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Choosing the Right SDLC Model - A Comparative Analysis

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 TECHNICAL SEMINAR
18ECS84

Topic: Choosing the Right SDLC Model: A Comparative Analysis

Presented by : Under the Guidance of:

Manohar Nayak K Dr. Surekha R Gondkar
Electronics and Communication Engineering Associate Professor , Dept of ECE , BMSIT & M
Alumni of BMSIT College
 ABSTRACT Pg 3-4

INTRODUCTION: Pg 5-8

WHAT IS SDLC? GENERAL STAGES OF SDLC

IMPORTANCE OF CHOOSING THE RIGHT SDLC MODEL
FOR A PARTICULAR PROJECT (MOTIVATION) Pg 9-10

CHALLENGES IN CHOOSING THE RIGHT SDLC

MODEL Pg 13-14

LITERATURE SURVEY Pg 15-17

TABLE OF
SDLC MODEL EVALUATION Pg 18-33 CONTENTS
CASE STUDY OF PROJECTS Pg 34-37

APPLICATIONS OF SDLC Pg 38-39

CONCLUSION Pg 40
 ABSTRACT
• The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model is a fundamental framework for
developing software projects according to specific requirements. The right SDLC
model selection is critical for the success of any software development project, as it
can significantly impact its overall outcome.

• The review paper by Biswamohan Acharya and Prabhat Kumar Sahu, published in the
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, is used as
a reference for this seminar. The paper highlights the need for selecting the
appropriate SDLC model based on various factors such as project requirements, team
size, budget, and timeline. It provides an in-depth analysis of different SDLC models
and their advantages and disadvantages, helping practitioners make informed
decisions.

• This technical seminar provides a brief introduction to the SDLC model and explains
the importance of choosing the right one for a particular project.
•A comparative analysis of various SDLC models, including Waterfall, Rapid
Application Development (RAD), Agile, Spiral, V model, and Iterative, is presented,
along with real-world examples of their usage.

•The seminar also focuses on taking examples of project descriptions and choosing
the most appropriate SDLC model based on the requirements, followed by an
explanation of the reasoning behind choosing the same. Additionally, the seminar
highlights the significance of selecting the appropriate SDLC model based on cost,
time, and other requirement specifications.

•The main objective of this seminar is to provide a comprehensive understanding of

the various SDLC models and their suitability for different project requirements,
helping participants make an informed decision when selecting the appropriate
SDLC model.
 • With SDLC, the software project’s quality and the overall software
development process get enhanced.

INTRODUCTION • The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured and

systematic approach to software development that is used to
ensure high-quality software is delivered on time and within
budget. It is a process of creating software that involves a series
of well-defined steps that must be followed in a specific order.
What is SDLC? • It is a process followed by software organizations to develop,
maintain, replace, and enhance software. The SDLC model
• SDLC stands for Software Development provides a framework that guides the development team through
Life Cycle. the various stages of software development from conception to
• It is a process that gives a complete delivery.
idea about developing, designing, and • The need for the SDLC arises due to the complexity of software
maintaining a software project by development projects. Software development is a collaborative
ensuring that all the functionalities process that involves various stakeholders, including clients,
along with user requirements, developers, testers, and project managers.
objectives, and end goals are • The SDLC model provides a structured approach that ensures all
addressed. stakeholders are involved and provides a clear roadmap for each
stage of the software development process.
GENERAL STAGES
OF SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT
LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)
 1. Planning and 2. Defining 3. Designing the
Requirements: Product Architecture:
Requirement Analysis:
• Use the SRS as reference
• Senior team members gather • Clearly define and
for product architects to
inputs from customers, sales document the
propose more than one
department, market surveys, product
design approach.
The SDLC life and domain experts. requirements.
• Document the proposed
cycle consists of • Conduct product feasibility • Obtain approval
design approaches in a
several stages study in the economical, from the customer
Design Document
that must be operational, and technical or market
Specification (DDS).
followed in a areas. analysts.
sequential • Review DDS with
• Identify quality assurance • Use a Software
manner. The stakeholders and select
requirements and risks Requirement
stages are: the best design
associated with the project. Specification (SRS)
approach.
• Define technical approaches document to list
all product • Define all architectural
to implement the project modules of the product
with minimum risks requirements.
along with its
communication and data
flow representation in
DDS.
4. Building or 5. Testing the 6. Deployment in the Market and
Developing the Product: Maintenance:
Product: • Report, track, fix, • Release the product formally in the
and retest product appropriate market.
• Generate programming
defects until it • Deploy product in stages as per the business
code based on DDS.
reaches the quality strategy of the organization.
• Follow coding guidelines
standards defined in
defined by the organization. • Release the product first in a limited segment
the SRS.
• Use programming tools and test it in the real business environment
• Testing activities (UAT - User acceptance testing).
such as compilers,
may be involved in
interpreters, debuggers, • Based on feedback, release the product as it is
all stages of the
etc. or with suggested enhancements in the
SDLC.
• Choose programming targeting market segment.
language based on the type • Maintain the product for the existing
of software being customer base after its release in the market.
developed.

