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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
QUARTER 3
MODULE 4 – WEEK 4
MELCs: M11/12SP-IIIc-1, M11/12SP- IIIc-
3,
M11/12SP-IIIc-4, M11/12SP- IIIc-d-1
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Let’s Be Normal
PART I.
A. Introduction
Welcome to another interesting and challenging Statistics and Probability
for Grade 11 Self-Learning Module of the Third Quarter! Enjoy a wonderful
week learning!
This module is all about normal random variable, regions under the
normal curve, and probabilities and percentiles using standard normal
table. After going through this module, you are expected to understand
the concepts and processes regarding distribution that is commonly
known as the normal probability distribution or simply the normal curve,
comprehend conversion of normal random variable to standard normal
variable, and vice versa, and to compute probabilities, and percentiles
using the standard normal table.
B. Pretest
Directions: Read the statements carefully and choose the letter of the
best answer. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
_____1. What do you call a variable whose possible values are determined
by chance?
a. Outcome b. Random c. Discrete d. Continuous
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_____2. It is a random variable that can only take a finite number of
distinct values. These values are exact and can be presented by
nonnegative whole numbers.
a. Outcome b. Random c. Discrete d. Continuous
_____3. What value is represented by this symbol μ?
a. Standard Deviation c. population
b. Mean d. sample
_____4. What is the total area under the normal curve?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
_____5. Which of following shows a graphical form of the probability
distribution for a continuous random variable?
a. Bell shape c. rectangular shape
b. Box shape d. Circular shape
_____6. The following are characteristics of a normal distribution except?
a. Asymptotic c. Symmetrical
b. The X, Md and the Mo differ d. The area is between 0 to 1
_____7. What is z when X = 43, μ = 66, and σ = 8?
a. -2.75 b. -2.875 c. 2.75 d. -2.875
_____8. Which is the upper 10% of the normal curve?
a. z = 1.28 b. z = 1.29 c. z = 1.285 d. z = 1.286
_____9. What is the area that corresponds to z-value, z =− 0.5?
a. 0.4602 b. 0.4207 c. 0.3821 d. 0.3446
_____10. If the z-score of a normal distribution is 2.5, the mean of the
distribution is 45 and the standard deviation of normal distribution is 3
then the value of X for a normal distribution is?
a. 97.5 b. 47.5 c. 37.5 d. 52.5
C. Presentation and Discussion
M11/12SP-IIIc-1- illustrates a normal random variable and its
characteristics.
M11/12SP-IIIc-3- identifies regions under the normal curve
corresponding to different standard normal values.
In your previous module you have learned how to interpret the mean and
the variance of a discrete random variable and solve problems involving
mean and variance of probability distributions.
In this module you will illustrate a normal random variable, this will help
you understand the concepts and processes regarding distribution that is
commonly known as the normal probability distribution or simply the
normal curve. In addition, this will teach you how to convert normal
random variable to standard normal variable, and vice versa, and to
compute probabilities, and percentiles using the standard normal table.
So, let’s get started!
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Normal Distribution
The normal distribution is the most widely known and used of all
distributions. Because the normal distribution approximates many natural
phenomena so well, it has developed into a standard of reference for
many probability problems. It is symmetric about the mean, showing that
data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than the data far
from the mean. In graph form normal distribution or simply normal curve
will appear as a bell curve.
The standard normal distribution is a
special normal distribution that has a
mean=0 and a standard deviation=1.
This is very useful for answering
questions about probability, because,
once we determine how many standard
deviations a particular result lies away
from the mean, we can easily determine
the probability of seeing a result greater
or less than that.
The figure on the right shows the
percentage of observations that would lie within 1, 2, or 3 standard
deviations from any mean in a
distribution that is more or less normally distributed. For a given value in
the distribution, the Z score is the number of standard deviations above
or below the mean.
Properties of Normal Probability Distribution
1. The normal distribution is bell-shaped
2. The mean, median and mode are equal and located at the center of
the distribution
3. A normal distribution curve is unimodal
4. The curve is symmetrical about the mean
5. The total area under the normal curve is 16. The distribution curve is
asymptotic to the x-axis.
