Introduction to IoT
IoT and Digitization
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IoT and Digitization
• Terms often used interchangeably, this duality is fine for
most contexts/
• But there are key differences:
• IoT focuses on connecting Things such as objects and machine to a
computer/Internet
• Digitization can mean different things to different people
• But generally encompasses the connection of things with
data they generate and the business insight that result.
• The benefits of digitization and what it can mean
for your products, your customers, and your 2
business
Digitization
• Defined in its simple form:
• Conversion of information into digital format.
• Digital Transformation Step One
• Digitization of photography has completely changed
our experience when it comes to capturing images
• In the past, People rent or purchase videotapes or DVDs of Movies
• With digitation, everyone is streaming video content or purchasing
movies as downloadable files
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Transportation industry digitization-
example1
• Taxis services:
• Business such as Uber, Lyft use digital technology to allow people to get a
ride using mobile app, this identifies car, driver and the fare.
• The rider pays the fare by using the app
• In the context of IoT, Digitization bring together things, data and
business process to make networked connections more relevant and
valuable.
• Smart sensors and embedded intelligence in a network of
connected devices are increasingly connecting people, processes,
things, and businesses.
• The digital transformation enabled by the internet of things
promises significant business opportunities across the industry4
sector.
Transportation industry digitization-
example2
• Example: Home automation,
• https://www.lifewire.com/introduction-to-connected-home-817684
• With Nest, sensors determine your desired climate sensing
and also tie to other smart objects such as smoke alarms,
video camera.
Check the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elXc31VDOlE&t=23s
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Nest
• Discover connected home devices from Nest – thermostats, indoor
and outdoor security cameras, smoke and carbon monoxide alarm,
security system, video
• Programs itself. Saves energy
• See the link below for more information
• https://www.lifewire.com/introduction-to-
connected-home-817684
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Nest Thermostat
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Impact of IoT in digitalization
◼ We are drowning in data but starving for
knowledge!
Help!!!
I am drowning in data!!!
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IoT and Digitization
• IoT is primer enabler of digitization.
• Smart objects and increased connectivity
drive digitization
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Digitization=Digital
transformation
• Digital transformation means bringing together isolated
data silos, eliminating system discontinuities and doing
away with paper-based workflows.
• The process supports differentiation of tasks, multi-level
supply chains and modern employment models.
• And there is a further, strategic dimension:
• Digital transformation provides you with data that lets you create new
products and make traditional products smarter and more intelligent.
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IoT and Digitalization Impact
• About 14 billions, or just 0.06% of things are connected to the Internet
today
• Cisco System predict that by 2020 this number will reach 50 billion
• This means that IoT will fundamentally shift the way people and business interact with their surroundings
• More of our choices can be driven by data instead of guesswork or habit
• In our businesses, data-driven decision-making will prove more efficient
and profitable.
• In our industries, processes and systems will be better managed and
monitored, making us safer.
• Our quality of life will increase as these optimizations save us time, money,
and energy. New services can be innovated from the data-rich environment,
further improving our well-being.
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IoT and Digitalization Impact
• Digital transformation, especially the Internet of Things,
is increasingly changing how we live our private lives:
• If we're looking for a hotel, we'll naturally use the internet
and Google Maps, and also even use Street View to get an
impression of the place.
• The gas consumption of private households is frequently
measured and reported by wireless sensors.
• Intelligent garbage bins keep track of the how full they are
and the individual bins report when they need to be emptied.
• Sensors monitor free parking spots and guide motorists to
where they are via app.
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IoT and digitalization Impact
• It has long recognized the strategic importance of digital
concepts such as Industry 4.0:
• as the move to automation and data exchange in manufacturing
technologies is known in developed and emergence countries,
• Implementation of digital transformation is obviously paramount.