Following the SDLC life cycle ensures that software is developed in a systematic and efficient manner. Each stage has its own
set of deliverables that must be completed before proceeding to the next stage. This helps to ensure that the software meets
the requirements of the end-users and is delivered on time and within budget.
 IMPORTANCE OF CHOOSING THE RIGHT
SDLC MODEL FOR A PARTICULAR PROJECT

✓ Choosing the right SDLC model for a software development

project is crucial for the project's success. This decision
requires careful consideration of various factors, such as
project scope, size, complexity, available resources, time,
and budget.
✓ The importance of choosing the right SDLC model cannot
be overstated. Using the wrong model can lead to project
failure, delays, cost overruns, and poor-quality software.
The right SDLC model can help ensure that the project is
completed on time, within budget, and with high-quality
software that meets the requirements of the stakeholders.
✓ There are various SDLC models to choose from, including
Waterfall, Agile, Iterative, Spiral, and V-shaped. Each model
has its own strengths and weaknesses. The Waterfall model
is a linear sequential approach that is best suited for
projects with well-defined requirements and a fixed scope.
The Agile model, on the other hand, is an iterative and
incremental approach that is suitable for projects with
changing requirements and a flexible scope.
✓ Other factors that influence the choice of SDLC model
include the level of risk associated with the project, the
availability of skilled resources, the complexity of the
software, and the level of stakeholder involvement.
✓ To make an informed decision on the appropriate SDLC
model for a specific project, it is important to conduct a
comparative analysis of the various models. This analysis
should consider the project's specific requirements and
constraints, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of
each model.
✓ In conclusion, the choice of the right SDLC model is
critical for the success of a software development
project. It is important to carefully evaluate the project's
requirements and constraints, conduct a comparative
analysis of the available models, and select the model
that best fits the project's needs. By doing so,
organizations can ensure that their software
development projects are completed on time, within
budget, and with high-quality software that meets the
requirements of the stakeholders.
 1. Cost and Time: Choosing the right SDLC model can have a significant
impact on the cost and time of a software development project. For
example, the Waterfall model may have a longer development time and
higher cost compared to the Agile model due to its sequential approach.
However, the Waterfall model may be more suitable for projects that
have a fixed budget and a well-defined set of requirements.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER 2. Development Team Skills: The skills and expertise of the development
team can also influence the choice of SDLC model. For example, the
WHEN CHOOSING AN Rapid Application Development (RAD) model requires a highly skilled
development team that can quickly develop and test software. If the
SDLC MODEL FOR development team lacks the necessary skills for a particular SDLC model,
it may lead to delays or project failure.
SOFTWARE 3. Stakeholder Requirements: The requirements and expectations of
stakeholders, including customers, end-users, and management, should
DEVELOPMENT also be considered when choosing an SDLC model. For example, if
stakeholders require frequent updates and involvement in the
PROJECTS development process, the Agile model may be the most appropriate
choice.
4. Project Complexity: The complexity of the project can also influence the
choice of SDLC model. For example, the V model is best suited for
projects that have high quality and regulatory requirements, while the
Iterative model is best suited for projects that have changing
requirements and a flexible scope.
 ✓ Risk Management: The choice of SDLC model can also impact risk
management. For example, the Spiral model incorporates risk analysis
FACTORS TO CONSIDER and risk management into each iteration, making it more suitable for
projects with high-risk areas or complex requirements.
WHEN CHOOSING AN
SDLC MODEL FOR ✓ Testing and Maintenance: The choice of SDLC model can also impact
the testing and maintenance of the software. For example, the
SOFTWARE Waterfall model may require extensive testing at the end of the
development cycle, while the Agile model requires continuous testing
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS throughout the development process.

