PRASHANT KIRAD

IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?

Matter

Pure Substances Impure Substances

Substance :
A substance is a kind of matter that cannot be separated into other
kind of matter by any physical process.
Pure Substance :
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a definite
composition and distinct properties. They are made of only one
entity.
e.g. Milk, water, diamond, etc.
E X P H U B

SALT
EYTRA
FREE FLOW
IDDSED SALT

Mixture :
Mixtures are combinations of different substances, either elements
or compounds, which retain their individual properties.
e.g. Crude Oil, Seawater, etc.

Types of mixtures :
Homogeneous mixture : A mixture which has a uniform composition
throughout is called a homogeneous mixture or solution.
Examples: sugar in water, salt in water.
Heterogeneous mixture : A mixture which contains physically distinct
parts and has a non-uniform composition is called a heterogeneous
mixture.
Examples: Mixture of salt and iron filings, sand and sugar.
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Solution : A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more

substances. e.g. Soda water, Lemonade, etc.
Components of a Solution:
" Solute: The substance that is dissolved in the solvent. It is
present in a lesser amount.
" Solvent: The substance in which the solute is dissolved. It is
present in a greater amount.

Salt Water Salt Solution

e P H U B

Concentration of Solution

Mass of solute
Mass by mass percentage x100
Mass of solution

Mass of solute
Mass by volume percentage Volume of solution
x100

Volume by volume percentage of a solution

Volume of solutex100
Volume of solution
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SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES

Size of solute particles

Size of solute particles is bigger than true but Size of particles biggest.
smallest. «10 n Smaller than suspension. > 10 'm
In between 10° to 10'îm.

Solute particles can't be Solute particles can't be Can be seen with naked
2
seen with naked eye. seen with naked eye. eye.

Seems homogeneous but

3 Homogeneous mixture. Heterogeneous mixture.
actualy heterogeneous.

Particles can't be separated Particles can't be Can be separated by

by filtration. separated by filtration. filtration.

5 Transparent Translucent Opaque

Stable solutions - i.e. solute Unstable solution-solute
6 particles do not settle on Stable solutions particles settle upon
keeping. keeping.
May or may not show
7 Do not show tyndall effect. Show tyndall effect. tyndall effect.

Solutions diffuse rapidly

Colloid particles pass Suspension particles do
through filter paper but not pass through filter
8 through filter paper as well not through parchment paper as well as
as parchment paper.
paper. parchhment paper.
9 e.g. Sugar in water. e.g. Milk, blood. e.g. Sand/mud in water.

Common examples of colloids :

Dispersed Phase: The solute-like component of the dispersed
particles in a colloid form the dispersed phase.
Dispersion Medium : The component in which the dispersed phase is
suspended is known as the dispersing medium.
Aerosol : Acolloidal solution with dispersed phase solid/liquid and
dispersing medium gas is called Aerosol. e.g. clouds.
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Foam : A colloidal solution with dispersed phase gas and dispersing

medium solid/liquid is called Foam. e.g.Shaving cream.
Methods of Separation of Mixtures :

Evaporation :
The process of conversion of water into water vapour is known as evaporation.
Examples: Clothes drying in the sun, Teaand other hot liquids are cooled down,
Dry Floors, Ice cubes melting.
" It can be used to separate the volatile component (solvent) from its non
volatile solute.

Centrifugation :
" Centrifugation uses centrifugal force for the separation of two liquids in a
mixture.
Here, a denser component of the mixture migrates away from the axis,
and a lighter component migrates towards the axis.
Applications
" Used for blood and urine tests in diagnostic facilities.
" Used to separate butter from cream in dairies and at home.
Utilised washing machines to extract water from drenched clothing.

