Write about yellow journalism.

Yellow journalism is a term used to describe a type of journalism that prioritizes sensationalism and
exaggeration over accuracy and impartiality. The term was coined in the late 19th century during a
period of intense competition between newspapers in the United States. At the time, publishers used
sensational headlines and graphic images to attract readers, often resorting to exaggeration and
distortion of facts to create a sense of outrage and excitement.

Origins of Yellow Journalism

Yellow journalism originated in the late 19th century in the United States, a time when newspapers
were rapidly expanding and competing for readership. With the growth of cities, the rise of
industrialization, and the increasing importance of advertising, newspapers became an essential part of
American culture. As a result, publishers were willing to use any means necessary to attract readers,
including sensationalism, exaggeration, and even outright lies.

One of the most famous examples of yellow journalism occurred during the Spanish-American War in
1898. At the time, the New York Journal and the New York World, two of the country's most popular
newspapers, engaged in a fierce competition to attract readers. In an effort to outdo each other, the
papers printed sensational stories about the war, often exaggerating the facts or even making things up
entirely.

Perhaps the most notorious example of yellow journalism during this period was the sinking of the USS
Maine in Havana Harbor. On February 15, 1898, the Maine exploded, killing 260 American sailors. The
cause of the explosion was never definitively determined, but at the time, the New York Journal blamed
the Spanish government for the tragedy, running a headline that read, "Destruction of the War Ship
Maine Was the Work of an Enemy." The paper published numerous articles accusing the Spanish of
planting a bomb on the ship, even though there was no evidence to support this claim.

The New York World, meanwhile, accused the US government of covering up the cause of the explosion
and printed graphic images of the wreckage on its front page. The resulting outrage among the
American public helped to fuel support for the war against Spain, which the United States ultimately
won.

Characteristics of Yellow Journalism

Yellow journalism is characterized by a number of distinct features. Perhaps the most notable is
sensationalism, or the use of shocking or dramatic stories to attract readers. This often involves
exaggeration or distortion of the facts, as well as the use of graphic images or provocative headlines.

Another characteristic of yellow journalism is the use of emotional appeals to manipulate readers. This
might involve playing on readers' fears or prejudices, or appealing to their sense of outrage or moral
indignation.

Yellow journalism is also notable for its lack of impartiality or objectivity. Instead of presenting the facts
in a neutral manner, yellow journalists often take sides or present a particular point of view. This can be
seen in the way that yellow journalists often demonize their opponents, portraying them as villains or
enemies of the people.
Finally, yellow journalism is often associated with the use of propaganda. This might involve spreading
false or misleading information in order to influence public opinion or promote a particular agenda.
Yellow journalists may also engage in outright lying, either to sensationalize a story or to advance a
particular political or social agenda.

Effects of Yellow Journalism

The effects of yellow journalism have been both positive and negative. On the one hand, yellow
journalism has been credited with helping to bring about important social and political reforms. For
example, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, muckraking journalists used yellow journalism tactics
to expose corruption in business and government, leading to the passage of important reform
legislation.

Yellow journalism has also been credited with helping to shape public opinion and influence political
outcomes. During the Spanish-American War, for example, the sensational reporting of the New York
Journal and the New York World.

Introduction

News is the information that people receive about the world around them. It is the way that individuals
stay informed about the events that are happening in their local communities, their country, and the
world. However, not all news is the same, and it can be divided into two categories: hard and soft news.
Hard news is defined as news that is timely, important, and relevant to the public, while soft news is less
pressing, less critical, and more entertaining in nature. In this essay, we will examine the differences
between hard and soft news, their characteristics, and their impact on society.

*Hard News*

Hard news is the type of news that is factual, urgent, and timely. It is the kind of news that people need
to know to make informed decisions about their lives. Hard news stories are usually about events that
are happening at the moment or that have just occurred. These stories are often reported by
professional journalists who have received training in journalism and who are bound by ethical
standards. Hard news stories are typically reported in a straightforward and objective manner, and they
are often accompanied by images, video, and other multimedia content to help people understand the
situation.

