Biomechanics of Functional Hand Splints and Arm Orthoses
The biomechanics of functional hand splints and arm orthoses are essential in
rehabilitation, providing structural support, movement assistance, and functional
enhancement for individuals with musculoskeletal or neurological impairments. These
devices aim to restore mobility, reduce pain, prevent deformities, and improve daily
activities. Understanding their biomechanical principles helps in designing effective
orthoses tailored to individual needs.
Biomechanical Principles of Functional Hand Splints
Functional hand splints are designed to support, position, and assist hand movements,
often used for conditions such as stroke, cerebral palsy, arthritis, or post-surgical
rehabilitation. The key biomechanical principles include:
1. Force Distribution and Load Management
Hand splints must balance forces applied to prevent pressure sores and discomfort.
The three-point pressure system is commonly used, where:
A primary force is applied at the affected joint.
Two counterforces are applied proximally and distally to stabilize the joint.
This system prevents excessive strain on soft tissues and aligns the hand in a functional
position.
2. Joint Positioning and Stability
Proper joint positioning is crucial to prevent contractures and enhance function. A
functional hand splint typically maintains the wrist in 20–30° extension, MCP joints in
slight flexion, and the thumb in opposition to promote grasping ability.
3. Motion Assistance and Resistance
Dynamic splints incorporate elastic components (e.g., springs or rubber bands) to
provide assisted movement, while static splints immobilize joints to aid healing. The
applied tension should mimic natural muscle force production, ensuring smooth
movement without overstretching tissues.
4. Material Properties and Compliance
Splint materials must balance rigidity and flexibility. Thermoplastics are commonly
used due to their moldability and lightweight nature. Softer materials or padding help
distribute pressure and enhance comfort.
5. Functional Optimization
Splints should enhance functional tasks like gripping, pinching, or writing. Adaptive
designs allow gradual adjustments to restore movement and improve independence in
daily activities.
Biomechanics of Arm Orthoses
Arm orthoses extend beyond the hand, supporting the forearm, elbow, and sometimes
the shoulder. These devices cater to conditions like paralysis, fractures, arthritis, or
nerve injuries. The biomechanical considerations include:
1. Load Transmission and Force Application
Arm orthoses redistribute forces across joints to reduce strain and improve mechanical
efficiency. The design ensures:
Proper alignment with anatomical axes of movement.
Even force distribution to avoid excessive pressure on bony prominences.
2. Joint Motion Control
Different types of arm orthoses offer varying degrees of motion control:
Static orthoses immobilize joints for healing.
Dynamic orthoses use springs or elastic bands to facilitate controlled movement.
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) orthoses use electrical impulses to trigger
muscle activation in paralyzed limbs.
3. Mechanical Leverage and Support
Using lever principles, arm orthoses create torque to facilitate movement while
reducing muscle effort. Hinges and pivot points align with natural joint axes to prevent
unnatural forces and excessive strain.
4. Weight and Material Considerations
Lightweight materials like carbon fiber and thermoplastics enhance comfort while
maintaining durability. The weight must be minimized to reduce fatigue, especially in
cases of muscle weakness.
5. Functional Considerations
Arm orthoses should allow functional tasks like reaching, lifting, and grasping.
Adjustable components enable customization based on user needs, promoting
independence in daily activities.
