Neuman’s System Model Neuman’s System Model
Kyla S. Durens Overview:
Kristine Garces Provides a comprehensive,
flexible, holistic, and system
based perspective for nursing.
Betty Neuman Deals with stress and stressors
reduction and is primarily
Background: concerned with the effects of
stress on health.
Born: 1924 in Ohio
The client system is protected by
Diploma- 1974, from people’s
a circular series of buffers known
hospital
as line of defense that minimize
B.S. in public healing nursing-
the effects of stressors.
1975
The focus is on the client system
M.S. as public health-mental
in relationship to the
health nurse consultant- 1966-
environmental stressors.
California
Doctorate in clinical psychology
from Pacific Western University-
Flexible Line of Defense
1985
Outer boundary
The Original Diagram of Neuman
Initial response or protective
System Model
barrier to prevent stressors
from breaking though the
normal line of defense.
Dynamic- constantly
changing, active, or
adaptable.
Affected by variables such as:
loss of sleep, inadequate
nutrition, loss, pain, sensory
deprivation, culture change;
that reduce the client’s ability
to use a flexible line of
defense against stressors.
Normal line of Defense
Represents stability over
time or normal wellness
state.
Any stressors may invade the 2. Psychological Variables
NLOD when FLOD offers
- refers to a characteristics or
inadequate protection.
factor that can be measured and
When NLOD is invaded the client
studied in relation to
system reacts.
psychological phenomena.
Reactions will be apparent in
symptoms of instability or illness. 3. Sociocultural Variables
- factors relating to customs,
behaviors, and belief systems
Line of Resistance
that a group of people adhere to
Protects the basic structure. or follow.
It involves the coping strategies
4. Development Variables
or coping mechanism.
Becomes activated when NLOD - include age, gender, ethnic, and
is invaded by environmental racial backgrounds, birth order,
stressors. intelligence, cognitive maturity,
If LOR is effective, system can response latency, emotional
reconstitute. functioning, behavior, and many
If not effective, the resulting others.
energy depletion may lead to
5. Spiritual Variables
death.
- includes religious faith, beliefs,
values, ethnics, principles and
Basic core structure morals.
Made up of the basic survival
factors that are common to the
NURSING PREVENTION
species.
Includes: normal temperature Primary Prevention
range, genetic structure,
response pattern, organ strength - Occurs before the stressor
or weakness, ego structure. invades the system
Secondary Prevention
- Occurs after the system has
CLIENT VARIABLES
reacted to an invading stressors.
1. Physiological Variables
Tertiary Prevention
- a variable refers to a value of a
- Occurs after secondary
measurable quantity or attribute
prevention as reconstitute is
of an individual or a system
being established.
measured by a devices.
METAPARADIGM 2. Nursing Goals
Human Being - Intervention strategies negotiated
with client t retain, attain and
- Viewed as an open system that
maintain client/ client system
interacts with both internal and
stability.
external environmental forces
and stressors. Nursing Outcomes
Environmental - the nurse implements
interventions in the phase.
- The environment may be viewed
- The nurse evaluates and modifies
as all factors that affected by the
these interventions a necessary,
system.
working in partnership with the
- It includes interpersonal,
clients, based in client system
intrapersonal and extra-personal
stability.
stressors that interfere with
person’s normal line of defense
and can affect the system’s
stability.
Health
- Defined as condition or degree of
system stability and is viewed as
a continuum from wellness to
illness.
Nursing
- As actions that assist persons,
families and groups to attain and
maintain a maximum level of
wellness.
3 NURSING PROCESS
1. Nursing Diagnosis
- the nurse-patient relationship
begins with the initial contact and
perceive as a partnership.
- Systemic data collection through
physical assessment and
interview process