*Characteristics of Hard News*

Hard news stories have several characteristics that make them different from other types of news. First,
hard news is factual. It is based on verifiable information that has been gathered through interviews,
research, and other sources. Second, hard news is objective. It is presented in a way that does not show
bias or personal opinion. Third, hard news is timely. It is reported as soon as possible after the event has
occurred. Fourth, hard news is important. It is news that affects people’s lives in a significant way.

*Examples of Hard News*

Examples of hard news stories include natural disasters, political events, and major crimes. When a
natural disaster such as a hurricane, earthquake, or tsunami occurs, it is important to report on the
damage that has been done, the number of people affected, and the steps being taken to help those
who have been impacted. Political events such as elections, protests, and policy changes also qualify as
hard news. When a policy change is announced, it is important to report on the reasons behind the
change, the expected impact on people’s lives, and the opinions of those who support or oppose the
change. Major crimes such as murder, theft, and terrorism are also hard news stories. When a crime
occurs, it is important to report on the details of the crime, the impact on the victims and their families,
and the steps being taken to apprehend the perpetrator.

*Impact of Hard News*

Hard news has a significant impact on society. When people are informed about events that are
happening in their world, they can make informed decisions about their lives. Hard news helps people
understand the consequences of their actions and the actions of others. It also helps people stay
informed about important issues and events that affect their lives. Hard news can also help hold people
and organizations accountable for their actions.

Write about soft news.

Soft news, also known as “light news” or “human interest stories,” refers to news stories that are less
serious or hard-hitting and focus on entertainment, lifestyle, or personal interest topics. While hard
news covers serious topics such as politics, crime, and disasters, soft news stories are often lighter and
focus on human-interest stories, celebrity gossip, lifestyle trends, and quirky events.

Soft news is a type of journalism that has gained popularity in recent years, thanks to the proliferation of
digital media and social media platforms. It is a type of news that appeals to a broader audience,
including those who are not interested in traditional hard news. Soft news stories are often shorter in
length and use a more conversational tone compared to hard news stories.

The Importance of Soft News

While hard news is critical in keeping the public informed about important events and issues that affect
their lives, soft news also has its role to play in the media landscape. Soft news can offer a respite from
the daily barrage of serious news stories and provide a way for people to escape and relax.

Soft news also has the power to humanize the news and make it more relatable to the audience. By
focusing on human-interest stories, soft news can make the news more accessible and easier to
understand. It can also create a sense of community among readers by showcasing stories of people
who share similar experiences or interests.

Furthermore, soft news can provide a platform for promoting positivity and inspiration. It can highlight
the good things happening in the world and inspire readers to make positive changes in their lives. For
instance, a soft news story about a charity event or a random act of kindness can inspire readers to
volunteer or do something good for their community.

Types of Soft News

There are several types of soft news stories that are commonly covered in the media. These include:

Entertainment News

Entertainment news is one of the most popular types of soft news. It covers stories related to
celebrities, movies, TV shows, music, and other forms of entertainment. Entertainment news can range
from breaking news about a celebrity’s personal life to reviews of the latest blockbuster movie.

Entertainment news is popular because it allows people to escape from their daily lives and immerse
themselves in the glitz and glamour of Hollywood. It also satisfies people’s curiosity about the lives of
their favorite celebrities and provides a way for them to feel connected to them.

Lifestyle News

Lifestyle news covers stories related to fashion, beauty, health, and wellness. It can include tips on how
to live a healthy lifestyle, reviews of the latest fashion trends, and advice on how to improve one’s
mental and physical well-being.

Lifestyle news is popular because it provides readers with practical tips and advice that they can apply to
their daily lives. It also reflects the values and aspirations of the readers and provides a way for them to
stay informed about the latest trends and developments in their respective fields.

Quirky News

Quirky news stories are those that are offbeat and unusual. They often cover stories about bizarre
events, strange inventions, and unusual hobbies. Quirky news stories are popular because they provide
readers with a sense of humor and a break from serious news stories.

