Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

QUARTER 3
LESSON PLAN IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE

DATE January 13-15, 2025

Learning Competency (with Code):
Explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis of new elements in the laboratory. S11/12PS-IIIb-11

I. OBJECTIVE At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
1. Explain how elements are synthesized in the laboratory.
2. Appreciate the importance of discovering and synthesizing new elements in the periodic table.
3. Create a timeline that will illustrate the sequence of the discovery of the subatomic particles until to the synthesis of the
elements in the laboratory.
II. SUBJECT
A. Synthesis of the the elements in tha Laboratory
MATTER

Atom - “the basic building blocks of matter”

Protons - are the positively charged particles which are present in the nucleus of an atom
Electrons - a negatively charged particles that interacts with the positive charge of the nucleus of an atom
A. Key Neutrons - are subatomic particles that are one of the primary constituents of atomic nuclei
Concepts/Ideas Elements - the basic chemical building block of matter; it is the simplest chemical substance
Nuclear Reaction - the bombarding particle may be an alpha particle, a gamma-ray photon, a neutron, a proton, or a heavy ion.
Table of Elements - a systematic arrangement of 118 known chemical elements. These chemical elements are organized in
order of increasing atomic number

D. Value Focus Critical Thinking and Appreciation of the advancement of scientific advancement.

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

Thomas C. Hsu Ph.D.,(2007). CPO Focus on Physical Science (1st Edition). Delta Education LCC. ISBN-10: 1-58892-259-6
A. References
ISBN-13: 978-1-58892-259-5
B. Materials Laptop/LED TV/ book/online resources
III. PROCEDURE
Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity Remarks
A. Preliminary a. Prayer •One student volunteer will lead the
Activity/ies b. Checking of Attendance prayer.
1. Drill
(optional)
The teacher will ask questions regarding the previous lessons on the
nucleosynthesis.

Questions:
1. Which light elements were primarily formed during Big Bang
nucleosynthesis?
2. Review 2. What is the process of hydrogen fusion, and how does it occur in the *answers may vary Correct!
cores of stars?
3. How does the s-process differ from the r-process in
nucleosynthesis?
4. How would the universe be different if stars were unable to
produce elements heavier than helium?
3. Unlocking of
Difficulties
(optional)

Directions:
 Label the periodic table based on the words listed.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Identify what a ‘group’ is and what a ‘period’ is.

 Identify which regions of the periodic table are
metals, non-metals and metalloids.

4. Motivation
Very good!

Rows of the periodic table are

called periods. From left to right
across a period, each element
has one more proton than the
element before it.

Columns of the periodic table

are called groups. Elements in
the same group have similar
properties.

B. Developmental Activities
Atoms
- smallest particle that can be divided and still be the same
particle
- building blocks of matter
- makes up elements

Brief History of Atoms

ATOMIC THEORY ACCORDING TO ANCIENT GREEKS

According to Democritus, the Atomos which is a tiny,

unchangeable and indestructible sphere make up the universe
1.Presentation while continuously moving in the void that surrounds them.

He explains that 1. all atoms are small, hard particles made of a

single material formed into different shapes and size; 2. atoms
are always moving and that they form different materials by
joining together
That’s right!
According to Aristotle, the fundamental properties of material in
reality are hotness, coldness, dryness, and wetness. Well said.
In Aristotle’s system, fire was defining was hot and dry, Earth
hot and wet, water, cold and wet, air dry and cold.

DEVELOPMENT OF JOHN DALTON’S MODEL OF ATOM

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

John Dalton - developed his atomic theory from observations

gathered from many experiments such as LAW OF
CONSERVATION OF MASS
and DEFINITE PROPORTIONS to explain his theory.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF THOMSON, RUTHERFORD, BOHR

& SCHRÖDINGER

1. John Joseph Thomson made a discovery and identified

electrons as a subatomic particle in an atom.

He made the PLUM PUDDING MODEL (1904) which

explains that negatively charged electron particles
scattered throughout the positively charged cloud.

