DYNAMICS (O Level)
Akhtar Mahmood (0333-4281759)
M.Sc.(Physics), MCS, MBA-IT, B.Ed.
FORCE MIS, DCE, D AS/400e(IBM), OCP(PITB)
[email protected]Concept: Push or pull..
Types of Forces
Non-contact Force Contact Force
Force between bodies with out any physical Force between bodies due to their physical
contact is called Non-contact force. contact is called contact force.
Types Types
Gravitational Electrostatics Magnetic Applied Frictional Air resistance Upthrust Tension
force force force force force
Centripetal force
NON-CONTACT FORCE:
Gravitational Force:
Def.: The force of attraction between any two bodies (masses) in this universe is called gravitational force.
Example: 1. The force between us and the Earth is called Gravitational force of Earth on us and all bodies fall
towards Earth by this force.
2. The force between Sun and planets is also gravitational force.
Source: Masses of two bodies.
Dependance: F α 1/r2 m1 r m2
Nature: Always attractive
Question: Which property of a body is affected by a change in gravitational field?
A mass B temperature C volume D weight
Electrostatic Force:
Def.: The force of attraction or repulsion between two charges is called electrostatic force.
Example: 1. The force between an electron and proton- (attractive force).
2. The force between two electrons or two protons- (repulsive force)
Source: Charge on two bodies
Dependance: F α 1/r2 Q1 r Q2
Nature: Attractive and repulsive
Magnetic Force:
Def.: The force of attraction or repulsion between two magnets or current carrying conductors is called
magnetic force.
Example: 1. Force between two magnets (Like poles repel while unlike poles attract each other)
2. Force between two current carrying conductors (repel when current in two parallel wires is
opposite to each other and attract when current in them is in the same direction.)
Source: Permanent magnets or current in conductors.
Dependance: This force reduces when the distance between magnets or wires increases..
Nature: Attractive and repulsive
N N N S
------------------ force ------------------ force
I I I I or I I
------------------ force ------------------ force
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Akhtar Mahmood (0333-4281759)
M.Sc.(Physics), MCS, MBA-IT, B.Ed.
MIS, DCE, D AS/400e(IBM), OCP(PITB)
[email protected]Centripetal force:
Def.: The force which compels a body to move in a circular path is called centripetal force.
Origin or source of centripetal force:
1. Solar system:
Gravitational force provides Centripetal force
2. Atom:
Electrostatic force between electron and nucleus provides Centripetal force
3. Charged particle in magnetic field:
Electromagnetic (magnetic) force provides Centripetal force
Note: The direction of this force is obtained by Flemming’s Left hand rule.
CONTACT FORCE:
1. Applied force:
Driving force of engine
Consequences of applied force:
1. Can accelerate a body (F=ma)
2. Can stop a moving body (Vehicle brakes)
3. can change the shape/size of object (extension, compression)
4. can exert pressure (P=F/A)
Nature: Action force
Question: Which property of a body cannot be changed if a force is applied to it?
A its mass B its shape C its size D its velocity
A length B mass C density D speed
2. Frictional force:
Def. The force which resists the sliding motion of two bodies in contact with each other is called
frictional or drag force.
Source: Interlocking between the two surfaces.
Figure:
Akhtar Mahmood (0333-4281759)
M.Sc.(Physics), MCS, MBA-IT, B.Ed.
MIS, DCE, D AS/400e(IBM), OCP(PITB)
Dependance: [email protected]
1. Contact area: Greater the contact area, higher is the friction.
2. Nature of surface: Rough surface has greater friction. Friction can be reduced by adding
lubricants. e.g. oil, graphite, film of air.
Direction: Always act against the motion of the body along the contact surfaces.
Nature: Reactional force.
Effect of friction on the motion of a body:
1. Fiction between feet and the road is essential for walking.
2. Friction loses mechanical energy (kinetic energy) into heat energy.
3. Friction produces wear and tear in different parts of machine.
4. Holding, hanging is due to friction.
Question:
1. In which direction does the frictional force always act on an object moving across a horizontal surface?
A in the direction of the gravitational force. B opposite to the direction of the gravitational force.
C in the direction of motion. D opposite to the direction of motion.
Reason: ________________________________________________________________________________
2. The wheel of a moving car is driven by the engine. The car is accelerating in the direction shown.
In which direction does the frictional force act on the wheel?
Reason: ________________________________________________________________________________
3. A child pushes a toy car along a level floor and then lets it go.
As the car slows down, what is the main energy change?
A from chemical to heat B from chemical to kinetic
C from kinetic to gravitational (potential) D from kinetic to heat
Reason: _______________________________________________________________________________
4. The diagram shows a cyclist leaning over in order to cycle around a corner.
Which force is necessary to maintain the motion around the corner?
Reason: ________________________________________________________________________________
Akhtar Mahmood (0333-4281759)
M.Sc.(Physics), MCS, MBA-IT, B.Ed.
5. The diagram shows an aeroplane turning in a horizontal circle at constant speed. MIS, DCE, D AS/400e(IBM), OCP(PITB)
[email protected]
In which direction is there a resultant force?
A
B
D
Reason: _________________________________________________________________________________
6. Between D and E, the carriage goes round part of a horizontal circle at constant speed.
During this time the velocity of the carriage changes.
(i) Explain how the carriage can have a constant speed but a changing velocity.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) State the direction of the force that acts on the carriage to make it move round the curve.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Air resistance:
Def. The force exerted on a moving body due to collision of air molecules is called air resistance.
Source: Collision of air molecules
Dependance: 1. Velocity of moving body i.e. greater the velocity, higher is the air resistance.
2. Surface area of body i.e. greater the surface area, higher is the air resistance.
Example:1. A body falls freely under gravity experience an air resistance in vertically upward direction.
2. A moving car experience air resistance in backward direction.
Question:
1. Why does an object falling in the Earth’s gravitational field reach a steady velocity?
A Air resistance increases with increase of velocity.
B The Earth’s gravitational field decreases as the object falls.
C The mass of the object remains constant.
D The weight of the object increases as it falls.
{N99/Q2}
Upthrust/Lift:
Def. The force exerted by the fluid (gases or liquids) molecules in upward direction is called upthrust.
Source: Gases and liquids
Example: A person feels weightless in water due to upthrust of water.
Question:
1. An airship is moving forwards at constant height.
Upward force (lift)
downward force
Which statement is correct?
A Gravity no longer has any effect. B The airship now has zero mass.
C The potential energy is zero. D The upward and downward forces are balanced.
Akhtar Mahmood (0333-4281759)
M.Sc.(Physics), MCS, MBA-IT, B.Ed.
MIS, DCE, D AS/400e(IBM), OCP(PITB)
[email protected]
2. A balloon is acted upon by three forces, weight, upthrust and sideways force due to the wind, as
shown in the diagram.
What is the vertical component of the resultant force on the balloon?
A 500 N B 1000 N C 10 000 N D 10 500N
Tension:
Def.: It is the force acting along a string against an applied force.
Example:
1. A mass attached to string:
Weight of mass acting vertically downward = Tension in upward direction along the string.
2. A stone whirled in a horizontal circle:
Tension in a string provides a centripetal force.
Question:
An aircraft, flying at a constant height, is gaining speed.
The four forces acting are
L lift due to the wings
R air resistance
T the thrust due to the engines
W the weight
(a) Label these four forces in the following aircraft.
(b) Identify the correct choice in the following table.
vertical forces horizontal forces
A L= W T= R
B L> W T> R
C L= W T> R
D L> W T= R