• At the operational level, manufacturing companies that
have gone digital are able to make production faster, more
efficient and more flexible - while at the same time
improving quality
Check the link:
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https://www.cosmoconsult.com/products/iot-and-digitization/
Examples showing benefits of
IoT and their impact
• Connected road ways
• Connected factory
• Smart connected buildings
• Smart creatures
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Connected road ways
• People have been fantasizing about self driving car or
autonomous vehicle in the literature and film in decades
• With well known projects like Google’s self driving car,
IoT is a necessary component for implementing a full
connected transportation infrastructure
• Connected road ways is the term associated with both the
driver and driverless cars full integrating with the
surrounding transportation infrastructure.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y78wDDZ1gBE
• In Self driving car, basic sensors reside inside the car, they
monitor oil pressure, temperature and other operating
conditions and provide data around the core car functions.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMH8dk9b3yA
Self deriving car
• These sensors are becoming IP enabler to allow easy
communication with other systems both inside and
outside the car
• In addition, new sensors and communication technology
are being developed to allow vehicles to talk to other
vehicles, traffic signals , school zones, and other element
of transportation infrastructure
• Most connected roadways solution focuses on resolving
today’s transportation challenges,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdgQpa1pUUE
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Google’s self driving car
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Google’s self driving car
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➢ Technology
▪ The project team has equipped a number of different types of
cars with the self-driving equipment, including
the Toyota, Audi TT, and Lexus RX450h, Google has also
developed their own custom vehicle, which is assembled
by Roush Enterprises and uses equipment from Bosch, LG.
▪ Google's robotic cars have about $150,000 in equipment
including a $70,000 LIDAR system.
▪ Laser allows the vehicle to generate a detailed 3D map of its
environment.
▪ The car then takes these generated maps and combines them
with high-resolution maps of the world.
▪ As of June 2014, the system works with a very high definition
inch-precision map of the area the vehicle is expected to use.
➢ What is it?
▪ It is the first truly driverless electric car prototype built by
Google to test the next stage of its five-year-old self-driving
car project.
▪ It looks like a cross between a Smart car and a Nissan
Micra, with two seats and room enough for a small amount
of luggage.
▪ It is the first real physical incarnation of Google’s vision of
what a self-driving car of the near future could be.
➢ How does it work?
▪ Powered by an electric motor with around a 100 mile
range, the car uses a combination of sensors and software
to locate itself in the real world combined with highly
accurate digital maps.
▪ A GPS is used, just like the satellite navigation systems in
most cars, to get a rough location of the car, at which
point radar, lasers and cameras take over to monitor the
world around the car, 360-degrees.
▪ The software can recognise objects, people, cars, road
marking, signs and traffic lights, obeying the rules of the
road and allowing for multiple unpredictable hazards,
including cyclists. It can even detect road works and
safely navigate around them
➢ Equipment Used
▪ Lidar System
▪ Video Cameras
▪ Radar Sensors
▪ Ultrasonic Sensors
▪ Central Computer
▪ Lidar
• The Liadar Sensors is
designed for obstacle
detection and navigation of
autonomous ground
vehicles.
▪ Video
Cameras
▪ Different types
of cameras are
installed at various
locations.
▪ Radar Sensors
• The radars are installed at
front and back side of the car.
▪ Ultrasonic Sensors
• It is use to measure the position
of object very close to the
vehicles, such as other vehicles
when parking.
▪ Central Computer
• Information from all the Sensors is analysed by a
central computer.
• It manipulates the steering, accelerators and brakes.
➢ Advantages
▪ Managing traffic flow.
▪ Relieving Vehicles.
▪ Avoid accidents.
▪ Increase roadway capacity.
▪ Determine current location.
➢ Limitations
▪ Vehicles can be switched off on the road (in rare cases).
▪ Less security when using Internet.
▪ Hackers can be change routes (in rare cases).
▪ In case of failure of Sensors vehicle can created a chance of
accidents.
▪ In rainfall car cannot be recognised traffic signals.
Current challenges addressed by
connected roadways
Challenges Supporting Data
Safety In USA, 5.6 M crashes in 2012 resulting in more than 33,000
fatalities
IoT and the enablement of connected vehicle technologies will
empower drivers with tools they need to anticipate potential
crashes and significantly reduce the number of lives lost each
year
Mobility More than a billion cars are on the road worldwide. congestion
causes travel delays
Through Connected vehicles mobility applications, informed
decisions which can in turn reduce travel delays will be made.
Traffic management infrastructure help optimize the routing of
vehicles and reduce potential delays,
Environment Connected vehicle environmental applications will give all
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travelers the real time information they need to make green
When challenges are addressed
• Traffic jams and urban congestion will be
reduced
• Casualties and fatalities will be decreased
• Increased response time for emergency
• Reduced vehicle emission
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Other benefits of connected
roadways
• With automated vehicle tracking, a
vehicle’s location is used for notification of
arrival times, theft prevention or highway
assistance.
• Road weather communication uses sensor
and data from satellites, roads and bridges
to warn vehicles of dangerous conditions or
increment weather on the current route.
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Data generated on connected
roadways
• It is estimated that a full connected car will generate
more than 20GB of date per hour, much of which will
be sent to the cloud.