2. Ernest Rutherford investigate the structure of the atom using

gold foil experimet and founf the presence of protons at the
nucleus of an atom. He was able to determine that the electrons
are not embedded in the protons.

He made the NUCLEAR MODEL (1911). He

explains that the protons and neutrons, which
comprise nearly all the mass of the atom, are in the
nucleus at the center of the atom.

3. James Chadwick discovered the presence of

n
neutrons in the nucleos of an atom. He fire Be
with alpha particles. He found that it has same
mass with protons but has no charge.
+
n
o + o

ARRANGEMENT OF PERIODIC TABLE

1. Johann Döbereiner (1780-1849), placed various groups of

three elements into groups called triads.One such triad was
lithium, sodium, and potassium. Triads were based on physical
as well as chemical properties. Döbereiner found that the atomic
masses of these three elements, as well as other triads, formed
a pattern.
2. John Newlands (1838-1898) ordered the elements in
increasing order of atomic mass and noticed that every eighth
element exhibited similar properties. He called this relationship
the “law of octaves.” Unfortunately, some elements were
missing and the law did not seem to hold for elements that were
heavier than calcium.
3. Dmitri Mendeleev introduced the “Periodic Table”.
Mendeleev discovered that if he placed eight elements in each
row and then continued on to the next row, the columns of the
table would contain elements with similar properties. He called
the columns groups. He arranged the elements according to its
atomic weight.

SYNTHESIS OF ELEMENTS IN THE LABORATORY

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Ernest Lawrence synthesized element with

atomic number 43 using a linear particle
accelerator. He bombarded molybdenum
(Z=42) with fast-moving neutrons. The newly
synthesized element was named Technetium
(Tc) after the Greek word "technêtos"
meaning “artificial.” Technetium was the first
man-made element.

2. Dale Corson, K. Mckenzie and Emilio Segre

synthesized Astatine (At). They bombarded
atoms of bismuth (Z=83) with fast-moving alpha
particles in a cyclotron.Element-85 was named
astatine from the Greek word “astatos” meaning
unstable.

3. The two other elements with atomic

numbers 61 and 87 were discovered
through studies in radioactivity.
Element-61 (Promethium) was
discovered as a decay product of the
fission of uranium while element-87
(Francium) was discovered as a breakdown product of uranium

Transuranic Elements - elements heavier than Uranium

4. Edwin McMillan proved that an element having

an atomic number 93 named Neptunium (Np)
could be created. It came from a uranium target that
had been bombarded with slow neutrons and which then
emitted unusual beta-rays indicating a new isotope.

5. At the end of 1940, element-94 was

synthesized by Seaborg, McMillan, Kennedy,
and Wahl. They bombarded uranium with
deuterons (particles composed of a proton and a
neutron) in a cyclotron. Element-94 was named
plutonium.

OTHER ELEMENTS SYNTHESIZED IN THE LABORATORY

The name Nihonium (Nh), for element 113, was proposed by

Japanese researchers for the Japanese word Nihon, which
means 'Japan’.

A team of scientists from Russia and the United States named

element 115, Moscovium Mc, for the Moscow region. They
named element 117, Tennessine (Ts), after the state of
Tennessee.

The Russian team that discovered element 118 named it

Oganesson (Og), after Yuri Oganessian, a major contributor to
the research of transactinide elements.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

“Building the Elements”

Objective:
To understand how elements are synthesized and their placement in
the periodic table.

