite directions due to symmetrical shape
• All 3 dipoles CANCEL OFF EACH OTHER
• Hence, BF3 is a NON POLAR molecule.

24
EXAMPLE 6: Sulphur hexafluoride, SF6 (Octahedral)

• F is more electronegative than S

• F = δ-, S = δ+
• Each S-F bond is polar
• But the 6 S-F bonds’ dipoles are acting on
opposite directions due to symmetrical shape
• All 6 dipoles CANCEL OFF EACH OTHER
• Hence, SF6 is a NON POLAR molecule.
μ=0

25
PRACTICE
Predict whether the following molecules are polar or non polar:

(a) Chloromethane, CH3Cl

(b) Carbon dioxide, CO2
(c) Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6
(d) Formaldehyde, CH2O

26
APPLICATIONS –
ATORVASTATIN (LIPITOR)
• Lowers blood cholesterol levels, reduce risk of
heart attacks & strokes
• Inhibits action of cholesterol synthesizing
enzyme
• 2 properties of Lipitor that leads to
pharmaceutical effectiveness:
(a) Correct shape to fit perfectly into the cavity of
the enzyme, thus blocking the site from
molecules involved in cholesterol synthesis
(b) Right atoms & arrangements of
electrons to form strong interactions
within the cavity
• Even a small modification to molecular shape or
size alters the drug’s effectiveness.

27
Thank you.

IMU Education Sdn Bhd No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19

199201005893 (237397-W) Bukit Jalil, 57000
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
603 8656 7228
Formerly known as International Medical University.
imu.edu.my