Z-score
A z-score (also called a standard score) gives you an idea of how far from
the mean a data point is. But more technically it’s a measure of how
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many standard deviations below or above the population mean a raw
score is.
Understanding the Standard Normal Curve
Illustrative Example
After taking an exam, 95% of students’ score is between 60 and 90
points. How can we calculate the mean and standard deviation assuming
that scores are normally distributed?
Solution:
Since the mean is between 60 and 90 points, we calculate
Mean (μ) = (60 + 90) /2
= 75 points
95% is 2 standard deviation (σ) on both sides of the mean (a total of
4 standard deviation)
Standard deviations (σ) = (90 – 60)/4
= 7.5
Therefore, the mean of the scores is 75 points and one standard
deviation is equal to 7.5.
Now, let’s talk about the areas under the normal curve.
The Table of Areas under the Normal Curve is also known as the z–Table.
subtracting population mean 𝑋̅ (or sample mean µ) from the raw data X
The z-score is a measure of relative standing. It is calculated by
and dividing the result by standard deviation. The final result, the z–score
represent the distance between a given measurement X and the mean,
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expressed in standard deviations. Either the z-score locates X within a
sample or within a population.
A z-score can be either positive or negative depending on whether the
score lies above the mean (in which case it is positive) or below the mean
(in which case it is negative). Z Score helps us compare results to the
normal population or mean.
Mapping Z Score in the Z table
To determine the area of a z-score we need to locate it in the z table. The
z- table is either positive or negative. Since the standard normal curve is
symmetrical the area of z=0 is 0.5 0r 50%.
Illustrative example:
Supposed we a z-score equals 0.56. to determine its area, we need to
follow the following steps:
1. Look into the 1st two digits of the z-score, in our example we have
0.5. Locate this in the first column of the z-table
2. Determine the value of the third digit of the z-score. In our example
we have 0.06. Locate this in the first row of the z-table.
3. Locate the meeting point of the column and row of the z-score.
Therefore, the area of z=0.56 is 0.71226 or 71.226%.
Illustrative Example.
Find area under the normal curve of the following:
1. Area to the left of z=0.94
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2. Area to the right of z= -0.65
3. Area between z=-0.34 and z= 0.62
Solution:
M11/12SP-IIIc-4- converts a normal random variable to a standard
normal variable and vice versa.
M11/12SP-IIIc-d-1- computes probabilities and percentiles using
the standard normal table.
I. Determine the z value of the following:
1. X=75, µ=85, σ=2; find z.
2. X=33, µ=45, σ=5; find z.
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3. X=90, X̅ = 88, s=9; find z.
Solution:
1. 𝑧 = 𝑋 −𝜇
𝑧=
𝑧 = −5
substitute the given values
answer
2. 𝑧 = 𝑋
−𝜇
𝜎
𝑧=
𝑧 = −2.4
substitute the given values
answer
3. 𝑧 = 𝑋
−X̅
𝜎
z=
𝑧 = 0.2222
substitute the given values
II. Determine the unknown value:
1. X=? µ=1.5, σ=2; z=0.24.
2. X=105, µ=87, σ=? z=3.1.
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3. X=? X̅ = 3.4, s=1.2; z=-0.54.
4. X=55, X̅ =? s=3; z= 1.5
Solution:
COMPUTING PERCENTLE USING THE STANDARD NORMAL TABLE
A percentile is a measure of relative standing. It is a descriptive
measure of the relationship of a measurement to the rest of the data. For
example, you got 76 in a test in Statistics and Probability and you want to
know how’s your standing in comparison with your classmates. If your
teacher tells you that you scored at the 83rd percentile, then it means
that 83% of the grades were lower than yours and 17% lies above or
higher.
Four important things to remember:
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1. A probability value corresponds to an area under the normal curve
2. The numbers in the body of the table of areas under the normal
curve or the z table, also known as the standard normal table are
areas or probability.
3. z-scores to the left of the mean are negative values.
