Name of the Student: K.
Mounika Academic Year: 24&28
Student Registration Number: Year & Term: 1&2
241U1R2087
Study Level: UG Class & Section:AIML&1C
Name of the Course: Differential Name of the Instructor: Kishore
equations
Name of the Assessment: journal review Date of Submission: 6-2-25
Learning group-3:
K. Mounika(241U1R2087)
Latest Research and Developments in Module -3
Linear Differential Equations and Bernoulli’s
Differential Equation.
This table summarizes the most recent advancements related to
the study of Linear Differential Equations and Bernoulli’s
Differential Equation.
Study Generalized Bernoulli Differential Equation
Year 2023
Organization Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero
Research This study proposes and solves a generalized form
Summary of the Bernoulli differential equation using a
fractional derivative approach, expanding its
applications in various fields.
Web link https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.15755
1
1. Introduction
The paper introduces a novel approach to solving the Bernoulli
differential equation using generalized fractional derivatives. It
highlights the limitations of classical fractional derivatives and
motivates the need for a more flexible differentiation operator based on
a general kernel function T(t,α). The primary objectives of the study
include:
• Developing a fractional version of Gronwall’s inequality.
• Establishing stability conditions for fractional differential
equations.
• Finding analytical solutions to the generalized Bernoulli equation.
• Introducing and validating a finite difference method (FDM) as a
numerical approach.
The introduction emphasizes the broad applicability of fractional
calculus in various physical and engineering problems, especially when
memory-dependent processes are involved.
2. Generalized Derivation and Integration Operators
This section defines a generalized local fractional derivative, which
extends classical differentiation to fractional orders. The key idea is to
use a kernel function T(t,α), allowing more flexibility in modeling
physical processes. The authors present:
• Several specific cases of the generalized derivative, including the
conformable derivative and beta-derivative.
• Important properties of the generalized derivative, such as
linearity, product rules, and integration relations.
2
• A new integral operator J , a and its role in solving fractional
differential equations.
This approach unifies multiple fractional derivatives proposed in the
literature, making it a powerful tool for differential equation modeling.
3. Generalized Gronwall’s Inequality and Stability Conditions
A core contribution of the paper is the proof of a generalized
Gronwall’s inequality under the new fractional derivative framework.
This inequality plays a crucial role in:
• Studying the boundedness of solutions to fractional differential
equations.
• Establishing stability conditions, particularly for the trivial
solution y=0.
• Providing a mathematical foundation for long-term behavior
analysis of fractional systems.
The authors show that if a differential equation satisfies the generalized
Gronwall inequality, its solutions remain stable and bounded over time.
This result has direct applications in control theory and physics, where
system stability is a key concern.
4. Solution of the Generalized Bernoulli Differential Equation The
classical Bernoulli equation is given by:
y′+P(x)y=Q(x)𝑦𝑛.
The authors extend this equation to the fractional domain using their
newly defined derivative:
3
G +P(x)y=Q(x)𝑦𝑛
The paper derives explicit solutions for different choices of T(t,α). The
main findings include:
• The solution structure depends on the kernel function, making it
adaptable to various applications.
• The proposed framework includes well-known derivatives as
special cases, validating its correctness.
• Stability and solvability conditions are explicitly stated.
This generalization enables the modeling of energy conservation
principles in fluid mechanics under a fractional framework, an area
where the Bernoulli equation is frequently applied.
5. Finite Difference Method (FDM) for Numerical Solutions
Since some fractional differential equations are difficult to solve
analytically, the authors propose a finite difference method (FDM) to
approximate solutions. Their approach follows these steps:
1. Discretization of the Equation: The fractional derivative is
replaced with a difference quotient approximation.
2. Iterative Computation: The equation is solved step-by-step
using an Euler-type method with modifications.
3. Backward and Forward Differences: Different difference
schemes (two-point, three-point, and five-point) are used to
improve accuracy.
4. Validation: The numerical solutions are compared with exact
solutions (when available) and approximations of integral
expressions.
4
The authors validate FDM by solving example problems and
demonstrating its accuracy. Their results show:
• The method is computationally efficient.
• The error between FDM and exact solutions remains small.
• FDM can handle complex cases where analytical solutions
involve challenging integrals.
6. Examples and Case Studies
The paper presents two numerical examples to illustrate the
effectiveness of the proposed methods:
1. Example 1: Classical Bernoulli Equation with a
Conformable Derivative
The authors solve the equation for different values of the
fractional order α
The solutions converge to the classical case as α→1.
The effect of the kernel function choice is analyzed.
2. Example 2: Generalized Bernoulli Equation with Exponential
Kernel
A non-conformable fractional derivative is used.
The numerical solutions show distinct behavior compared
to the classical case.
The results highlight the flexibility of the proposed
derivative.
5
In both cases, the authors compare FDM with theoretical solutions,
confirming its reliability.
7. Discussion and Interpretation
The study highlights several key insights:
• Flexibility of Fractional Derivatives: The kernel-based
approach allows for adaptation to various physical models.
• Generalization of Classical Results: The new derivative unifies
several existing methods, making it widely applicable.
• Practicality of Numerical Methods: The FDM approach is
computationally efficient and accurate, making it useful for real-
world applications.
However, the paper also acknowledges some limitations:
• Choice of Kernel Function: Different kernels lead to different
solution behaviors, requiring careful selection.
• Computational Complexity: While FDM is efficient, higher
order schemes might improve accuracy further.
• Lack of Experimental Validation: The results are purely
mathematical; future work could apply them to experimental data.
8. Conclusion and Future Work
The authors summarize their findings and suggest directions for future
research:
• Extending the approach to higher-order differential equations.
• Applying the method to partial differential equations (PDEs).
6
• Investigating alternative numerical methods, such as spectral
methods or finite element approaches.
• Exploring real-world applications in physics and engineering,
particularly in fluid dynamics and control theory.