Quirky news stories can also be inspiring, as they often showcase people who are passionate about their
hobbies and are not afraid to be themselves. They can also highlight the creativity and ingenuity of
people who come up with unusual inventions or ideas.

Human Interest Stories

Human interest stories are those that focus on people and their experiences. They often cover stories
about ordinary people who have overcome adversity, achieved success, or done something remarkable.
Human interest stories are popular because they provide readers with a sense of inspiration and hope.

Human interest stories can also create a sense of community among readers by showcasing stories

Write about journalism as 4th estate in very long form.

Journalism is often referred to as the fourth estate, alongside the executive, legislative, and judicial
branches of government, because it serves as a check and balance on those in power. The term “fourth
estate” was first used in the 18th century to describe the press as an influential institution that had the
power to hold the other three estates accountable. Today, journalism continues to play a critical role in
our democracy by serving as a watchdog and holding those in power accountable.

The media’s role in shaping public opinion and providing a forum for public debate has been recognized
for centuries. It was the newspapers of the 18 th century that played a key role in shaping the American
Revolution, and it was the press that helped bring about the downfall of Richard Nixon during the
Watergate scandal. Journalism has been a powerful force for change throughout history, and it
continues to be so today.

One of the most important functions of the fourth estate is to provide the public with accurate and
unbiased information. Journalists must be able to report the news without fear or favor, and they must
be committed to providing their readers with the most accurate and complete information possible. This
requires a dedication to the truth and a willingness to question those in power, even when it is
unpopular to do so.

The fourth estate also serves as a watchdog on those in power. Journalists are often the first to uncover
wrongdoing, whether it be corruption, abuse of power, or violations of civil liberties. They have the
power to shine a light on injustice and hold those responsible accountable. This is a critical function of
the media, as it ensures that those in positions of power are not above the law.

Another important function of the fourth estate is to provide a platform for public debate. Journalism
serves as a forum for people to discuss important issues and share their opinions. This is especially
important in a democracy, where the exchange of ideas is vital to the health of the nation. By providing
a space for public discourse, journalists help to ensure that the voices of all citizens are heard.

In recent years, the fourth estate has come under attack from various sources. Politicians have attacked
the media for reporting stories that are critical of them, and some media outlets have been accused of
bias and sensationalism. However, despite these challenges, journalism continues to play a critical role
in our society. It is more important than ever that we support a free and independent media, as it is the
backbone of our democracy.

In conclusion, journalism as the fourth estate serves as a check and balance on those in power, providing
the public with accurate information, holding those in power accountable, and providing a platform for
public debate. The importance of a free and independent media cannot be overstated. It is up to all of
us to support the fourth estate and ensure that journalism continues to serve as a cornerstone of our
democracy.

Introduction

Citizen journalism is a term that has gained popularity in recent years. It refers to the practice of
ordinary people, who are not trained journalists, reporting news and information through various
channels, such as blogs, social media platforms, and online news outlets. Citizen journalism has emerged
as a significant force in the media landscape, challenging the traditional role of mainstream media as the
gatekeepers of information. In this essay, we will explore the origins, characteristics, and impact of
citizen journalism, as well as the challenges and opportunities it presents.

What is Citizen Journalism?

Citizen journalism, also known as participatory journalism, is a form of journalism where ordinary
individuals who are not professional journalists gather, report, and disseminate news and information.
Citizen journalists use a variety of tools, such as social media, blogs, and mobile devices, to document
events and share their observations with a wider audience.

Citizen journalism is often seen as an alternative to traditional journalism, which is dominated by

professional journalists who are employed by media organizations. Citizen journalists are not bound by
the same ethical and editorial guidelines as professional journalists, which can lead to both advantages
and disadvantages.

History of Citizen Journalism:

Citizen journalism is not a new phenomenon. It has been around for centuries in various forms, such as
pamphleteering, grassroots reporting, and community journalism. However, the rise of digital media has
greatly expanded the scope and impact of citizen journalism.
The first instance of modern citizen journalism can be traced back to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami,
which was covered extensively by amateur photographers and videographers who were on the ground
when the disaster struck. Their images and videos, which were uploaded to social media and news
websites, provided a raw and unfiltered view of the devastation, which traditional media organizations
were unable to capture.