4. In locating area at the body of the table, if the exact area is not
available, we take the nearest area left and right then get the
average.
Illustrative Examples:
1. Determine the 67th percentile (P67) of a normal curve.
Solution:
67% = 0.67; express in probability
0.67 ; locate the z score corresponds to 0.67 in the z table
; since it is more than 0.50 we use the positive z table
Since rounding 0.67003 to the nearest hundredths is 0.67, we have
located the 67th percentile in the z table. Therefore the 67 th
percentile is equivalent to z=0.44
2. Find the 95th percentile (P95) of the normal curve
95%=0.95 ; express in probability
0.95 ; locate the z score corresponds to 0.95 in the z table
; since it is more than 0.50 we use the positive z table
Since we cannot locate the exact 0.95, we are going to get the two
nearest value. 0.94950 = 1.64
0.95053 = 1.65
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3. Determine the upper 20% of the normal curve.
In solving this, we need to understand that upper 20% is equivalent
to above 80%. We are going to use 80%.
80% = 0.80 ; transform into probability
0.80 ; locate in the z table
Since 0.79955 is nearest to 0.80, we take the value of z = 0.84.
Therefore, the upper 20% in the normal curve is above z=0.84.
4. Determine the percentile rank of a test score in the National
Achievement test. Assuming that scores are normally distributed,
what is the percentile rank of the score 85 with a mean of 75 and
standard deviation of 8?
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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
I. Determine the area of the following z-values and draw the graph
II. Solve for the unknown value.
III. Read and analyze carefully each item. Choose the letter of the
correct answer. If you think that correct answer is not provided,
give the correct answer. Write your answers on the space before
the number _____1. A distribution of data has a mean of 15 and a
standard deviation of 2. How many standard deviations away from
the mean a raw score of 13?
A. One standard deviation above the mean
B. Two standard deviation above the mean
C. One standard deviation below the mean
D. Two standard deviation below the mean
_____2. The average waist size for teenage males is 29 inches with
the standard deviation of 2 inches. What is the z-score of a
teenage male with a 33 inches waist size?
A. -2 B. -1 C. 1 D. 2
_____3. What is the area corresponding to z=1.23?
A. 0.8907 B. 0.8888 C. 0.8830 D. 0.8970
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_____4. What table is used to know the percentage under the
curve at any particular point?
A. s-table B. t-table C. v-table D. z-table
_____5. Which best describes the data below?
A. All data is -1.5 >μ. C. All data is -1.5 or lower.
B. All data is -1.5 <μ. D. Data is between -1.5 and µ.
______6. Which best describes the data below?
A. The scores are lower than the mean.
B. The scores are higher than the mean.
C. The scores could be equal or lower than the mean.
D. The scores could be equal or higher than the mean.
______7. What is z when X = 45, μ = 67, and σ = 8?
A. -2.75 B. -0.55 C. 0.55 D. 2.75
______8. Let z be a normal random variable with a mean of 0 and a
standard deviation of 1. Determine P(z ≤ 1.4).
A. 0 B. 0.0808 C. 0.4192 D. 0.9192
______9. What is the area between z=-0.93 and z=1.32?
A. 0.1762 B. 0.9066 C. 0.1762 D. 0.1672
______10. The distribution of heights of SHS male students is
approximately normal with mean 65 inches and standard deviation 2
inches. What percentage of male students are taller than 69 inches?
A. 1% B. 2.3% C. 5% D. 16%
ANSWER KEY
References:
Belencina, R.R., Baccay E.S. & Mateo, E.B. (2016). Statistics and Probability.
Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Lamorte, Wayne W. (2021). PH717 Module 6-Random Error-Probability,
Estimation, and Confidence Intervals. Boston University School of
Public Health. https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPHModules/PH717-QuantCore/PH717-
Module6RandomError/PH717- Module6-RandomError5.html
Stephanie Glen. "Z-Score: Definition, Formula and Calculation" From
StatisticsHowTo.com: Elementary Statistics for the rest of us!
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/zscore/
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