In conclusion, choosing the right SDLC model is a critical decision that can greatly impact the success of a
software development project. It requires careful consideration of project requirements, cost and time
constraints, development team skills, stakeholder requirements, project complexity, risk management, and
testing and maintenance requirements. By selecting the appropriate SDLC model, software development
teams can ensure the successful completion of the project and meet stakeholder expectations.
CHALLENGES IN CHOOSING THE RIGHT SDLC MODEL

1) The Complexity of the project: The complexity of a project can be a significant challenge in
choosing the right SDLC model. A project with a high level of complexity may require a
more flexible and iterative approach, while a project with low complexity can be managed
effectively using a more rigid SDLC model.
2) Uncertainty of requirements: In some projects, the requirements may not be well-defined
or may change frequently. In such cases, choosing the right SDLC model becomes
challenging, as the model needs to be flexible enough to accommodate changes in
requirements.
3) Time and cost constraints: Time and cost constraints can also be a challenge in choosing
the right SDLC model. Projects with tight deadlines or limited budgets may require a more
efficient SDLC model, while projects with more time and resources may have the luxury of
choosing a more flexible approach.
4) Stakeholder management: Managing stakeholders is an essential aspect of any software
development project. Choosing the right SDLC model becomes challenging when
stakeholders have different expectations or conflicting requirements. A model that
promotes regular communication and collaboration with stakeholders can help overcome
this challenge.
5) Project team skills: The skills and expertise of the project team can also be a challenge in
choosing the right SDLC model. A model that requires advanced technical skills may not be
suitable for a team with limited expertise. It is essential to choose a model that aligns with
the team's skills and experience level.
6) Risk management: Effective risk management is critical in software development
projects. A model that does not provide flexibility for risk management can be a
challenge, especially for projects with a high level of uncertainty or complexity.
7) Compatibility with existing systems: Compatibility with existing systems is another
challenge in choosing the right SDLC model. Projects that require integration with
existing systems may require a specific SDLC model that aligns with the technology and
architecture of the existing systems.
8) Industry standards and regulations: Compliance with industry standards and
regulations can be a challenge in software development projects. Choosing the right
SDLC model that complies with the relevant standards and regulations is critical to
project success.
9) Cultural fit: Cultural fit is an often-overlooked challenge in choosing the right SDLC
model. The organizational culture and values can significantly impact the effectiveness
of an SDLC model. A model that aligns with the organizational culture and values can
enhance team productivity and project success.
10) Project goals: Finally, the project's goals and objectives should also be considered
when choosing the right SDLC model. A model that aligns with the project goals and
objectives can help ensure successful project outcomes.
✓ The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model is a
fundamental framework for developing software projects
according to specific requirements. Choosing the right SDLC
model is critical for the success of any software development
project, as it can significantly impact its overall outcome.

✓ This literature survey was conducted to analyze existing

research papers related to the review of various SDLC models
in the context of the objectives of this seminar. The objectives
of this seminar include providing a brief introduction to the
SDLC model and explaining the importance of choosing the
right one for a particular project. A comparative analysis of
various SDLC models, including Waterfall, Rapid Application
Development (RAD), Agile, Spiral, V model, and Iterative, is
presented, along with real-world examples of their usage.

✓ The seminar focuses on taking examples of project

descriptions and choosing the most appropriate SDLC model
based on the requirements, followed by an explanation of the
reasoning behind choosing the same.
✓ Additionally, the seminar highlights the significance of selecting the
appropriate SDLC model based on cost, time, and other requirement
specifications.

✓ One paper reviewed was "SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

MODELS: A REVIEW PAPER" by Biswamohan Acharya and Prabhat Kumar
Sahu, which provides an in-depth review of various SDLC models,
including Waterfall, Agile, Spiral, Iterative, and V model. The authors'
objective was to provide an understanding of the strengths and
limitations of each model and to evaluate them based on various criteria
such as project size, project complexity, and project requirements.

✓ The literature survey found that the Waterfall model is well-suited for
projects with well-defined requirements and a fixed scope. However,
this model lacks flexibility and adaptability, making it unsuitable for
projects with rapidly changing requirements.