• How the data generated by the car will be used by the
third parties?
• Clearly, this data must be handled in secure and reliable way i.e.; the
network needs to be secure, it must provide authentication and
verification of the driver and the car; and it needs to be highly available
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Who will use the data?
• Tire companies can collect data related to use and durability of
their products in a range of environments in real time.
• Automobile manufacturers can collect information from
sensors to better understand how the cars are being driven,
when parts are starting to fail or whether the car has broken
down-details that will help them build better cars in the future.
• In the future, car sensors will be able to interact with third
parties applications such as GPS/Maps to enable dynamic
rerouting to avoid traffic, accidents and other hazards.
• Recent advancements in roadways, fiber optic sensing
technology is now able to record not only how many cars are
passing but their speed and type 37
Connected Factory
• Traditional factories have been impeded by production
environment that are disconnected and strictly gated
• Managers of these factories are essentially flying blind and lack
visibility into their operations
• These operations are composed of plant floors, front offices,
and supplies operating in independent silos.
• Consequently, rectifying downtime issue, quality problems
and the root causes of various manufacturing inefficiencies is
often difficult.
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Challenges facing
manufacturing environment
• Accelerating new product and service introduction to
meet customer and market opportunities
• Increasing plan production, quality and up time while
decreasing cost
• Mitigating unplanned downtime(which wastes, on
average of 5% of production)
• Securing factories from cyber threats
• Decreasing high cabling and re-cabling cost
• Improving worker productivity and safety
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IoT in industry
• Large number of basic sensors on factory
floors
• They communicate using IP over an Ethernet
infrastructure
➢https://onomondo.com/resource-hub/iot-in-
manufacturing-how-iot-is-transforming-the-
manufacturing-industry/
➢https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/iotbook/chapter/iot
-use-cases/ 40
IoT in Industry
No IoT Smelting facility IoT Enabled
• Use both heat and • Machine to people
chemical to decompose connections
the ore • To bring sensor data directly
• Multistage process and to operators on the floor via
data are accessed via Mobile devices
various control rooms • No time wasted
• Operators move to control • Real time data received and
room located at hundred decision can be immediately
meters away for data and
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production changes
The four industrial Revolutions
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The four industrial Revolutions
• First revolution: occurred in Europe with the application
of steam and water to mechanical production
• Second revolution: occurred in 1870 saw the introduction
of electrical grid and mass production
• Third revolution: came in 1960 with the introduction of
computers and electronics began to make their mark in
manufacturing and other industrial systems.
• Fourth revolution: is happening now and the IoT is
driving it.
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The four industrial Revolutions cont..
• IoT wave of Industry 4.0 takes manufacturing from a purely
automated assembly line of production to a model where the
machine are intelligent and communicate with one another.
• IoT in manufacturing brings with it the opportunity for inserting
intelligence into factories.
• This starts with creating smart object which involves embedded
sensors, actuators and controllers into just everything related to
production.
• Connections tie it all together so that people and machines work
together to analyze the data and make intelligent decisions.
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Smart Connected Building
• The function of a building is to provide a work environment that
keeps the workers comfortable, efficient and safe. Work area need
to be lit and kept at a comfortable temperature
• To keep workers safe, the fire alarm and suppression system need
to be careful managed.
• Many buildings are beginning to deploy sensors throughout the
building to detect occupancy.
• These are motion or sensors tied to the video camera
• Motion detection occupancy sensors work great if everyone is
moving around in a crowded room and can automatically shut the
light off when everyone has left.
• What if a person in the room is out of sight of the sensor? 45
Smart Connected Building cont..
• Sensors are used to control the heating, ventilation and air
conditioning(HVAC)
• In smart building, it makes them easier and cheap to manage.
• When smart building sensors and occupancy detection are
combined with the power of data analytics, it becomes easy to
demonstrate floor plan usage.
• Building automation systems (BAS) has been developed to
provide a single management system for the HVAC, lighting,
fie alarm, and detection system, as well as access control.
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Digital ceiling
• Another promising IoT technology in the smart connected
building is the Cisco “Digital Ceiling.”
• The solution is IoT-based and connects all building services in a
single, converged IP network.
• This technology encompasses several of the building’s different
networks, including lighting, heating, ventilation, and
air conditioning (HVAC), Blinds, CCTV and security
systems and combines them into a single IP Network( see figure
in the next slide)
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Digital ceiling
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Digital ceiling
• Every building already has multiple networks in it, including
HVAC, security, building controls, and other systems.
