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Intro HTML

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is used to create web pages with various elements such as text, graphics, and multimedia. It relies on tags to format content, structure pages, and create links, forms, and tables. Key concepts include text formatting, nesting tags, and using attributes to enhance the presentation and functionality of web content.

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shreyank parekh
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2 views

Intro HTML

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is used to create web pages with various elements such as text, graphics, and multimedia. It relies on tags to format content, structure pages, and create links, forms, and tables. Key concepts include text formatting, nesting tags, and using attributes to enhance the presentation and functionality of web content.

Uploaded by

shreyank parekh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to HTML

---- Ekta Gala


What is HTML?
⚫ HTML, otherwise known as HyperText Markup
Language, is the language used to create Web pages
⚫ Using HTML, you can create a Web page with text,
graphics, sound, and video
Tags
⚫ The essence of HTML programming is tags
⚫ A tag is a keyword enclosed by angle brackets ( Example:
<I> )
⚫ There are opening and closing tags for many but not all
tags; The affected text is between the two tags
More Tags...
⚫ The opening and closing tags use the same command
except the closing tag contains and additional forward
slash /
⚫ For example, the expression <B> Warning </B>
would cause the word ‘Warning’ to appear in bold face on
a Web page
Nested Tags
⚫ Whenever you have HTML tags within other HTML tags,
you must close the nearest tag first
⚫ Example:
● <H1> <I> The Nation </I> </H1>
Structure of a Web Page
⚫ All Web pages share a <HTML>
<HEAD>
common structure <TITLE> Example </TITLE>
⚫ All Web pages should </HEAD>
contain a pair of <BODY>
This is where you would include the
<HTML>, <HEAD>, text and images on your Web page.
<TITLE>, and <BODY> </BODY>
tags </HTML>
The <TITLE> Tag
⚫ Choose the title of your Web page carefully; The title of a
Web page determines its ranking in certain search engines
⚫ The title will also appear on Favorite lists, History lists,
and Bookmark lists to identify your page
Text Formatting
⚫ Manipulating text in HTML can be tricky; Oftentimes,
what you see is NOT what you get
⚫ For instance, special HTML tags are needed to create
paragraphs, move to the next line, and create headings
Text Formatting Tags
<B> Bold Face </B>
<I> Italics </I>
<U> Underline </U>
<P> New Paragraph </P>
<BR> Next Line
<HR> horizontal rule line
<marquee > motion text
Changing the Font
⚫ The expression <FONT FACE = “fontname”> …
</FONT> can be used to change the font of the
enclosed text
⚫ To change the size of text use the expression <FONT
SIZE=n> …. </FONT> where n is a number between 1
and 7
Changing the Font
⚫ To change the color, use <FONT COLOR=“red”>….
</FONT>; The color can also be defined using
hexadecimal representation ( Example: #ffffff )
⚫ These attributes can be combined to change the
font, size, and color of the text all at once; For
example, <FONT SIZE=4 FACE=“Courier”
COLOR=“red”> …. </FONT>
Headings
⚫ Web pages are typically organized into sections with
headings; To create a heading use the expression
<Hn>….</Hn> where n is a number between 1 and 7
⚫ In this case, the 1 corresponds to the largest size heading
while the 7 corresponds to the smallest size
Aligning Text
⚫ The ALIGN attribute can be inserted in the <P> and <Hn>
tags to right justify, center, or left justify the text
⚫ For example, <H1 ALIGN=CENTER> The New York
Times </H1> would create a centered heading of the
largest size
Comment Statements
⚫ Comment statements are notes in the HTML code that
explain the important features of the code
⚫ The comments do not appear on the Web page itself but
are a useful reference to the author of the page and other
programmers
⚫ To create a comment statement use the <!-- …. --> tags
The Infamous Blink Tag
⚫ It is possible to make text blink using the <BLINK> …
</BLINK> tag
⚫ However, it is best to use this feature at most sparingly or
not at all; What seems like a good idea to a Web designer
can become very annoying to a Web user
⚫ The <BLINK> tag is not supported by Internet Explorer
Page Formatting
⚫ To define the background color, use the BGCOLOR
attribute in the <BODY> tag
⚫ To define the text color, use the TEXT attribute in the
<BODY> tag
⚫ To define the size of the text, type <BASEFONT
SIZE=n>
Example
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Example </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR=“black” TEXT=“white”>
<BASEFONT SIZE=7>
This is where you would include the text and images on your Web page.
</BODY>
</HTML>
Inserting Images
⚫ Type <IMG SRC = “image.ext”>, where image.ext
indicates the location of the image file
⚫ The WIDTH=n and HEIGHT=n attributes can be used to
adjust the size of an image
⚫ The attribute BORDER=n can be used to add a border n
pixels thick around the image
Alternate Text
⚫ Some browsers don’t support images. In this case, the
ALT attribute can be used to create text that appears
instead of the image.
⚫ Example:
● <IMG SRC=“satellite.jpg” ALT = “Picture of satellite”>
Links
⚫ A link lets you move from one page to another, play
movies and sound, send email, download files, and
more….
⚫ A link has three parts: a destination, a label, and a target
⚫ To create a link type
● <A HREF=“page.html”> label </A>
Anatomy of a Link
● <A HREF=“page.html”> label </A>