✓ On the other hand, the Agile model is designed to handle rapidly

changing requirements and is a good fit for projects with a flexible
scope. The Agile model is known for its iterative and incremental
approach and emphasizes customer satisfaction through continuous
delivery of working software.
✓ The Spiral model is a risk-driven model that emphasizes identifying and
mitigating risks throughout the software development life cycle. The
model is suitable for projects with a high degree of risk and uncertainty.
✓ The V model is a variation of the Waterfall model that emphasizes the
verification and validation of software products. The V model is a good
fit for projects that require strict adherence to quality standards and
regulatory requirements.
✓ The Iterative model is a flexible SDLC model that emphasizes
incremental delivery of working software. The model is suitable for
projects with changing requirements and allows for continuous
feedback and improvement.
✓ The Rapid Application Development (RAD) model is another flexible
SDLC model that emphasizes rapid prototyping and iterative
development. The RAD model is a good fit for projects that require a
quick turnaround time and frequent changes.
✓ Several studies have also emphasized the importance of team
collaboration and communication in the success of software
development projects. The Agile model, for instance, emphasizes
teamwork, collaboration, and communication between team members
and stakeholders. Effective communication helps in identifying and
resolving issues early, avoiding misunderstandings, and promoting a
shared understanding of project goals and requirements.
SDLC MODEL EVALUATION
▪ The success of software development projects is
dependent on choosing the right software
development life cycle (SDLC) model.
▪ The selection of an SDLC model is based on various
factors, such as project complexity, stakeholder
requirements, cost and time constraints,
development team skills, risk management, testing,
and maintenance.
▪ Here in this seminar six widely used SDLC models,
namely, Waterfall, Rapid Application Development
(RAD), Agile, Spiral, V, and Iterative , will be
evaluated based on these factors.
▪ Each model has its own set of advantages and
limitations, and choosing the right model is critical to
the success of a software project. The following
sections provide a detailed analysis of each model
and highlight their strengths and weaknesses in
various scenarios.
1. Waterfall Model:

▪ The Waterfall model is a traditional and linear approach to software development, where each stage must be completed before
moving to the next stage.
▪ This model is suitable for projects with well-defined and stable requirements.
▪ It is easy to understand and manage, and it provides a clear roadmap for the project.

The stages involved in the Waterfall model are:

i. Requirements gathering: This phase involves gathering and defining the requirements for the
software. This includes understanding the end-users' needs, defining the software's
functionality, and determining any constraints or limitations. Once the requirements are
defined, they are documented in a requirements specification document.
ii. Design: In this phase, the software's architecture and design are planned out. This includes
defining the software's data structure, choosing appropriate algorithms and programming
languages, and designing the user interface.
iii. Implementation: This phase involves the actual coding and development of the software. The
software developers use the design documentation to write the code and build the software.
iv. Testing: Once the software is developed, it goes through a testing phase to ensure that it
meets the specified requirements. This includes functional testing, performance testing, and
user acceptance testing.
v. Deployment: In this phase, the software is released and deployed to the end-users.
vi. Maintenance: After the software is deployed, it goes through a maintenance phase where any
issues are addressed, and updates are made as needed.
 Cost and Time: The Waterfall model can be more time-consuming and
Waterfall costly if changes are required later in the development process.
Model Development team skills: This model requires a well-organized and skilled
Evaluation team to execute the plan .
with Stakeholder requirements: Clear and well-defined requirements are
essential for this model to be successful.
respect to
Project complexity: Projects with complex requirements may not be
key suitable for this model.
factors: Risk management: This model does not provide much flexibility for risk
management.
Testing and Maintenance: Testing is done at the end of the development
process, and maintenance is required after the final product is delivered.
2. RAD Model
▪ The RAD model emphasizes rapid prototyping and user feedback, and it is suitable for projects with a fast development pace and
frequent changes.
▪ It allows for early and frequent user involvement, which helps to ensure that the final product meets the user's needs.
▪ The RAD model is highly adaptable and flexible, and it can help to reduce development time and costs.

The stages involved in the RAD model are:

i. Requirements Planning: In this phase, the project team meets with the end-
users to gather and prioritize the software's requirements. This phase is
focused on understanding the end-users' needs and developing a high-level
plan for the software's development.
ii. User Design: In this phase, the team works closely with the end-users to
develop the software's user interface and functionality. The team creates
wireframes and prototypes to get feedback from the end-users and iteratively
refine the design.
iii. Rapid Construction: In this phase, the team quickly develops the software by
building small, functional pieces of the system called "chunks." These chunks
are developed in short cycles, usually 2-4 weeks, and are tested and reviewed
by the end-users before moving on to the next cycle.
iv. Cutover: In this phase, the team transitions the software from development to production. This includes testing and
verifying the software's performance, training end-users, and transitioning data from any previous systems.
v. Post-Implementation: In this phase, the team provides ongoing support and maintenance for the software. This includes
addressing any issues that arise, providing training and support to end-users, and updating the software as needed.
 Cost and Time: This model can be more cost-effective and time-efficient
RAD due to its flexibility.
Model Development team skills: A team with good communication and problem-
Evaluation solving skills is essential for this model.
with Stakeholder requirements: Projects with complex requirements can
benefit from this model, but the risk of scope creep is higher.
respect to
Project complexity: Projects with complex requirements may not be
key suitable for this model.
factors: Risk management: The RAD model provides some flexibility for risk
management but may require additional effort.
Testing and Maintenance: Testing and maintenance are done throughout
the development process, and the final product is delivered in increments.
 3. Agile Model:
▪ The Agile model is an iterative and incremental approach to software development, where each iteration focuses on delivering a
small set of features.
▪ It emphasizes flexibility, adaptability, and customer satisfaction.
▪ The Agile model requires active involvement from the customer and stakeholders throughout the development process .

Agile SDLC model involves the following stages:

i. Requirements Gathering and Analysis: In this stage, the project team identifies
the customer's requirements and defines the scope of the project. The team also
prioritizes the requirements and develops user stories or use cases.
ii. Planning: In this stage, the team creates a plan for the project based on the
requirements. The plan includes timelines, resources, and milestones. The team
also identifies potential risks and develops strategies to mitigate them.
iii. Design: In this stage, the team creates a high-level design of the software system.
The design includes the architecture, user interface, and data model.
iv. Development: In this stage, the team starts developing the software system in
iterations or sprints. Each sprint typically lasts 2-4 weeks and includes all the
necessary stages of development, including coding, testing, and documentation.
v. Testing: In this stage, the team tests the software system to ensure that it meets
the customer's requirements. Testing is an ongoing process that happens
throughout the development cycle.
vi. Deployment: In this stage, the team deploys the software system to the production environment. This stage also includes training
and support for end-users.
vii. Maintenance: In this stage, the team maintains the software system by fixing defects, adding new features, and enhancing the
existing features. Maintenance is an ongoing process that continues throughout the life of the software system.
 Cost and Time: The Agile model can help reduce overall costs by delivering small sets of features in each
Agile iteration and allowing for changes to be made quickly based on customer feedback. However, frequent
iterations can also increase development time, and the cost of hiring a dedicated Scrum Master or Agile
Model coach should also be taken into account.
Development team skills: The Agile model requires a highly skilled and cross-functional development
Evaluation team that can work collaboratively and adapt to changing requirements. Team members should have
strong communication skills and be able to work in a fast-paced environment.
with
Stakeholder requirements: Active involvement from stakeholders and customers is critical to the
respect to success of the Agile model. Stakeholders should be willing to participate in regular meetings and
provide feedback throughout the development process.
key Project complexity: The Agile model is well-suited for projects with a high degree of complexity and
factors: uncertainty, as it allows for frequent iterations and changes based on feedback and evolving
requirements.

Risk management: The Agile model emphasizes risk management through the use of continuous
integration and testing, as well as by breaking down the project into smaller, manageable chunks.
Risk management should be an ongoing process throughout the development lifecycle.

Testing and Maintenance: The Agile model places a strong emphasis on testing throughout the
development process, which can help to reduce the overall cost of testing and maintenance. Testing
should be automated as much as possible to ensure that each iteration is tested thoroughly, and
maintenance should be an ongoing process throughout the product's lifecycle.
4. Spiral Model:
▪ The Spiral model is a hybrid approach that combines elements of the Waterfall and RAD models.
▪ It emphasizes risk analysis and management, and it is suitable for projects with high risks and uncertainties.
▪ The Spiral model allows for frequent iterations and feedback, ensuring that the project stays on track.

The Spiral model is a risk-driven SDLC model that emphasizes on

mitigating and managing risks in a project. This model involves a cyclic
approach where the process of developing a software product passes
through four phases: Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering, and Evaluation.

i. Planning: In this phase, project objectives, alternatives, and

constraints are identified. Requirements are gathered and feasibility
studies are conducted. A preliminary project plan is developed, which
includes cost estimates, schedule, and resource requirements.
ii. Risk Analysis: In this phase, a risk assessment is conducted to identify
potential risks that may arise during the development process. A
strategy is developed to mitigate these risks. The risk analysis phase
also includes prototyping and testing of the software.
iii. Engineering: In this phase, the software is designed, developed, and
tested. The software is first developed in smaller components, which
are then integrated into the final product. This phase also includes
testing, quality assurance, and maintenance.
iv. Evaluation: In this phase, the software is evaluated based on user
feedback and testing. The evaluation phase is important for
identifying areas of improvement and for determining whether the
project objectives have been met.
 Cost and Time: Spiral model can be cost-effective in the long run as it allows for early risk identification
Spiral and management, which can reduce costs associated with rework and project delays. However, the risk
analysis and management activities in Spiral model can also add to the overall development cost and
Model time.
Development team skills: The Spiral model requires a team with strong risk analysis and management
Evaluation skills, as well as expertise in the specific development approach used in the project.

with Stakeholder requirements: The Spiral model requires active involvement from stakeholders in the risk
respect to analysis and management process, as well as in the development iterations.

key Project complexity: The Spiral model is suitable for complex projects with high risks and uncertainties,
factors: where a traditional linear approach may not be feasible.