Since then, citizen journalism has played a key role in several major events, such as the Arab Spring, the
Occupy Wall Street movement, and the Black Lives Matter protests. Citizen journalists have been able to
capture and share important moments that would have otherwise gone unnoticed or ignored by
traditional media outlets.

Advantages of Citizen Journalism:

Citizen journalism has several advantages over traditional journalism. First, citizen journalists are often
on the ground when news events occur, which allows them to capture and report on events in real-time.
This can be especially useful in situations where traditional journalists are unable to gain access or are
prevented from reporting by authorities.

Second, citizen journalists are not bound by the same editorial and ethical guidelines as professional
journalists, which allows them to report on topics and issues that are often ignored or downplayed by
traditional media outlets. Citizen journalists can also provide a more diverse and inclusive perspective
on news events, as they come from a variety of backgrounds and communities.

Finally, citizen journalism can provide a check on the power of traditional media organizations. By
providing alternative viewpoints and challenging the dominant narrative, citizen journalists can help to
hold media organizations accountable for their reporting and editorial decisions.

Disadvantages of Citizen Journalism:

However, citizen journalism also has several disadvantages. First, citizen journalists may lack the training
and expertise of professional journalists, which can lead to inaccurate or biased reporting. Citizen
journalists may also lack access to important sources or information, which can limit the depth and
quality of their reporting.
Second, citizen journalists may be more susceptible to manipulation and misinformation. In the age of
social media, it is increasingly easy for false information to spread rapidly, and citizen journalists may
not have the resources or expertise to verify the accuracy of the information they are sharing.

Finally, citizen journalism can also lead to the blurring of lines between news and opinion. Citizen
journalists may be more likely to inject their personal views and biases into their reporting, which can
make it difficult for readers to distinguish between fact and opinion.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, citizen journalism has had a significant impact on the media landscape in recent years.
While it has several advantages, such as providing real-time reporting and diverse perspectives,

Citizen journalism refers to the practice of ordinary people, without professional training or credentials,
collecting, analyzing, and disseminating news and information to the public. In recent years, citizen
journalism has become increasingly prominent, with the rise of social media platforms and the
widespread availability of mobile devices with cameras and internet connectivity.

The concept of citizen journalism is not new. In the early days of print media, ordinary people would
sometimes publish their own newspapers or pamphlets to express their views or report on local events.
With the advent of radio and television, citizen journalists could sometimes record interviews or footage
of events and send them to news organizations for broadcast.

However, it was not until the internet era that citizen journalism really took off. The rise of blogging
platforms in the early 2000s made it easy for anyone with an internet connection to start publishing
their own content online. Social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook then made it easy for
individuals to share their content with a wider audience, and for people to follow and engage with
citizen journalists on a more immediate and personal level.

One of the key advantages of citizen journalism is that it can provide a more diverse range of
perspectives and voices than traditional news media. While mainstream news organizations often rely
on a small group of professional journalists to report on events, citizen journalists can come from all
walks of life and bring their own unique experiences and insights to the table.

Citizen journalism can also be more nimble and responsive than traditional news media. While
professional journalists may need to go through various layers of editorial review before publishing a
story, citizen journalists can often publish their content immediately, as events are unfolding. This can
be particularly valuable in situations where traditional news organizations are unable to gain access to a
location or are prevented from reporting by government censorship or other barriers.
However, there are also some challenges and risks associated with citizen journalism. Because citizen
journalists are not bound by the same professional standards and ethical guidelines as traditional
journalists, there is a greater risk of misinformation, bias, and manipulation. Citizen journalists may also
be more vulnerable to threats and harassment, particularly in situations where they are reporting on
controversial or sensitive issues.

Despite these challenges, citizen journalism has become an important part of the media landscape in
many parts of the world. In some cases, citizen journalism has played a critical role in exposing
corruption, human rights abuses, and other issues that might otherwise have gone unnoticed. Citizen
journalism has also given a voice to marginalized communities and helped to promote greater
transparency and accountability in government and other institutions.