⚫ In the above link, “page.html” is the destination. The


destination specifies the address of the Web page or file
the user will access when he/she clicks on the link.
⚫ The label is the text that will appear underlined or
highlighted on the page
Example: Links
⚫ To create a link to CNN, I would type:
● <A HREF=“http://www.cnn.com”>CNN</A>

⚫ To create a link to MIT, I would type:


● <A HREF=“http://www.mit.edu”>MIT</A>
Changing the Color of Links
⚫ The LINK, VLINK, and ALINK attributes can be inserted
in the <BODY> tag to define the color of a link
⚫ LINK defines the color of links that have not been visited
⚫ VLINK defines the color of links that have already been
visited
⚫ ALINK defines the color of a link when a user clicks on it
Using Links to Send Email
⚫ To create a link to an email address, type <A
HREF=“mailto:email_address”> Label</A>
⚫ For example, to create a link to send email to myself, I
would type: <A HREF=“mailto: [email protected]”>email
Katie Dunn</A>
Anchors
⚫ Anchors enable a user to jump to a specific place on a
Web site
⚫ Two steps are necessary to create an anchor. First you
must create the anchor itself. Then you must create a link
to the anchor from another point in the document.
Anchors
⚫ To create the anchor itself, type <A NAME=“anchor
name”>label</A> at the point in the Web page where you
want the user to jump to
⚫ To create the link, type <A HREF=“#anchor
name”>label</A> at the point in the text where you want
the link to appear
Example: Anchor
<A HREF="#chap2">Chapter Two</A><BR>
Link

<A NAME="chap2">Chapter 2 </A> Anchor


Ordered Lists
⚫ Ordered lists are a list of ● Here’s how it would look
numbered items. on the Web:
⚫ To create an ordered list,
type:
● <OL>
● <LI> This is step one.

● <LI> This is step two.

● <LI> This is step three.

● </OL>
More Ordered Lists….
⚫ The TYPE=x attribute allows you to change the the kind
of symbol that appears in the list.
⚫ A is for capital letters
⚫ a is for lowercase letters
⚫ I is for capital roman numerals
⚫ i is for lowercase roman numerals
⚫ 1 is for numbers
Unordered Lists
⚫ An unordered list is a list ● Here’s how it would look
of bulleted items on the Web:
⚫ To create an unordered
list, type:
● <UL>
● <LI> First item in list