Risk management: The Spiral model places a high emphasis on risk analysis and management, allowing
for early identification and mitigation of project risks.

Testing and Maintenance: The Spiral model allows for frequent iterations and feedback, which can lead
to improved testing and maintenance of the final product. However, this can also add to the overall
testing and maintenance costs .
5. V Model:
▪ The V model is a structured and sequential approach to software development, where testing is emphasized at every stage of the
development process.
▪ It emphasizes quality and reliability, and it is suitable for projects with a high emphasis on testing and quality assurance.
▪ The V model provides a clear roadmap for the project and helps to ensure that each stage is completed before moving to the next
stage.
V-Model - Verification Phases
i. Business Requirement Analysis - This is the first phase in the
development cycle where the product requirements are
understood from the customer’s perspective. This phase involves
detailed communication with the customer to understand his
expectations and exact requirement. This is a very important
activity and needs to be managed well, as most of the customers
are not sure about what exactly they need. The acceptance test
design planning is done at this stage as business requirements can
be used as an input for acceptance testing.
ii. System Design - Once you have the clear and detailed product
requirements, it is time to design the complete system. The
system design will have the understanding and detailing the
complete hardware and communication setup for the product
under development. The system test plan is developed based on
the system design. Doing this at an earlier stage leaves more time
for the actual test execution later.
iii. Architectural Design-Architectural specifications are understood and
designed in this phase. Usually more than one technical approach is
proposed and based on the technical and financial feasibility the final
decision is taken. The system design is broken down further into modules
taking up different functionality. This is also referred to as High Level
Design (HLD).The data transfer and communication between the internal
modules and with the outside world (other systems) is clearly understood
and defined in this stage. With this information, integration tests can be
designed and documented during this stage.
iv. Module Design - In this phase, the detailed internal design for all the
system modules is specified, referred to as Low Level Design (LLD). It is
important that the design is compatible with the other modules in the
system architecture and the other external systems. The unit tests are an
essential part of any development process and helps eliminate the
maximum faults and errors at a very early stage. These unit tests can be
designed at this stage based on the internal module designs.
v. Coding Phase - The actual coding of the system modules designed in the
design phase is taken up in the Coding phase. The best suitable
programming language is decided based on the system and architectural
requirements . The coding is performed based on the coding guidelines and
standards. The code goes through numerous code reviews and is optimized
for best performance before the final build is checked into the repository.
Validation Phases
The different Validation Phases in a V-Model are explained in detail below.
i. Unit Testing - Unit tests designed in the module design phase are
executed on the code during this validation phase. Unit testing is the
testing at code level and helps eliminate bugs at an early stage, though
all defects cannot be uncovered by unit testing.
ii. Integration Testing - Integration testing is associated with the
architectural design phase. Integration tests are performed to test the
coexistence and communication of the internal modules within the
system.
iii. System Testing - System testing is directly associated with the system
design phase. System tests check the entire system functionality and the
communication of the system under development with external
systems. Most of the software and hardware compatibility issues can be
uncovered during this system test execution.
iv. Acceptance Testing - Acceptance testing is associated with the business
requirement analysis phase and involves testing the product in user
environment. Acceptance tests uncover the compatibility issues with the
other systems available in the user environment. It also discovers the
non-functional issues such as load and performance defects in the actual
user environment.
 Cost and Time: The V model can be more time-consuming and costly compared to
V Model other models, due to its emphasis on testing and quality assurance.
Evaluation Development team skills: The V model requires a team with strong testing and quality
with assurance skills.

respect to Stakeholder requirements: The V model is suitable for projects with a high emphasis on
key meeting stakeholder requirements, especially those related to quality and reliability.

factors: Project complexity: The V model is suitable for projects with a moderate level of
complexity, as it provides a clear roadmap for the project.

Risk management: The V model includes risk management at every stage, ensuring that
potential issues are identified and addressed early in the development process.