Materials:
 Table of Elements
 Index cards with symbols, atomic numbers, and synthesis hints
 Markers or pens

WHAT TO DO?:
1. Form Groups: Work in groups of 3-5 students.
2. Match the Elements: Your group will receive a set of index
cards containing:
 The symbol of a synthesized element.
 Its atomic number
 A hint about its synthesis (e.g., "Discovered by a team in Russia
and named after Yuri Oganessian").
 Match each card to its correct position on the periodic table
provided. Students will answer the activity by
group. They will share their answers
3. Answer Questions: Complete the table and questions below as through class discussion.
2. Activity a group. Well Done!
4. Share Findings: Present your group’s matched elements and *the answers may vary depending
discuss the synthesis process and significance of their names. on the content for each index card
received by each group
Activity Table:
Correct Position
Element Atomic
Hint About Synthesis on the Periodic
Symbol Number
Table
Named after Yuri
Og 118 Oganessian; superheavy Group 18 Period 7
element

Scoring Guide:
1 point for each correctly placed element.
2 points for each detailed and accurate explanation of synthesis and
naming significance.

Total Score: __________ / 20

The teacherwill ask processing questions to students focusing on the
importance of understanding the formation of elements.

Discussion Questions:
3. Analysis  Why are synthesized elements typically unstable? *Students’ answers may vary. Well Said!
 What is the significance of naming these elements after places or
scientists?
 How does the synthesis of new elements expand our
understanding of chemistry?
4. Abstraction/
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Johann Döbereiner organized elements in groups called triads.

John Newlands proposed the “law of octaves” for organizing the

elements.

In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev developed a method for organizing

elements based on their atomic mass. His method was later
revised but it served as a basis for the method used today.

Mendeleev created a periodic table of all the elements that were

known at the time. The rows of the table, called periods, each
contained eight elements that increased in atomic mass from left to
right. The columns of the table, called groups, contained elements
with similar properties.

Mendeleev’s periodic table was a good model because it could be

used to predict unknown elements and their properties. All of these
missing elements were eventually discovered.

The modern periodic table is used to organize all the known

Generalization elements. Elements are arranged in the table by increasing
atomic number.

In the modern periodic table, each element is represented by its

chemical symbol. The number above each symbol is its atomic
number. Atomic numbers increase from left to right and from top to
bottom in the table.

Rows of the periodic table are called periods. From left to right
across a period, each element has one more proton than the
element before it.

Columns of the periodic table are called groups. Elements in the

same group have similar properties.

All elements can be classified into one of three classes: metals,

metalloids, or nonmetals. Elements in each class share certain
basic properties. From left to right across each period of the
periodic table, elements change from metals to metalloids to
nonmetals.

5. Application Objective:
To understand the historical progression of element synthesis and its
impact on the periodic table through a creative timeline representation.

What to Do?

1. Research: Gather information on the historical development of

atomic theory and the synthesis of elements in the laboratory.

Sample content:
 The discovery of the electron (1897, J.J. Thomson).
 Rutherford’s gold foil experiment (1909).
 The discovery of the neutron (1932, James Chadwick).
 The creation of Technetium (1937) and other synthesized
elements like Neptunium (1940) and Oganesson (2016).

2. Plan Your Timeline:

 Sketch a timeline layout on a sheet of paper or use digital tools.
Be sure to include:
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Dates.
2. Key events and discoveries.
3. Scientists or teams involved.
4. Illustrations or symbols for creativity.

3. Create Your Timeline:

 Use creative materials such as colored paper, markers, or digital
design tools to make your timeline visually engaging.
 Highlight important milestones and their impact on our
understanding of the periodic table and element synthesis.

REMEMBER!
 Ensure your timeline is neat, organized, and visually appealing.
 Use labels, dates, and short descriptions for clarity.
 Incorporate at least 2 creative elements such as drawings,
symbols, or colors.

Rubrics:
Needs
Excellent
Criteria Good (9-7) Fair (6-4) Improvement Score
(10)
(3-0)
Includes all Includes 5
Includes 4 key Fewer than 4
6 key key events
Content events with events;
events with with mostly
Accuracy some significant
accurate accurate
inaccuracies. inaccuracies.
details. details.
Highly
Creative Minimal
creative with Lacks
with some creativity; few
Creativity multiple creativity and
visual visual
visual visual appeal.
elements. elements.
elements.
Timeline is
Timeline is
well- Timeline is Timeline is
mostly
Organization organized somewhat confusing or
organized
and easy to disorganized. incomplete.
and clear.
follow.
Clear,
Clear and
confident, Somewhat Unclear or
mostly
Presentation and clear but lacks incomplete
thorough
thorough thoroughness. explanation.
explanation.
explanation.
Total Score: __________ / 50
5. Evaluation Direction: Read and understand each question. Choose the BEST
answer from the choices given.

1. How did Democritus describe the nature of atoms in terms of their

composition?
A. As solid and fluid particles
B. As soft and malleable particles
C. As impermeable and indivisible particles
D. D. As fluctuating and shape-shifting particles
2. How did Dalton's atomic theory explain the formation of compounds
from different elements?
A. By proposing the existence of a fundamental force of attraction
between atoms.
B. By suggesting that atoms can change their properties
depending on their environment.
C. By asserting that atoms of different elements can
combine in fixed ratios to form compounds.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

D. By hypothesizing the existence of intermediate particles

between atoms.
3. How did J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron challenge Dalton's
atomic theory?
A. By demonstrating that atoms could be divided into
smaller, subatomic particles.
B. By proving that atoms were indeed indivisible, as Dalton
proposed.
C. By confirming the existence of a fundamental force binding
atoms together.
D. By suggesting that atoms were composed of various
combinations of electrons and protons.
4. What did Rutherford observe about the trajectory of alpha particles
directed at a thin gold foil?
A. They passed straight through the foil without any deflection.
B. They were absorbed completely by the foil.
C. They were deflected slightly, with some even bouncing
back.
D. They were accelerated to higher energies upon passing
through the foil.
5. What was the key insight behind Mendeleev's periodic table?
A. Elements are arranged in rows and columns based on atomic
mass
B. Elements are grouped into triads based on similar properties
C. Elements exhibit repeating patterns of properties when
arranged by increasing atomic mass
D. Elements are organized into groups and periods based on
their atomic numbers.
6. How were elements with atomic numbers 61 and 87 discovered?
A. Through studies of chemical reactions
B. As decay products of uranium fission
C. By bombarding uranium with deuterons/deutrium.
D. Through observations of natural radioactive decay
7. What is the significance of beta decay in terms of nuclear stability?
A. It increases the number of neutrons in the
nucleus,rearranging the subatomic particles making it more
stable.
B. It increases the number of protons in the nucleus, making it
less stable.
C. It converts a neutron into a proton, altering the balance of
particles and potentially stabilizing the nucleus.
D. It releases excess energy stored in the nucleus,
reconstructing the subatomic particles producing new neutrons
and stabilizing it.
8. What was the significant achievement of Edwin McMillan in the
1940s wherein he used Molybdenum was bombarded with a
deuterium?
A. He discovered element-118.
B. He synthesized element-93.
C. He proposed the name "Nihonium" for element 113.
D. He developed the cyclotron particle accelerator
9. The following are the the limitations found in Dobreiner’s triad
EXCEPT;
A. Only a total of 5 Dobereiner’s triads were identified.
B. The identification of new elements made this model obsolete.
C. Newly discovered elements did not fit into the triads.
D. The isotopes could not be explained in the table.
10. Which among of these is NOT a significant contribution of Henry
Moseley in the synthesis of the new elements in the laboratory?
A. He used Rutherford’s work to advance the understanding of
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

the elements and solve the problem with Mendeleev’s periodic

table.
B. His experiment demonstrated that the major properties of an
element are determined by the atomic number, not by the atomic
weight.
C. He was able to properly arrange the elements in the
periodic table according to its atomic number.
D. He used x-ray spectroscopy to measure the positive charge of
the nucleus.
7. Assignment/
Direction: Write a short paragraph about what you learned from this
Enrichment/
activity and how it relates to the periodic table and element synthesis.
Remediation

Prepared by: Checked by:

MARIEL LEIRA G. POLICIANOS AMELA ROSE T. DAMASCO PhD

Subject Teacher Subject Group Head