• Also, more and more organizations have been moving to
connected lighting solutions as older lights are being replaced
with LEDs.
• The lighting market is currently going through a major shift
toward light-emitting diodes (LED) and LEDs tend to be at least
20% more power-efficient, lower power consumption and far
longer lifer.
• The lower power requirement of LED allows them to run on
Power over Ethernet(PoE) permitting them to be connected to
standards network switches 49
Digital ceiling
• The lighting network is the fastest way of creating a Digital Ceiling, since
lights are pervasive and spaced within eight feet of each other, making it the
only viable system to act as a central connection point.
• The solution also includes a number of sensors to monitor things likes
proximity, temperature, carbon dioxide, visual light communication, presence,
and Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE) and Wi-Fi to detect the occupancy.
• Every persons carries smart devices that support BLE and WiFi, sensors have
to detect BLE or WiFi beacons from a nearby device. When someone walk
near the light, the person location is detected and the wireless system can
send information to control air flow from HVAC system into that zone in real
time, maximizing the comfort of the office worker
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5guXUsQY-8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_XK_GBz_5Y
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Smart creatures
• The IoT also provides the ability to connect things to the
Internet.
• Sensors can be placed on the animals and even on insect just
as easily as on machines.
• One of the most know application of IoT with respect to
animals focuses on what is often referred as the connected
cow.
• The sensors are placed on the cow’s ear and monitor various
health aspect of the cow as well as its location and transmits
the data wirelessly for analysis by the farmer.
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Data generated by connected cow
• This allows farmers to
monitor cows’ health and
track their movements,
ensuring a healthier, more
plentiful supply of milk and
meat for people to consume.
• On average, each cow
generates about 200 MB of
information per year.
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Need of Connected cows
Network
• This obviously needs a network infrastructure to make
the connection with the sensors and store the
information.
• Once the data is being collected, the farmer can get the
complete of the herd as a whole and about changes in
diet.
• This enables earlier detection of disease as cows tend to
eat less days as before they show symptoms .
• The allow even the detection of pregnancy
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IoT Challenges
Challenge Description
Scale While scale of IT can be large, the scale of IoT can be larger
Security With more things connected with other things and people, security become
complex issue for IoT. Your threat surface is not great expanded and if a
device is hacked, its connectivity is a major concern
A compromised device can serve as a launching point to attack other
devices and systems.
Privacy Sensor become more prolific in our live, much of data they gather will be
specific to individuals and their activities Heath data, shopping, transaction
Big Data and IoT and its large number of sensors is going to trigger a deluge of data that
Analytics must be handled. This data can will provide critical information and insight
if it can be processed in an efficient manner.
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Interoperability New technology, protocols and architecture. Some of those protocols and
IoT Challenges
Challenge Description
Design The design and management of IoT must be sustainable and secure.. We
cannot consider IoT devices to be successful without giving due
consideration to the interface’s usability as well as the technology. The
interfaces need to be not just user friendly but also better integrated
Complexity and According to the feedback of several users, IoT solutions are either too
unclear value complex or lack a clear use case for different end users. Experts also say
propositions that the IoT industry is currently heavily focused on gadgets, and is not
making those gadgets relevant to particular business verticals.
Data and Routing, capturing, analyzing and using the insights generated by huge
information volumes of IoT data in timely and relevant ways is a huge challenge with
management traditional infrastructures.
issues
Organizational Similarly, policy makers will need to address data, security and privacy
inability to concerns. Organizations will also need to develop skills to preempt
manage IoT potential component failures and replacements, using preventive servicing
complexities 55
and maintenance practices to ensure business operations run effectively and
efficiently
Benefits of IoT
• Cost savings
• Improved asset utilization
• Efficient processes
• Improved productivity
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Cost savings
• Costs can be reduced through improved asset utilization,
process efficiencies and productivity.
• Customers and organizations can benefit from improved
asset utilization (e.g., smart meters that eliminate manual
meter readings) and service improvements (e.g., remote
monitoring of patients in clinical settings).
• General Electric has estimated that if intelligent machines
and analytics caused even a tiny reduction in fuel, capital
expenditures and inefficiencies, it would result in billions of
dollars in cost savings
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Improved asset utilization
• With improved tracking of assets (machinery,
equipment, tools, etc.) using sensors and connectivity,
businesses can benefit from real-time insights and
visibility into their assets and supply chains.
• For instance, they could more easily locate assets and
run preventive maintenance on critical pieces of
infrastructure and machinery to improve throughput
and utilization.
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Efficient processes and Improved
productivity
• Efficient processes: Organizations can use real-time operationa
insights to make smarter business decisions and reduce
operating costs. They can use real-time data from sensors and
actuators to monitor and improve process efficiency, reduce
energy costs and minimize human intervention.
• Improved productivity: Productivity is a critical parameter tha
affects the profitability of any organization. IoT improves
organizational productivity by offering employees just-in-time
training, reducing the mismatch of required vs. available skills
and improving labor efficiency.
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Applications of IoT
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Applications of IoT
• IOsL (Internet of smart living)
• IOsC ( Internet of smart cities)
• IOsE (Internet of smart environment)
• IOsI (Internet of smart industry)
• IOsH (Internet of smart health)
• IOsE (internet of smart energy)
• IOsA (internet of smart agriculture)
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IOsL (Internet of smart living)
• Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely
appliances to avoid accidents and save energy,
• Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity,
temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain levels with ability to
transmit data over long distances,
• Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling
what’s inside, food that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to
buy and with all the information available on a Smartphone app,
• Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door
openings and violations to prevent intruders, Energy and Water
Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain
advice on how to save cost and resources, & many more... 62
IOsC ( Internet of smart cities)
• Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights,
• Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management, public
announcement systems,
• Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with warning
messages and diversions according to climate conditions and
unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams,
• Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces availability in
the city making residents able to identify and reserve the closest
available spaces,
• Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to
optimize the trash collection routes and recycle bins with RFID tags
allow the sanitation staff to see when garbage has been put out.
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IOsE (Internet of smart
environment)
• Air Pollution monitoring: Control of CO2 emissions of factories,
pollution emitted by cars and toxic gases generated in farms,
• Forest Fire Detection: Monitoring of combustion gases and preemptive
fire conditions to define alert zones,
• Weather monitoring: weather conditions monitoring such as humidity,
temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain, Earthquake Early
Detection,
• Water Quality: Study of water suitability in rivers and the sea for
eligibility in drinkable use,
• River Floods: Monitoring of water level variations in rivers, dams and
reservoirs during rainy days,
• Protecting wildlife: Tracking collars utilizing GPS/GSM modules to
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locate and track wild animals and communicate their coordinates via
IOsI (Internet of smart
industry)
• Explosive and Hazardous Gases: Detection of gas levels
and leakages in industrial environments, surroundings of
chemical factories and inside mines, Monitoring of toxic
gas and oxygen levels inside chemical plants to ensure
workers and goods safety, Monitoring of water, oil and
gas levels in storage tanks and Cisterns,
• Maintenance and repair: Early predictions on equipment
malfunctions and service maintenance can be
automatically scheduled ahead of an actual part failure
by installing sensors inside equipment to monitor 65and
send reports.
IOsH (Internet of smart health)
• Patients Surveillance: Monitoring of conditions of patients inside
hospitals and in old people’s home,
• Medical Fridges: Control of conditions inside freezers storing
vaccines, medicines and organic elements,
• Fall Detection: Assistance for elderly or disabled people living
independent,
• Dental: Bluetooth connected toothbrush with Smartphone app
analyzes the brushing uses and gives information on the brushing
habits on the Smartphone for private information or for showing
statistics to the dentist,
• Physical Activity Monitoring: Wireless sensors placed across the
mattress sensing small motions, like breathing and heart rate and
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large motions caused by
IOsE (internet of smart
energy):
• Smart Grid: Energy consumption monitoring and management,
• Wind Turbines/ Power house: Monitoring and analyzing the flow
of energy from wind turbines & power house, and two-way
communication with consumers’ smart meters to analyze
consumption patterns,
• Power Supply Controllers: Controller for AC-DC power supplies
that determines required energy, and improve energy efficiency
with less energy waste for power supplies related to computers,
telecommunications, and consumer electronics applications,
• Photovoltaic Installations: Monitoring and optimization of
performance in solar energy plants 67
IOsA (Internet of smart agriculture)
• Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the
production of fruits and vegetables and its quality,
• Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay,
straw, etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants,
• Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals
grazing in open pastures or location in big stables, Study of ventilation
and air quality in farms and detection of harmful gases from excrements,
• Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal
farms to ensure its survival and health,
• Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better
monitoring, accurate ongoing data obtaining, and management of the
agriculture fields, including better control of fertilizing, electricity and
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watering.