Perhaps the most famous example of citizen journalism in action is the Arab Spring uprisings that began
in 2010. In countries like Tunisia, Egypt, and Syria, ordinary citizens used social media platforms like
Twitter and Facebook to document and share information about the protests and the government
crackdowns that followed. This information helped to galvanize international support for the uprisings
and put pressure on governments to respond to the demands of their citizens.

While the Arab Spring may be the most high-profile example of citizen journalism, it is by no means the
only one. Citizen journalists around the world are using their platforms to report on a wide range of
issues, from local politics and community events to international conflicts and human rights abuses. As
long as there are people with a desire to share information and stories with the world, citizen journalism
will continue to play an important role in shaping the media landscape of the future.

Citizen Journalism Attribution

Citizen journalism refers to the act of non-professional individuals reporting news and events as they
happen. It has become increasingly popular with the advent of social media platforms, allowing people
to document and share their experiences in real-time. As citizen journalism continues to grow, it has
become essential to discuss the issue of attribution. In this article, we will explore the importance of
attribution in citizen journalism and how it can be implemented.

Attribution is the practice of giving credit to the original source of information. It is an essential
component of journalism ethics and plays a critical role in maintaining the credibility of news sources. In
traditional journalism, journalists are expected to provide attribution for all the information they use in
their stories. However, in citizen journalism, this practice is not always followed.

The rise of citizen journalism has led to the emergence of new ethical standards. Unlike traditional
journalists, citizen journalists may not have the same level of training or experience. As a result, they
may not be aware of the importance of attribution. Additionally, some citizen journalists may be more
interested in getting their story out than ensuring accuracy and credibility. This lack of adherence to
journalistic standards can lead to the spread of misinformation and false news.

To combat this issue, it is important to educate citizen journalists on the importance of attribution.
Attributing sources in citizen journalism helps to establish credibility and build trust with the audience.
By providing attribution, citizen journalists can show that they have done their due diligence and have
verified the information they are sharing.

One way to encourage attribution in citizen journalism is by providing training and resources. This could
include workshops, online courses, or written guidelines. By educating citizen journalists on the
importance of attribution, they will be more likely to include it in their reporting.

Another way to promote attribution is through the use of technology. Many social media platforms have
features that allow users to attribute sources. For example, Twitter has a retweet feature that allows
users to share content while giving credit to the original source. Facebook also has a share feature that
includes a link to the original post. These tools make it easy for citizen journalists to provide attribution
while sharing information on social media.

Finally, media organizations can also play a role in promoting attribution in citizen journalism. They can
establish partnerships with citizen journalists, provide them with access to their platforms, and offer
support and guidance. By doing so, media organizations can help ensure that citizen journalists follow
ethical standards, including attribution.

In conclusion, attribution is an essential component of citizen journalism. It helps to maintain credibility,

establish trust with the audience, and combat the spread of misinformation. Citizen journalists should
be educated on the importance of attribution, and media organizations should provide support and
guidance to ensure that ethical standards are followed. By working together, we can promote
responsible citizen journalism and uphold the integrity of news reporting.

Write about elements of news in long form

News is a medium of communication that serves to inform the public about recent events,
developments, and occurrences that are of interest or importance. News stories are composed of
various elements that help journalists to communicate these events effectively and accurately to their
audiences. These elements of news are critical in ensuring that news stories are informative, engaging,
and relevant to readers.

Timeliness: One of the most critical elements of news is timeliness. News stories must be fresh, current,
and relevant to the public. Journalists must report news as soon as it happens, or shortly after it occurs,
to ensure that their audience receives the most up-to-date information. News that is old or outdated is
no longer considered newsworthy and is unlikely to generate much interest.

Impact: Another critical element of news is its impact on society or individuals. News stories that have a
significant impact on people’s lives, businesses, or the community are more likely to be reported than
stories that have little or no impact. Journalists must consider the potential consequences of a story
before publishing it, as it may have far-reaching effects.

Proximity: Proximity is another essential element of news. Stories that happen close to the audience are
generally considered more newsworthy than events that occur far away. Journalists must be aware of
their readership’s geographical location and report stories that are relevant to their local community.

Conflict: Conflict is a crucial element of news as it creates tension and interest for the audience. News
stories that involve conflict or controversy are more likely to attract attention than stories that do not.
Journalists must be careful to present the facts accurately and objectively, without sensationalizing or
exaggerating the story.

Human Interest: Human interest is another important element of news. Stories that focus on people,
their experiences, emotions, and struggles, are more likely to engage readers than stories that are
purely factual. Journalists must be sensitive to the people they are reporting on and ensure that their
privacy and dignity are respected.

Prominence: Prominence refers to the status or importance of the people or events being reported on.
News stories that involve well-known people or organizations are more likely to be reported than stories
that involve unknown individuals or groups. Journalists must be careful to report on the facts rather
than the individual’s status or reputation.

Novelty: Novelty refers to the uniqueness or originality of the story. News stories that are unusual or
unexpected are more likely to attract attention than stories that are predictable. Journalists must be
creative in their reporting and find new angles to engage their readers.

In conclusion, news stories must have a combination of these elements to be considered newsworthy.
Journalists must be skilled in selecting and presenting these elements to ensure that their news stories
are informative, engaging, and relevant to their audience. The elements of news are an essential part of
journalism, and journalists must understand and apply them to produce high-quality news content.

Write about news values in long form.

News values are the criteria used by journalists and news organizations to determine which stories are
worth covering and reporting to their audiences. These values are used to evaluate the importance,
relevance, and interest of a story, as well as its potential impact on society. While different news
organizations may have their own specific criteria for determining news values, there are several widely
recognized factors that shape news coverage across the industry.

Timeliness

One of the most important news values is timeliness, or the relevance of a story to current events. News
organizations prioritize stories that are breaking, unfolding rapidly, or have just occurred, as these are
often the stories that audiences are most interested in hearing about. Timeliness is particularly
important in the era of social media and instant news, where speed and accuracy are both essential for
maintaining credibility and staying ahead of the competition.

Impact

Another key news value is impact, or the potential consequences of a story for individuals, communities,
or society at large. Stories that have the potential to affect people’s lives, either positively or negatively,
are considered to be of greater importance than those that do not. For example, a story about a new
government policy or a natural disaster that has affected a large number of people would be considered
to have greater impact than a story about a celebrity’s personal life.

Proximity

Proximity refers to the geographic or cultural distance between a story and its audience. Stories that are
happening close to home or that affect people within a news organization’s local community are often
given priority over stories that are happening further away. Proximity can also refer to cultural or
linguistic similarities between a news organization’s audience and the people involved in a story. For
example, a story about a local festival or a sports team would be considered to have greater proximity
than a story about a foreign conflict.

Prominence

Prominence refers to the status or celebrity of the people involved in a story. News organizations often
give priority to stories that involve famous or influential people, as these are seen as being more
interesting or important to audiences. For example, a story about a major political figure or a celebrity
scandal would be considered to have greater prominence than a story about an ordinary person.

Conflict
Conflict is another news value that is frequently used to determine the newsworthiness of a story.
Stories that involve tension, disagreement, or controversy are often considered to be more interesting
and attention-grabbing than stories that do not. Conflict can take many forms, such as political
disagreements, legal disputes, or personal feuds, and can involve individuals, organizations, or entire
communities.

Novelty

Finally, novelty refers to the degree of originality or uniqueness of a story. Stories that are unusual,
unexpected, or surprising are often considered to be more newsworthy than stories that are more
predictable or familiar. For example, a story about a rare animal sighting or an unusual scientific
discovery would be considered to have greater novelty than a story about a routine political event.

In conclusion, news values are a crucial part of the news-making process, as they help journalists and
news organizations determine which stories are most important and relevant to their audiences. By
evaluating stories based on criteria such as timeliness, impact, proximity, prominence, conflict, and
novelty, journalists are able to provide their audiences with the information they need to understand
the world around them and make informed decisions.