Testing and Maintenance: Testing is a critical component of the V model, with testing
occurring at every stage of the development process. The V model emphasizes the
importance of maintenance, as it ensures that the final product is reliable and meets the
required quality standards.
6. Iterative Model:
▪ The Iterative model is best suited for large and complex projects that require frequent changes and adaptations.
▪ It emphasizes continuous improvement and feedback, making it ideal for software development projects that require ongoing
enhancements and upgrades.
▪ The model can be more cost-effective in the long run since it allows for changes to be made gradually rather than all at once.
The various phases of Iterative model are as follows:
1. Requirement gathering & analysis: In this phase, requirements are gathered from
customers and check by an analyst whether requirements will fulfil or not. Analyst
checks that need will achieve within budget or not. After all of this, the software team
skips to the next phase.
2. Design: In the design phase, team design the software by the different diagrams like
Data Flow diagram, activity diagram, class diagram, state transition diagram, etc.
3. Implementation: In the implementation, requirements are written in the coding
language and transformed into computer programmes which are called Software.
4. Testing: After completing the coding phase, software testing starts using different
test methods. There are many test methods, but the most common are white box,
black box, and grey box test methods.
5. Deployment: After completing all the phases, software is deployed to its work
environment.
6. Review: In this phase, after the product deployment, review phase is performed to
check the behaviour and validity of the developed product. And if there are any error
found then the process starts again from the requirement gathering.
7. Maintenance: In the maintenance phase, after deployment of the software in the
working environment there may be some bugs, some errors or new updates are
required. Maintenance involves debugging and new addition options.
 Cost and Time: The iterative model can be more cost-effective in the long run since it allows
Iterative for changes to be made gradually rather than all at once. However, the development
timeline may be longer as each iteration requires time and resources.
Model Development team skills: The iterative model can be more cost-effective in the long run
Evaluatio since it allows for changes to be made gradually rather than all at once. However, the
development timeline may be longer as each iteration requires time and resources.
n with Stakeholder requirements: Active involvement from stakeholders is essential for
respect to the success of an iterative project, as their feedback and input inform each
iteration.
key Project complexity: The iterative model is best suited for large and complex
projects that require frequent changes and adaptations, where a more flexible
factors: approach is necessary.
Risk management: The iterative model can help manage risks by allowing for changes to
be made gradually based on feedback and analysis.

Testing and Maintenance: Testing is incorporated into each iteration of the development
process, ensuring that issues are identified and addressed early on. The iterative model allows
for ongoing enhancements and upgrades, ensuring that the final product remains relevant and
up-to-date.
CASE STUDY: DETERMINING THE BEST FIT SDLC MODEL
FOR VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS
▪ The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a crucial aspect of software engineering as it provides a systematic approach
to software development. Choosing the right SDLC model is critical to the success of any project.
▪ There are several SDLC models available, including Waterfall, RAD, Agile, Spiral, V, and Iterative models, each with its own
advantages and disadvantages. In this report, we will evaluate eight industrial projects and examine the SDLC model used,
the reasoning behind the choice, and how it influenced the project's success.
▪ By examining real-world case studies, we can determine which SDLC model is the best fit for a given project based on the
specific requirements and constraints.
1) Hospital Management System Development

➢ SDLC Model Used: “Waterfall Model”

➢ Reasoning: The client's requirements were clear, well-defined, and stable,
making the Waterfall model the best choice. The project had a fixed budget
and timeline, and the Waterfall model enabled the team to plan and manage
the project effectively, ensuring that it was delivered on time and within
budget.
➢ Other Potential SDLC Models: None. The client's requirements were stable and
well-defined, and the Waterfall model was the most suitable approach.
2) Gaming Application Development

➢ SDLC Model Used: “RAD Model”

➢ Reasoning: The client required a quick turnaround time,
making the RAD model the best choice. The model enabled the
team to develop the application quickly, with minimal planning
and documentation.
➢ Other Potential SDLC Models: The Agile model could have
been considered for this project. However, the RAD model was
chosen because it provided a more rapid and efficient
approach to development.
3) E-Commerce Website Development

➢ SDLC Model Used: Agile

➢ Reasoning: The client required frequent updates and changes to the
website, and the Agile model's flexibility and ability to adapt to changing
requirements made it the ideal choice. The client was able to provide
constant feedback, and the Agile model enabled the team to make
changes quickly and efficiently.
➢ Other Potential SDLC Models: The iterative model could have been
considered for this project. However, Agile was chosen because it
provided more flexibility and adaptability than the iterative model.
4) Mobile Application Development

➢ SDLC Model Used: “V Model”

➢ Reasoning: The V model was chosen for this project because it allowed
for thorough testing at each stage of development, ensuring that the
product met the client's requirements and was of high quality. The V
model also enabled the team to identify and address issues early in the
development process.
➢ Other Potential SDLC Models: The Waterfall model could have been
considered for this project. However, the V model was chosen because it
provided more comprehensive testing and quality assurance.