By Separating Funnel :
" Two immiscible liquids (which do not dissolve in each other) can be easily
separated by putting in a separating funnel.
Example:Water from oil can be separated by first opening the stop cock
till water is removed in one beaker, then afterwards oil can be collected in
aseparate beaker.
Applications:
Separation of oil from water Cotton plug
Extraction of iron from its ore. Lighter slag is Iverted funcl
molten iron. Ammonium
Ammonium
vapours chloride
solldifed
Sublimation :
" Sublimation is the transition of a substance -China dish

from solid phase to gaseous phase without

changing into liquid phase. Burner

" Example: Naphthalene balls undergo sublimation. Sublimation of Ammonium Chloride

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Chromotography :
Chromatography is used to separate the different components in a liquid
mixture.
" Coloured components of a mixture can be separated by using an Adsorbent
on which they are absorbed at different rates.
It is based on the different properties of compounds in two phases:
stationary and mobile phase.

Chronatography
paper
Ink Spot
(mixture. Linc drawn
of colors ) by pencil
Water/ Solvent

Applications :
The technique of chromatography is extensively employed in the
pharmaceutical industry in order to analyze and identify the presence of
any trace amounts of chemicals and elements in a given sample.
Inthe food industry, the technique of chromatography plays a vital role in
the determination of the shelf life of food substances by helping in the
analysis of the point at which food spoils.
In the field of molecular biology. the study of proteomics and
metabolomics often involves the use of Various hyphenated
chromatographic techniques.
Distillation :
Distillation is a method for separating the component substances from a
liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation.
" Used in: Production of gasoline, distilled water, xylene, alcohol, paraffin,
kerosene etc.
Thermometer

Water in IG-C
Water out

2 Fract onatng
Condenser

Burner
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Fraction distillation :
It is the separation of a mixture into its component parts or fractions by
their melting points.
This is the process of separation of chemical compounds by their boiling point
The mixture is heated to a temperature at which one or more fractions will
vapourize.

Crystallisation :
" To remove impurities from a mixture by first dissolving in a suitable
solvent and then crystallising out one component.
" Crystallisation is better than evaporation because during Evaporation.
Some solids decompose or some, like sugar, may get charred on heating to
dryness. Some impurities may remain dissolved in the solution even after
filtration which on evaporation contaminates the solid. 9 & 1 0

JB
Solution

-Lamp
The impure solid is The solution is heated to
dissoived in a solvent evaporate most of the solvent

The hot solution is allowed to The cold solution is poured

Cool. the solid appears as of to obtain the crystals. The
pure crystals crystals may be dried by pressing
them between sheets of fiter paper
OByus com

Water purification in water treatment plants

Reservoir Sedimentation tank Loading tank
(Impure water) (Solids settle down) (Sedimentation of
suspended impurities
using alum etc.)
Water supply Chlorination tank Filtration tank
to homes (Addition of chlorine (All impurities filtered)
to kill germs)
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Physical Vs Chemical change

Physical change Chemical change
1. In a physical change, only physical properties 1. In a chemical change, the chemical composition
such as colour, physical state, density, volume, and chemical properties undergo achange.
etc. change; chemical properties remain
unchanged.
2. No new substance is formed in a physical change.2. Anew substance is formed in a chemical change.
3. Very little or no energy in the form of heat, light 3. Achemical change is always accompanied by
or sound is usually absorbed or given out in a absorption or evolution of energy.
physical change.
4. Aphysical change is a temporary change. 4. Achemical change is a permanent change.
5. The original form of substance can be regained 5. Original substance cannot be obtained by simple
by simple physical methods. physical methods.
6. A physical change is reversible. 6. Achemical change is irreversilble.

Difference between Mixture and Compound: 1 0

Compounds Mixtures
1. Componeuts are in fixed Components are in any
positions: positions;
2. Components can only be -Components ca be
separated by chenical separated by physical
means: which require largemeans:
anounts of energy:
3. The properties are The properties are the
different from those of the average of the properties of
constituent substances: the constituent elements:
4. Are formed by chemical Are fomed by physical
means // methods: ie. a mans, no new substance is
new substance is formed formed and there is no //
and there is evolution of negligible heat change:
heat:
5. Fomation involves heat -No heat change in the
changes: either liberation or formation of amixture:
absorption: