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The document provides an introduction to the powers and laws of indices for real numbers, building on prior knowledge of rational numbers. It defines positive and negative integral powers, outlines the laws of exponents, and includes illustrative examples to demonstrate these concepts. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding these principles for further mathematical applications.
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Save Exponents of Real Numbers ( RD Sharma) For Later 2.1 INTRODUCTION
earlier classes, we have studied about powers of rational numbers and the laws obeyed by
their indices (exponents). In the first chapter, we have learnt about na numbers and
throughout this text we will be working with real numbers.So, itis desirable todenne powers
ofreal numbers. The powers of realnumbers are defined in the same ‘way as powers of rational
numbers and the same laws of indices (exponents) hold as discussed in the following section.
2.2 INTEGRAL EXPONENTS OF A REAL NUMBER
POSITIVEINTEGRALPOWER For any real number’a’ anda positive integern, we define a" as
a" =axaxax...xa(n factors)
a” is called the n" power: ofa. The real number a is called the baseand nis called the exponent (index) of
the n'" power of a.
Itfollows from the above definition that:
i) (3) _3
i) 3 =2x2x2= 3) aS
@ B=2x2x2=8 w (3) :
3-3, -3_ 81
3 3
+ 444
For any non-zero real number a, we define a” = 1.
3y pa
Thus, wehave 3° =1,5°=1,( 3) -1(-3 =1and soon,
NEGATIVE INTEGRAL POWER For any non-zero real number ‘a’ and a positive integer n, we define
Thus, we have ‘ a
(3 7 ees eae
@ st-4- x iB @ (3) QF 32x32x32 VR 7
5 5x5x5 125
4 peace
1 alee
(iii) (3) “apy 5x1 1/25 Soe
Ballet forall integral values of 1, positive, zero or negative. ais called the
ee ee aatnbeta is called the base and » is called the exponent or index of
nth power of a. The re
the nth power ofa.
EXPONENTS
iy adosl ae the laws of integer exponents of real bers: Theos ave ase
saa acu Cel ee exponents of rational numbers which we haves!
similar to the laws of int
classes, 24 4
22 MATHEMALTICS..1y
FIRST LAW Ifa isany real numberand m, nare positive integers, then a" xa"
PROOF Using the definition, we obtain
a”™ xa" =(axaxa,... tom factors) x(axax... tom factors)
=axaxax...to(m+n) factors
Hence, a” xa"
ay) 2 (227
ILLUSTRATION (i) 5'x5°=5'=57 (ii) (2) (3) -(2) / 3)°
a’
SECOND LAW Ifaisa non-zero real number and m, nare positive integers, then or
PROOF We shall divide the proof into three parts (i) when m > 1 aa when m =n and
(ii) when m n: In this case, we have
a
> pmax axa... t0(m—n) factors [Cancelling 1 factors in N’ and D']
CASEI When m =n: In thiscase, we have
a™ _a™ _axaxa...m factors a
~Txaxa.mfactors 72 [Cancelling common factors in Nand D’ ]
=a a® = 1 (by definition)]
=a™" aqrn
CASE] ~=Whenm nor, m=nor, m i) (3) (3 -(2y *-(2)
a
HRDLAW Ifa isany rea! number andr, nareposito integer, then (a) gh (gh)
proof Using definition, we obtain
(a")" =a" xa" xa!" x... ton factors
= (aa... factors) *(aax...t0 m factors) (0x... tom factors). ton factors
=axaxax to (na fatora a
Similarly, we obtain («'")" =a". Hence, (a!)" = aM =(@"y", EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS.
2
ILLUSTRATIONS (i) (32) =3%5=3" Gy {( ay | -( 2 y . ( 2 y
3 3 3
FOURTH LAW Ifa, bare real numbers and m, n are positive integers, then
23
a"
—,b#0
v
( (aby =a" bY ai) (sy
PROOE (i) Using definition, we obtain
(aby" = (ab) (ab) x(ab)x...... to n factors
=(axaxa... ton factors) x(bxbxb... ton factors) =a" xb" =a" b"
(ii) Using definition, we obtain
ay (a a) (a axaxa...tonfactors _ a”
1c = |x... ton factors = =
(3) (3) GigE fon factors = 5 bxb...to factors 6"
393
HLUsTRATIONS (i) 6! = (2x3)! =2!x3! (ii) (3) =
7
REMARK Every positive integer can be uniquely expressed as the product of prime integers.
Therefore, if p and q are distinct primes such that p'q™ = pq’, then! =aand m=b.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)
ExampLet Evaluate each of the following:
(11) 3y°
oes ass aor O() © (3)
SOLUTION Using the laws of indices, we obtain
@ 52 x58 = 524 = 5° = 15625 t
6
« Sag Sash oof 2305 [-
(ii) (32)? =3*? = 3° =729 &
(z uP _ 1331 [:
ow) 12
ay? to te ee
» Garr re
gp
examece 2 Evaluate each of the following:
oQeyG — @ GGG
aie
3
3 2
3
(iil) 25 <2 2 x 2'8 Ww) (3) x 3) x 24 MATHEMATICS jy
SOLUTION (i) We know that (sy =4,
(5) (3) «() 2
© ay Oe
2x1? x3 _
Waxed
5
ia Wx (2x5 __ 1x16%5 5 5
2 SBtxS 32xBIX3 2xB1x3 486
(iii) We know that a xa" =a",
2S x 20 27 x 2I8 _ 985460 _ 997018 _ o115_ pu =
» Oar)
2 2 yt .
-2 1S LF 1 ® _Pashx3 5
FPS FDS as 2
EXamres Ifa=2and b=3, then find the values of each oer
lp boy
7 ( * 4]
@ at+e? (i) a? +b" (iii) a? (iv)
SOLUTION (i) Fora =2 and b=3, we obtain: a +b? = 2? +33
+27 =31
(ii) For a=2and b =3, we obtain: ab +b" = 2° +3? =849=17
(iii) Fora =2and b=3, we obtain: a’ = 2° =
2
er
(iv) Fora =2and b= 3, we obtain: (4) -(3)
f 2
) -(3+4) (32 Ps
23 3x2
EXAMPLE s Simplify the, ee
Gp oateyase? 6%) Gy (ii (22)
(v) Fora =2and b= 3, we obtain:
SOLUTION (i) (3a*b® ) (1803 b>) =3x18xa" xb? xa? xP = 3x18 x44 xq? e
= 54a") xb = 54q7h8
xb5
gab? 3 a? WP 4
aera Toe cae
Py mee 2a* _ (-2a*) (~2a*)(~20)
= ae)
& Poe xb xb
-& 2) (-2)(-2) a? xa? xa? —gq?t?#2 ~8a°
xb xb Sosa = EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS 25
Aon 7
xh fae ¢ eee, “_ is a positive real number and a,b, care rational numbers, show that:
o (F()(5)
eee
ee
a VE taba 7 yi shea? Jeoal ‘i 7 |
(ii) } Ze. xy Fam eaeal
z) (BE) 1 (3) (2) (3) 2
SOLUTION (i) We have,
ey (eV (ey
7) (3)
PY (ENE CEE oH thy PO acta
(ii) We have, Le ae
oe
at (ab MEL ge
Z) ED CE) ecco cetera at
=1
(iii) We have,
a? +ab+b* \b +bc+c? ct +cata™
x x xt .
ET serene
(a-ty(asads¥) ,, (b-ontPabere)¢ gle-a)(e sree")
eX P Pe ge oh PW eee eal
(iv) Wehave,
EP ED EY sere errs ssenenrmenscte
:
x!
Pee
ax xh x ee wal
cxampce 6 Find the value of, if 5° x3-* = 225
SOLUTION Wehave,
5x3 ger = 205
=> greg 8 = Px
> x—3=2and 2x-8=2 [Onequating the exponents]
= x=5
Exampre? Solve the following equations:
() 2° =256 qi) 2 =a
SOLUTION (i) We have,
275 256 > 2 a
(ii) Wehave,
ges get P ]
ae MATHEMATIC, 4,
ose
> 29 ON xy 43a Q(x-1) = xeSe 2x2 = 2-942 | x05
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS
EXAMPLE 6 Simplify each of the following:
162") 4x2"
723x701 5") 6x5"! i}
9 er i) 2 © il Ta et
© s057 -an7" ) ore OY Goat axa
ay 2237" 7x72 3x7x7" _ AVX 7" —21X7"
SOLUTION (0) SOF 359" B0x7" 207" 20x Dx7”
x5? ~6x5x5" _ 1255" 305"
9x5"— 4x5" 9x5" —2? x5"
(125-30) 5" _ 955" = Bast" =19%5°=19x1=19
Gi)
(9-4)5" 5x5"
4x2" 16x2x2"-4x2"
x22 16x27 x2" 2x2? x2"
= 32x2" = 4x2" _(32-4)x2" 282" _ 28
© 642" —Bx2"
eae prove that m—n
SOLUTION We have,
9 x3? x3!
3” x2?
(3?) x3? x3"-(37Y"_ 1
itig eg eacee 27,
3% x3?x3"-3" 1
= a
genden_ gn
(iii)
(64-8)x2" “56x2" 56
i
2
examrtes If
= aa
gin? _ 30
= re
3°" x3? -3%"
=
3"(3?
> 3" xB
3n—3m=-3 = n-m=-1 > m—n=1 EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS 27
examrte 10 Ifxisa positive real numberand the exponents are rational numbers, show that:
ate 7 yb ected
aah) ese)
ol) Ge) Ue)
a \Otb ab Pidate
o(ey et" (
SOLUTION (i) We have,
(eye cee (46)
F) GF) Gs)
= (eR (hoggbtene (gerayesant
} = ye aise)
= xlOPMErHO y. lO-end4eme) le-ablere-b)
= xO PIA+)-€(0-B) yl b-e) (bte)-A(b-C) lea) (eta) -b(e-a)
a yt Poattte bc mabeac yea -besba
(i) Wehave,
GW -carbesb?—c-absact abe vba
(eee (pyre faye
Mt) Nae) a)
(thy ataab (gbeeyPec ate (geen aaa
a lara Bab) BHP) ler esa? -eay
OH Pte ag OH! Pa Dac octon? _ 210842)
EXAMPLE11 Show that:
zie) x \" (xt P(t P(x)
@ s-(3) =1 Gees gaan
x
wo (ah)
SOLUTION (i) weal)
= +0ty
a xlib-ae) (0-0) 5
2
«) (xtxtxé it
OND) gg Ab) gH) IM 4 ADP x geet xitrdbrse
——— ee ie eae
aa! xi xxl xxl eee MATHEMATICS. ,
28
THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER
EXAMPLE 12 Show that:
1
1
ate
1
os
Text? +x!
14x? +x°
denominators of three terms on LHSby x*, 5
SOLUTION Multiplying the numerators and
and x° respectively, we obtain
Tex gee Text haa Leah 4x
x
ee
= tt a rs te ghee g gE
Page green Dy eg eee aa ae
x xt eo ‘i
a b A oe fe b ee
Maaaxt Paxtex® tah +x
1
= 1, she ae ee
exameLes Ifabe=1, show that 35 * 5 5s
SOLUTION We have,
1 ie 1
tT a
l+a+b 1+b+ce l+c+
a i 1
teat) 144! a4cet
b c a
b 1 1
= tt
beab+1 Teb+ab 4, 1
aba
seal ab _b+1+ab
beabel T+b+ab’ ab+14b beabs1
EXAMPLE 14 Prove that;
SOLUTION We have,
(b+a)(b—a)
exampLets Ifa,b, caredistinct positive prime int,
ofa,bandc. €8erS Such that a2 p>
= 49392, find the values EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS,
SOLUTION By prime factorization, we have
49392 = 24 x3? x73
a@?b*ct = 49392
> bch = 24 x3? x73
> a?bXct = 3 x79 x 24
> a=3,b=7andc=2
[+ a, band care primes}
Hence, a=3,b=7andc=2
EXAMPLE 16 If 9"*? =720 49%, find the value of (4x)"*.
SOLUTION We have,
9°? = 72049"
> 9% x9? = 72049"
> 9* x9? -9 =720
> 9°(9? -1) =720 => 9 x80=720 = %- Zug => =
(4x) =(4x1)' <4
EXAMPLE 17 Solve the following equations for x:
@ 21 217.2*-23 (i) 5°" =6-5"-1
SOLUTION (i) We have,
21 217-272
> 2-27 =17-2*-29
1
&
49392
24696
12348
6174
3087
1029
i
~|
|
g
8
sysyeye
I
=> 2-(2*)? =17(2*)-8
> 2y?=17y-8, — where 2" =y
> 2y? -17y+8=0
> 2y? -l6y-y+8=0
> 2y (y-8)-(y-8)=0 = (y-8)(2y-1)=0 = y-8=0 or, 2y-1=0
> y=8 on y=3 3 = 3 or, 28 =2' > x=3 oF, x
(ii) We have,
521 =6(5")-1
> 5 (5%) =6(5*)-1
=> 5(5*)? -6(5*)+1=0
=> 5y? —6y+1=0, where y =5" 210 MATHEMATICS.
> Sy? ~5y-y+1=0
= By(y=1)-(y=1)=0 => (By-D(y-=0 = SY-“1=0 OF Y~1=0
> YE on, yal = 56-57 or, 5-58 2 xR OF 700
- EXERCISE 2,
BASIC
1. Simplify the following:
Atal Tae ja) (4%107) (6x10)
© 3G x5 (BS Gi) x7) OO ex10"
.. 4ab? (-Sab> 242)" i (eye
(iv) oe w) (24) (i) Saw
2. If a=3 and b= find the values of:
@ ase i) ah sb! Cit) (a+ 6)"
3. Ifx, y, a, bare positive real numbers, prove that:
(xt) (2) 1 1
# (3) (2) (5) O Tae Ta
4. Solve the following equations for x:
@ 7324 (i) ge (i) 2573 2ge3
(ix) eed (v) 27 = 256
BASED ON LOTS
5. Prove that:
at+bte Ll ly pty _ ab
=abe a
® awe a Go) ey A
et aabett Haber! vals
wiy (% (2) x z] 2
w (3) (2) 4G) =
6. Simplify the following:
at xgnt gj) 5X 25"*1- 255" yet n-2
0 ) Saar ity OO) H16Q)"™
5x5 (251 ae" _7 Fr
7. Solve the following equations for x:
@ 2-29 +28 =0 Gi) 3 4122.362 Gi) 4 x(0.5)* (2)
8. If 49392 =a'b%c?, find the values of a, band c, where a,
9. If 1176 = 2° x3? x7%, find a, band c.
band c are different positive prime®
10, Given 4725=3°5'7*, find (i) the integral values ofa, bande (i the value
of 2°43°7°
11. ax, be xy"! and c= xy", prove that af" bf? cra
=1
______ answeF6
46 p36 Gi) Bx ty?
1.) 154
(iv) -208 PXPONENTSOE REAL NUMBERS an
(vi) gitn-t0
7a
wy 5 i) 1
(W) xa? (ii) xe3 Gy x=-3 wy x28
1
qt
i) § (iii) 4
: ; 5
(i x=2 (i) ya-2 ai) x8
8.a=2b=3c=7 9. a=3,be1,c=2 10. ()a=3,b=2,c=1 ww 2
2.4 RATIONAL EXPONENTS OF A REAL NUMBER
Insection2.2, we have learnt about integral powers of a real number. In this section, we shall
define rational powers (exponents) of a real number. This requires the knowledge of the
principal n root ofa real number for a positive integer n which is defined as follows:
PRINCIPAL n" ROOT OF A POSITIVE REAL NUMBER If ‘a’ is a positive real number and n is a
positive integer then the principal nth root ofa is the unique positive real number x such that x" =
The principal n" root of a positive real number a is denoted bya'/"or, Ya -
Thus, a!" or Ya is the positive real number x such that x" =a. For example, 16 is the
positive real number x such that x? = 16.
Inother words, 16” is the positive real number x whose square is 16. Clearly, such number
is4. Therefore, 16’? =4.
Similarly, 8° is the positive real number x such that x° = 8. Wefind that such number is 2.
Hence, 8” =2
The principal fourth root of 81 i. 81'/" is3, because 3* = 81.
Nor G) The principal 2" root ofa positive real number ‘a’ isa'/?isalso denoted by Va and isalso
known as the square root of a
(ii) The principal third of a positive real number a is aor, Ya which isalso called the cube root of a.
ILLUSTRATION. Find the values of
6
By" ‘ (2)° nt (4)
® (3) ) (243 i) Le
SOLUTION Using the definition of the principal n" root of a positive real number, we find
that
3 ‘
i) (3) = A positive real number xsuch that = .
3
2 [: (2) -34s
3 Shon3
a2. \e : : F
i) (3) = A positive real number x such that x
4 (6) 22 MATHEMATIC
7 ve oe
= ) = A positive real number x such that x° = Gy
a [+(
2
NOTE? The symbol J used in Ya iscalled the radical sign.
PRINCIPAL n® ROOT OF A NEGATIVE REAL NUMBER Ifa is a negative real number: and nisan odd
positive integer, then the principal n'™ root of ais defined as —|a |" i.e. the principal nth root of
minus of the principal n® root of 1a.
Forexample,
@ (88-38 --2 [+2 =8 -.87 7]
(i) (-243)** = 243)" =-3 3]
ii), (-128)7 = 4128)” =-2 [27 =128 -.(128)7 =2)
REMARK [fais a negative real number and n isan even positive integer, then the principal n'* rootof
@ is not defined, because an even power of a real number is always positive. Therefore, (-9)'7isa
meaningless quantity, if we confine ourselves to the set of real numbers only. But, (-9)'* s
meaningful in the set of complex numbers which are being taught in higher classes.
P
RATIONAL POWERS (EXPONENTS) For anty positive real number a and a rational number q where
q>0,wedefine a4 =(a")“9 ie. qP/ is the principal q"* root of @” .
For Example
@ 47 =)? = 64) =8 [-8=64]
i) (8) = 1-87 1% = (64) [8a]
(ii) (4)? = [4°] = (64), whichis not meaningful because there is no real numbet
xsuch that x? = -64.
(iv) (27) =(277)? = (729)? =9
REMARK In the above discussion we have introduced the concept of rational exponent of positiver’#
number. We can also define real exponents ofa real number, but it i beyond the scope of this book
2.5 LAWS OF RATIONAL EXPONENTS
In section 2.3, we have learnt about the laws of i
these laws and the definitions of a'/4 and a”,
Jaws hold for rational exponents:
i) a™ xa" =a""" (i) a™ sa"
73]
nlegral exponents of a real number. US"S
4>0,0>0,itcanbe shown that the followi"
(ii) (@"y" =a" (iv) @"=
lo" = (a)"
pod = (gM = (aM) i.e a™™
ww) @ EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS. a
Cw) (ey"= fea ii) (4) = *
where a, bare positive real numbers and m,n are rational numbers,
We shall now illustrate some applications of these laws in simplifyi .
We shall no plifying expressions
involving rational exponents of real numbers with the help of following examples.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)
exanirter Eaaluate each of the following by removing radical signs and negative indices wherever
theyoccur:
wa
@ HG) asy"* (ii) ay? ) ($)
1
SOLUTION (i) (64) = (49) = e3uaes boa" =a]
) qay-— et ay
Oy Tat sa
site el
oY Tey
i Z a 1 a oa es 125,
@) (3) ee z } 3° 512
(5)
EXAMPLE 2 Simplify each of the following:
256 \** an (243) ° f =
) 25 Gi) (2) (ii) (2) (vw) {en
«ary
32 ea
(2) BY 0:
243.
hee
232) 219 = (32) = PY =2
Gv) fea ={207}" a MATHE Man
EXAMPLES. Simplify the following:
at {')
{res} *) xcerresewmnary (i) (256) INCERTEXEM Lg
«a 41 2 INCERT EXEMPI s,
ats
: a
(216) 3 (256) # (243) §
sero © {eas}* st - y. [os]
14d
5)" 2 (ost a(54)8 54 251 =5
338 ed
i) We find that 4? =(22) 2=2 2=2%
{) oxo¢hcatyhet forte}
(256) | /=(956) *=(28) $=27 F=24=5
4 1 2 2 2 z
ii) TAT + = 4(216)3 + (256)4 +2 (243)5
(216) > (256) # (243) 5
2 E 1 a2) ad 5:
=4 (6%) +(44)# 42(35)5 =4] 6 > [+4 442/13
=4(6") +49 +2(3') =4x36+64+6=214
Examete 4 Simplify: (2). (3-0
SOLUTION We have, EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS
-(3 psy 5)*
2y [ras
CHG-O) 453]
[ss a3 |"
exartes [fX,y, Zare positive real numbers, show that [x ¥y x yz x Vee =1.
SOLUTION Using laws of exponents, we obtain
Vey ey
215
x
"
1
EXAMPLE 6 Solve: 43° =
SOLUTION We have,
gta
vt :
2 B= = oars > ax=-Sax=-3 [On equating the exponents]
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)
EXAMPLe > Simplify the following:
1 2 an 2 5
aes i ae ay (LY? aed. (9)? pan (BY x(243)
o Frey ?-e7 4 (4) 2@(2)? @ Goo
i 202
SOLUTION (i) eee 2-@7)8
1
(14 263%) =(27 2y2 + 100)t - Fert +003 - 9=1410- 9=fe1-$
2) “100 2
® mea)
2-30) {8} -16-3(2 ne) } [: - -4]
4_16
sae 3@)+4 =16- gxded =16- asd 4e$
3
52X82 g5*M5 58x39 _ 125x27 _ 3375
47 (243) _(52)°2 «(9)*% :
(25)°? x (243)*5 _ Seats ees
: z 5
AO BON" :
cxanertecn Simplify enchof the following by removing radical signs and negate ices wherever
they occur:
z
@ Way iy (BY? 2?) TS
fv) 5yx¥ie Sw) (BY? wi) (VA)? x2)" 2.16 MATHEMATIcg ;
1 1 iaceege a 1
SOLUTION (i) (JA) = (4¥2y-%4 = 424 = = ~ “By? Oe Th
Gi) (V5) 3,2) = (8) 3 (2!) = 5 = 2(5x2)” [ea
oP (aby
ee to -
=10 = aa Gon? (1000)
wm 10) (ae 10% 1g”
00 ) {cans 00)? 100)" ~ Top
3,2 462
1-4 = at apoed "3 = 4x4?
4
- (16) _ (16
Gv) (257% xe = 25)? «C06)" = aot -()°
3 38
2x2)"_(2x2x5)" -(2a0) = 3) wao-{(2)} 10! 2
Ue) Os s s 5 5
14 7
7 . an [ot] oan 1 (128
wearer age eel)
4
i) (Wy? x2) =) OY? = Gay gine
a 1 mt 22 — — = — =——
Oy xP? xD? 7 DWP 7 xD? 2
examptes Assuming that x, y, zare positive real numbers, simplify each of the following:
@ iy Gy @* yMyP (i) Wy
Gv) Wz)? fy" +? () ory? +x?y wi) We
3 3\2 yan 2 an
a y ¥
sowution (i) Vy" = ie -(4) er oe
ii) (0 YP = PYM? = M2, ,2
‘ y
:
@ (ve a = {82 P =O a5 _ ase
(2) Pyyv2 amy.
oR a a
x (yy
My pin
"ae = ot
ase = 1 7
yO ST = age y a EXPONENTSOP REA
| NUMEn Rs, ow
om i
sey AP hi ange at
vy vy ae ext yd ax yd
3 pay
wi WP fay oamycgeheg’
I ( “y “ye
Mrunie rey
. d (25) = V's prove thata+b=-1, where xand yare different
positive primes.
SOLUTION We have,
(x
ee ee
(vey
[vx and y are primes]
EXaMPLets If 25%! = 5%! _100, find the value of x.
SOLUTION We have,
25%) = 51-100
(8)! = 51-100
52 _ 52-1 400
522 52-2 5! 100
521-5) =-100
5? x4 = -100
=> 52x-2 _ 95 => 52-2 =5? => 2v-2=2=> 2x=242—9 Bw=4 > x=2
UuUUUY
EXAMPLE 12. Solve thefollowing equations for x:
ar 2) partes or) 2 8
@ (2) z (ii) (e3) = 06) Gi) BS +3) = 85 oie q
MATHEMATICS
nas
SOLUTION (i) We have,
On equating theexponents, we obtain
1-2, Z
73 = 1-2v=-6>-2e=-7 9 =F
=
=
ae u un
(ii) Wehave, : .
0 8
2 (5° +3*)=8—
¢ ) 7
sea 32 8
20+3")=8+—
= +3") =8+55
8
8(1+3")=8+—
> a+3") ty
3x3 =8+8 28
= B+Bx5" = 84 gua. 8
EXAMPLEL3 Solvetheequation: 3 (2° 41) 1+2
SOLUTION Wehave, +550
3 (2 +1)-2°7 45-0
=> 3x2 43-2" x2745=0
> 3x2) -4x2°48=0 > 3-4) 2 48-9 5 ox
+820 > ot 2g > ot 27 EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS id
Pramrtete If x= 38 and y = V2, find the value of x+y -—;—-—;
Paxyey
SOLUTION ¥+y~
Caayey
=xty— (x-y)
—?
(x-y)Q? +ay+y’)
[x= YB and y = YF -.° =28, y= 27]
=X+y-(X-y) =2y=2x3=6 [y= =@)° =3]
exametets Ifx=3,find thevalue of (x3 41%) (x2? 4.x? —1)
SOLUTION Wehave,
(99 418) (7S 42 4) = (HI 4M) { (4PM 4M}
=P ery [- (a+b) (a? -ab +6?) =0 +B]
cypyingy a4 ogc 20
extxT 23434234522
EXAMPLE 16 Solve the following equations for xand y:
() 3 =9%3%, 8x2" =4" — ii) (V3) +2" =1, 16° 2-8" =0
SOLUTION (i) We have,
3% =9x3" and, 8x2! = 4"
> 3% = 3? x3" and 2° x2! = (2°)
> 3* = 3° and 2° =2*
> x=2+y and3+y=2r [On equating the exponents]
= x-y=2 and 2x-y=3
> (2x-y)-(x-y) =3-2and (2x -2y)-(2x—y) = 4-3
> x=land-y=1 = x=landy=-1
(ii) We have,
Pe
(J32)" #2"! =1and 16 2-8" =0
u
{sy} ea" =1 and (ah 2-2" <0 220
(3) =(23)"
= ys" <1 and 2
> and 262 22
=> and 262" 22
= and 20? =2 fe1s¢)
> and 16-2x=3y [On equating the exponen
= 5x-2y-2=0 and 2x+3y-16=0
Thus, we have the following system of simultaneous linear equations:
5x-2y-2=0 6
2x+3y-16=0 A
Solving these equations by cross-multiplication, we get
=
32+6
exampPLet7 If a® =b, bY =cand c* =a, prove that xyz=1
SOLUTION We know that
a =(a*)*
a =(b)"
a = (bY)?
at =i
a? =a
uu uUdUSY
a =a’ = xyz=1
examecers Ifa” =BY = Cand 0? = ac, prove that y= 252
. +z
and c= kV
x
SOLUTION Let a* =b' =k. Then, a=k"*, p< jVv
peace = (RM) =k RYE = RY pls EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS =
1
12
EXERCISE 2.2
Basic
Simplify
@ Gey oa?
«a Y05)7 tiv) (0.001)
©) [s(8 4277] NCERT EXEMPLAR]
5 13
« (24 ay (S229 52000
: any" (S22)
(wilt) 64M (644 642)
(i) (P+2439)2
Show that:
NCERT EXEMPLAR
NCERT EXEMPLAR]
@ Emyttabyegeney
i ey ere
Find the values of x in each of the following:
a7 = 2. fina x,
7 3y¥(5\"
@ 242" = @ @) =e" ui (3) (3) -3
1
(iv) 5%? <3?*-3 2135, (vy) 27 x5*4 1250 (wi) 4)
-
2
at
(vit) 5279 21 (viii) (3y® =4'-34-6 iy) (8) =
5 7
If x= 2" +2*°, show that x°-6x=6.
Determine (8x)*, if 9°? =240+9* .
If 3**1 = 9*-2, find the value of 2'**.
If 3 =(81)? and 10¥Y = 0.0001, find the value of 2-**4¥
If 5° = 125 and 10 =0.001 find xand y.
Solve the following equations:
@) 3% 227%34 Gi) 4?* = 8/16) = (VB)? (i) 3° 1x5 = 25
ae ay
79 = gy? i -(3) ) 4 x(0.5)-2* =
(iv) 8") =16 ana(4) (} (vw) 4x05) (
;
win
If 2* x3¥ x5? = 2160, find x, y and z. Hence, compute the value of 3° x2" x5",
If 1176 = 2" x3? «7°, find the values of a, b and c. Hence, compute the value of 2" <3? x7~fas a
fraction MATHEMAT;¢.
222
BASED ON LOTS ;
13. Assuming that x, v,z are positive real numbers, simplify each of the following:
@ Wey Gi) Sey? Gi) PB FDO
xt vi) (6y
w (5) w (3) (3)
14. Prove that:
2 4x50-(1)”
© (Vax55 A fo) Gxs a2 wD? -o8'-(g) =
81
1)? 565% 404( 9) 18 23184" 3805-78
i =| -3x8' 4+) — = i 7
wo (Z) -merner() Oo Sea pag 7
,) U2 _ poy 3 | Dt
wo Feomrneted ow EE
(0.6)” - 0.1)"
OG
(viii)
ay 4
win (D5) *ew
(a)
33 x6? x V98 7
) Ry xasy as?