5) Financial Services Platform Development

➢ SDLC Model Used: Spiral

➢ Reasoning: The client's requirements were complex and involved significant
risks, making the Spiral model the ideal choice. The model enabled the team
to identify and manage risks throughout the development process, ensuring
that the project was completed successfully.
➢ Other Potential SDLC Models: The Agile model could have been considered
for this project. However, the Spiral model was chosen because it provided a
more thorough and structured approach to risk management.
6) Inventory Management System Development

➢ SDLC Model Used: Iterative

➢ Reasoning: The client's requirements were subject to
change, making the Iterative model the best choice. The
model allowed the team to develop the system in small,
incremental stages, making it easier to adapt to changing
requirements.
➢ Other Potential SDLC Models: The Agile model could have
been considered for this project. However, the Iterative
model was chosen because it provided more structure and
control over the development process.

▪ In conclusion, the choice of SDLC model for a project should be based on several factors, such as project complexity,
stakeholder requirements, and team skills.
▪ Each SDLC model has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the selection of the appropriate model can
significantly affect the success of the project.
▪ Therefore, it is essential to evaluate each model carefully and choose the one that best fits the project's
requirements.
 APPLICATIONS OF SDLC MODELS:
✓ SDLC models are widely used in the software development industry to ensure that the development process is well-organized and efficient.

✓ SDLC models provide a framework for managing software development projects, allowing for better communication and collaboration
between team members and stakeholders.

✓ SDLC models help to ensure that software development projects are delivered on time, within budget, and to the satisfaction of stakeholders.

✓ SDLC models provide a roadmap for the development process, allowing developers to easily track progress and identify potential issues.

✓ SDLC models help to ensure that software is developed with a focus on quality, by emphasizing testing and quality assurance throughout the
development process.

✓ SDLC models can be customized to meet the specific needs of different projects, making them a flexible and adaptable approach to software
development.

✓ By choosing the right SDLC model for a project, developers can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the development process, resulting
in higher quality software and more satisfied stakeholders.
 MODEL SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF SDLC
1. Waterfall Model: This model is suitable for projects with well-defined and stable requirements, such as developing
a simple calculator application or a basic website.
2. Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model: This model is suitable for projects where the requirements are not
well-defined and change frequently, such as developing an e-commerce website or a social media platform.
3. Agile Model: This model is suitable for projects where the requirements are constantly changing and require
frequent communication and collaboration between the development team and stakeholders, such as developing a
mobile app or a software product.
4. Spiral Model: This model is suitable for projects with high-risk factors, where continuous risk analysis and
mitigation are required throughout the development process, such as developing a medical device or a complex
software system.
5. V Model: This model is suitable for projects where the testing phase is critical and requires extensive planning and
execution, such as developing a safety-critical system or a software product for a financial institution.
6. Iterative Model: This model is suitable for projects where the requirements are not well-defined and require
continuous feedback and iteration, such as developing a new product or service for a startup or a tech company.
7. Hybrid Models: In some cases, a hybrid model combining two or more SDLC models may be the best fit for a
project. For example, a combination of Waterfall and Agile models may be used for a project that has well-defined
requirements but also requires flexibility and collaboration.
 CONCLUSION
❖ Choosing the right SDLC model for a software development project is crucial to the success of the project. It is important to
consider the project requirements, resources, team expertise, and potential risks before selecting an SDLC model. Based on the
comparative analysis of various SDLC models, each model has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of the SDLC
model depends on the nature of the project.
❖ The Waterfall model is suitable for projects with well-defined and stable requirements, while the RAD model is appropriate for
projects with short development cycles and quick delivery. The Agile model is ideal for projects with changing requirements and
customer involvement, and the Spiral model is suitable for complex and high-risk projects. The V model is appropriate for projects
with clear and precise requirements, and the Iterative model is suitable for projects where rapid prototyping and quick delivery
are required.
❖ In general, the application of SDLC models has revolutionized the software development industry. It has enabled developers to
deliver high-quality software products that meet the needs and expectations of the customers. By following a systematic
approach, SDLC models help in reducing development time, controlling costs, and minimizing risks. Furthermore, SDLC models
provide a framework for communication and collaboration among the project team members, resulting in improved teamwork
and enhanced productivity.
❖ In conclusion, the choice of the SDLC model depends on the specific needs and requirements of the project. It is important to
consider the project constraints and risks before selecting an SDLC model. The comparative analysis of various SDLC models has
provided insights into the advantages and disadvantages of each model. The selection of the appropriate SDLC model can
significantly impact the success of the project, and it is important to consider the dynamic nature of the industry and emerging
trends in software development.
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