Assignment
on
Working of Combustion Engine
Submitted by: Malik Gulshair Ali
Submitted to: Mr. Naeem Abbas
Subject: Introduction to science
Class: Sociology 1st Semester
Roll No. 002
Department of Sociology
The University of Chakwal
Introduction
One of the most important technical advancements in human history is the
combustion engine, especially combustion engine. It is the driving force behind cars,
machines, ships, and air-planes, drastically transforming transportation, industry, and
civilization. In order to move pistons, power machinery, or move auto mobiles
forward, internal combustion engines transform fuel energy such as that found in
gasoline, diesel, or natural gas into mechanical energy.
Fundamentally, the controlled explosion (combustion) of fuel within a sealed
chamber, or cylinder, powers the combustion engine. A piston is forced downward by
the pressure created by this explosion, turning a crankshaft and producing mechanical
energy.This principle has been refined over many years, making the combustion
engine the powerhouse of the modern world.
Working of Combustion Engine
Cylindrical Chamber: The cylindrical chamber in which
fuel combustion takes place is called a cylinder. It is the
main source of energy production.
Piston: A cylindrical part that rises and falls inside the
cylinder is called a piston. The force of combustion moves
the piston, which is attached to the crankshaft.
Crankshaft: A shaft that has a connecting rod attached to
it. The piston's up-and-down action is transformed into
rotational motion by the crankshaft.
Spark Plug: The air-fuel combination in the cylinder of gasoline engines is ignited by
the spark plug.
Fuel Injector: To guarantee effective combustion, the fuel injector in contemporary
engines sprays a thin mist of gasoline straight into the combustion chamber.
Valves: The intake of fuel and air as well as the release of gases from the cylinder are
controlled by valves.
Timing Mechanism: A timing belt or chain controls the operation of the valves,
ensuring that they open and close at the correct times during the engine cycle.
Four Stroke Engine
Intake Stroke: The piston descends as the intake valve opens. The air-fuel
combination may enter the cylinder from the intake manifold thanks to the vacuum
created by this.
Compression Stroke: The fuel-air combination is compressed as the piston rises and
the intake valve shuts. This prepares it for ignite by raising its temperature and
pressure.
Power Stroke: The compressed fuel-air combination is ignited by the spark plug as
the piston reaches the top of the cylinder, resulting in an explosion. The piston is
forced downward by the ensuing pressure, producing power that turns the crankshaft.
Exhaust Stroke: To provide space for the subsequent intake of fuel and air, the
exhaust valve opens and the piston rises once again, expelling the burned gases from
the cylinder.
Evolution & History of Combustion Engine
Early Combustion Technology Developments
The idea of producing mechanical power from heat has existed since antiquity. But
additional significant attempts to create useful engines weren't accomplished until the
17th and 18th centuries.
In the first century AD, the Hero of Alexandria: Hero created
one of the first known examples of engine-like technology, the
steam-powered aeolipile. This machine was an early attempt to
employ thermal energy for mechanical motion, even though it
wasn't a combustion engine.
Thomas Newcomen in 1712: The first useful steam engine was created by Thomas
Newcomen in 1712, mainly for the purpose of pushing water out of mines. It set the
stage for further advancements in internal combustion engines even though it was an
exterior combustion engine (steam was produced in a boiler).
Invention of Combustion Engine
The 19th century marked the true birth of the
internal combustion engine, a shift from steam-
driven to more compact and efficient designs.
The invention of the four-stroke engine cycle by
Nikolaus Otto in 1867 marked a turning point
in engine development. Otto's engine, which
used a sequence of compression and expansion
strokes to produce energy from the combustion
process, was significantly more efficient than
previous engines.
The invention of the car was made possible by the engineers Gottlieb Daimler and
Wilhelm Maybach in the 1880s, who created an internal combustion engine that was
sufficiently compact and potent to be utilized in automobiles.
Karl Benz (1885): Benz is recognized for having invented the Benz Patent-
Motorwagen, the first usable gasoline-powered vehicle. This vehicle served as the
model for contemporary vehicles and had an internal combustion engine that ran on
gasoline.
Combustion Engine and the Industrial Revolution
During the Industrial Revolution, combustion engines revolutionized manufacturing,
transportation, and other industries. The introduction of the internal combustion
engine (ICE) allowed for more efficient, portable, and powerful machines than ever
before.
Transportation: Karl Benz's invention
of the gasoline-powered engine for
vehicles marked the beginning of the
broad growth of personal mobility. By
the early 1900s, Ford and other
businesses were manufacturing large
quantities of reasonably priced cars.
Trains: The railway business was first
dominated by steam engines, but as
internal combustion engines became
more efficient and versatile, they
progressively displaced them in several
industries.
Aviation: Internal combustion engines were employed in early aircraft. Another
significant advancement in combustion engine technology was made in 1903 when
the Wright brothers made their first successful flight using a gasoline-powered engine.
Manufacturing and Industry
Factory Machinery: Due to their increased
efficiency, dependability, and compact size,
combustion engines have supplanted steam-
powered factories. Combustion Engines
offered a more adaptable power source,
manufacturing could be situated outside of
the water supplies that steam engines
required.
Ship Engines: The marine industry also
adopted internal combustion engines,
especially in commercial and military
vessels, offering more compact and
reliable power than steam engines.
Millitary Technology
During World Wars I and II combustion engines played a crucial role in powering
military trucks, tanks, submarines, and aircraft. These engines were crucial to the
logistics and mobility of economies throughout the conflict.
World Without Combustion Engines
A world without combustion engines would mean no cars, trucks, or planes powered
by gasoline or diesel. Instead, we’d rely on alternative energy sources like electricity,
hydrogen, or other clean technologies. This change would help reduce pollution and
combat climate change. People would probably use electric vehicles, public
transportation, and even bicycles more often. Cities might be quieter and cleaner, and
the air would be fresher. However, we'd need to create new systems for energy,
infrastructure, and transportation to make it all work smoothly.
Combustion Engines' Future
The internal combustion engine is not going away anytime soon, even with the
popularity of electric cars. Because of their
effectiveness and longevity, diesel engines in
particular are still utilized in industrial and
commercial transportation. Additionally,
there are chances to make combustion
engines cleaner and more sustainable thanks
to continuous advancements in hydrogen,
biofuels, and synthetic fuels.