15. Ifx, y, a, bare positive real numbers, prove that:
ope i [[ss}-(2e3]]"
ee as
wi (= *} (* } 1 @) {t+
(SST eT
ht PE woe MEL sagt ye
o () (Ge)
16. If 2" =3%=12%, show that 2
z
(ae ae)
yx
1
17, 6 2! =3"=67, show that 24141
xy’:
18. If a" =bY =c'and b? =ac, then show that y = 22%
Bex
= 5" = (75), show that z= —*¥
19. If 3° =5! =(75) ay EXPONENTS OP REAL NUMBERS an
Wa and bare distinct positive primes such that Vath | oat WY, find wand y
Wa and b are different positive primes such that
© (S28) (282)eem
ve apt joa bY find xand y.
GD (a4 DYMO Dw at bY
find x4 yd,
Sterol HB YER env yPe oe
22. Simplify: (i) ( ) v ye Pn
Y ¥ vr 3
lets
28. Show that:
Crom
vy" andc=x'""y", prove that g”™"p""e-™ 21
(i) Wex=a"™",ysa"andz=a'™, prove that x" y"2! =x"
tz! axtyl™,
i = ae 7 ANSWERS
1 @et iy 2 a 1 ‘
Oy wi) § Gi) 45 (iv) 01 (v) 625
3125 1
wi) Fy (wii) 175 willy -3 () 6 8
a @1 (ii) 6 (iii) 3 (iv) 3. (vy) 8
(wi)-4 (wii) = (viii) 4 (ix) 7 6 2
7 (64 81 9, x=Ly=-3 10. (i)6 i)
5 3
5 wy
a4
" 3b=1e=2, 35
@ sre
13 Oss wi) i) Sxye? w ra)
20. x=2y= 2. (i) x=—26, y= 50 (ii) 0
22. (1 (ii) 1
— __ HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
2 : 1
99 23? =p Bva2-vady=2 155 |
224 MATHEMATIC,
4. Gv) 92323 598 ex 22 Land, 2-323 2x =Sand, 2x=69 73
(wv) 25584 220x515. x-5 =O and r-4=192=5
(vi) 27 x54 1250
wo 7S aN 605 ao Tegra = x-7 aT and x-4e 4x8
5. x= 2 4208
29 +24)?
PH) (2)8 4.329 x 27(2" +2)
=> 9224274 3x2(x)> x9 =6 + 6x VP -6x=6
16. Let 2° =3¥=12 =k. Then, 2=kM,3=kYYand 12 =k”?
=k" and 3 = 4"
Now, 12 =K¥ 5.223 = kU? = (KY) «kM =k
24o1 1 2
2 ee Zz
y
17. Let 2* =3¥ =6* =k. Then, 2=kY*,3=kM¥and 6 =k“
Now, 6=kY¥
=k and 31")
=> 2x3=kM Skit x ks
=> K
18. Let a® =6 =c?=k.Then, a=k¥*,b=kM,c=kY?
2
b? = ac = (kYY)? = kV xkYE => KY
2ex
Sys
yoxz xX+z
2
- _ VERY SHORT ANS WER TYPE QUESTIONS (VSA0
BASIC
1. Write (625) in decimal form,
2. State the product law of exponents,
3. State the quotient law of exponents,
4. State the power law of exponents.
5. If 2x4? =16", then find the value of x.
6. If 3&1=9 and 4"? = 64, what is the value of
Write the value of 7 x49.
v2
8. Write (3) x(64) “9 asa rational number,
9. Write the value of Y125%27,
10. Write the value of {5 (84 427) “. EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS aa
a Simpy {cosy 2)"
12M (x-1)* =8, what is the value of (x41)??
ee a ANSWERS:
1. 02 8.2 6.3 27 3 915 10.5
us 12, 16
_ ——= ——— FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)
23 mae
1. (217-15) is equal to
2 SI x99? x27+% is equal to,
; joer}.
\as6*
af
5. If 6" =1296, then 6" = z
s. The value of 4x (256) “# + (243)! is
=8°° x32, then x75
10. If 5%? =625, then (12n+3)° = __.
n
If —1 = (729) =3°, then 5x+6y= ——
12 043)" —_—
13. =36 and 3°*Y =729, then x? ~
146 {BF equals
15. The product 9/2 . {2 .'¥32 is equal to
16. (61)? isequal to
17. The value of (256)! x(256) is ____—_— as,
4
. WW.
ws 2 to.
MATH LY
ANS
7 ra
3
nu
“e tho
a
