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The Crusades

The Crusades were a series of military campaigns initiated to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslim forces, prompted by the threat to Constantinople and calls from Pope Urban II. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem, but subsequent efforts, including the Second and Third Crusades, faced significant challenges and ultimately failed to maintain control. The Crusades led to political changes, increased trade, and the strengthening of the Christian Church, despite the overall goal of reclaiming the Holy Land being largely unsuccessful.

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28 views3 pages

The Crusades

The Crusades were a series of military campaigns initiated to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslim forces, prompted by the threat to Constantinople and calls from Pope Urban II. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem, but subsequent efforts, including the Second and Third Crusades, faced significant challenges and ultimately failed to maintain control. The Crusades led to political changes, increased trade, and the strengthening of the Christian Church, despite the overall goal of reclaiming the Holy Land being largely unsuccessful.

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tester.emailxx13
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The Crusades

I. Causes of the Crusades

A. Turks gained control of the “Holy Land”

B. Constantinople is threatened

1. Pope Urban II

2. Met with Church Leaders and Feudal Lords

a. Asked Lords to quit fighting among themselves

b. Instead join a great war to win back “Holy Lands”

II. Crusades

A. A series of military campaigns to regain HL

B. Sewed a Cross on the clothes---called Crusaders

1. Some went to save their souls – direct ticket to Heaven

2. Some Knights hoped to gain land and wealth

3. Some merchants saw a chance to make money

III. The First Crusade

A. 1096-1099: French and Italian Lords led armies to Constantinople

B. Byzantine Emperor concerned, but allowed Crusaders to pass

C. Difficult Journey

1. Wool garments, heavy armor, and high heat

2. Lack of food and water due to few pack mules

3. Still able to capture city of Antioch

D. Capture of Jerusalem
1. Italian ships brought supplies

2. Turks – quarreling among themselves and were disorganized

3. After several vicious battles - Crusaders massacre Muslim and Jewish


inhabitants

4. Much of Holy Land now under European control

5. A sharing of cultures now occurs

IV. Second Crusade- 1147-1149

A. 1146 Turks united their forces

B. They began to take back cities

C. French and German Kings led forces to regain HL.

1. The armies joined forces

2. Unable to recapture city

3. 1149 returned to Europe in disgrace

V. Third Crusade - 1189-1192

A. Saladin – Muslim leader took control Jerusalem

B. Holy Roman Emperor – Frederick Barbarossa; King Philip II of France and


King Richard I of England

C. Failed

1. Barbarossa drowned

2. Philip and Richard quarreled – Philip took his army home

3. Richard could not recapture Jerusalem

a. Truce with Saladin

b. Crusaders received some towns on Palestinian Coast

c. Christians could enter Jerusalem freely


VI. Fourth Crusade – 1202

A. Pope Innocent III sent French Knights

B. Attacked Christian cities

1. Constantinople sacked and looted

2. Took many Holy items

3. Byzantines regained control, but their mighty empire collapsed

VII. Other Crusades

A. Children’s Crusade

B. Eventually Muslims captured Acre- This ended Crusades

VIII. Results of Crusades

A. Goal was to take HL from Muslims- All but one failed

B. Weapons and Warfare

1. Crossbow

2. Muslims taught them how to penetrate a wall

a. Catapults

b. Possibly gun powder

C. Political Changes

1. Lords sold land for Crusades- Leaving Kings stronger at home

2. Feudalism ended

3. Christian Church became stronger

D. Ideas and trade increases

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