● <LI> Second item in list

● <LI> Third item in list

● </UL>
More Unordered Lists...
⚫ The TYPE=shape attribute allows you to change the type
of bullet that appears
⚫ circle corresponds to an empty round bullet
⚫ square corresponds to a square bullet
⚫ disc corresponds to a solid round bullet; this is the default
value
Forms
▪ What are forms?
• An HTML form is an area of the document that allows
users to enter information into fields.
• A form may be used to collect personal information,
opinions in polls, user preferences and other kinds of
information.
Forms
⚫ There are two basic components of a Web form: the shell,
the part that the user fills out, and the script which
processes the information
⚫ HTML tags are used to create the form shell. Using
HTML you can create text boxes, radio buttons,
checkboxes, drop-down menus, and more...
Example: Form
Text Box

Drop-down Menu
Radio Buttons
Checkboxes

Text Area

Reset Button
Submit Button
The Form Shell
⚫ A form shell has three important parts:
⚫ the <FORM> tag, which includes the address of the script
which will process the form
⚫ the form elements, like text boxes and radio buttons
⚫ the submit button which triggers the script to send the
entered information to the server
Creating the Shell
⚫ To create a form shell, type <FORM METHOD=POST
ACTION=“script_url”> where “script_url” is the address
of the script
⚫ Create the form elements
⚫ End with a closing </FORM> tag
Creating Text Boxes
⚫ To create a text box, type <INPUT TYPE=“text”
NAME=“name” VALUE=“value” SIZE=n
MAXLENGTH=n>
⚫ The NAME, VALUE, SIZE, and MAXLENGTH
attributes are optional
Text Box Attributes
⚫ The NAME attribute is used to identify the text box to
the processing script
⚫ The VALUE attribute is used to specify the text that
will initially appear in the text box
⚫ The SIZE attribute is used to define the size of the box
in characters
⚫ The MAXLENGTH attribute is used to define the
maximum number of characters that can be typed in
the box
Example: Text Box
● First Name: <INPUT TYPE="text" ⚫ Here’s how it would look
NAME="FirstName"
VALUE="First Name" SIZE=20>
on the Web:
● <BR><BR>

● Last Name: <INPUT TYPE="text"


NAME="LastName"
VALUE="Last Name" SIZE=20>
● <BR><BR>
Creating Larger Text Areas
⚫ To create larger text areas, type <TEXTAREA
NAME=“name” ROWS=n1 COLS=n2 WRAP> Default
Text </TEXTAREA>, where n1 is the height of the text
box in rows and n2 is the width of the text box in
characters
⚫ The WRAP attribute causes the cursor to move
automatically to the next line as the user types
Example: Text Area
● <B>Comments?</B>
● <BR>
● <TEXTAREA NAME="Comments" ROWS=10
COLS=50 WRAP>
● </TEXTAREA>
Creating Radio Buttons
⚫ To create a radio button, type <INPUT TYPE=“radio”
NAME=“name” VALUE=“data”>Label, where “data” is
the text that will be sent to the server if the button is
checked and “Label” is the text that identifies the button to
the user
Example: Radio Buttons
● <B> Size: </B>
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="Size"
VALUE="Large">Large
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="Size"
VALUE="Medium">Medium
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="Size"
VALUE="Small">Small
Creating Checkboxes
⚫ To create a checkbox, type <INPUT TYPE=“checkbox”
NAME=“name” VALUE=“value”>Label
⚫ If you give a group of radio buttons or checkboxes the
same name, the user will only be able to select one button
or box at a time
Example: Checkboxes
● <B> Color: </B>
<INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME="Color"
VALUE="Red">Red
<INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME="Color"
VALUE="Navy">Navy
<INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME="Color"
VALUE="Black">Black
Creating Drop-down Menus
⚫ To create a drop-down menu, type <SELECT
NAME=“name” SIZE=n MULTIPLE>
⚫ Then type <OPTION VALUE= “value”>Label
⚫ In this case the SIZE attribute specifies the height of the
menu in lines and MULTIPLE allows users to select more
than one menu option
Example: Drop-down Menu
<B>WHICH IS FAVOURITE FRUIT:</B>
<SELECT>
<OPTION VALUE="MANGOES">MANGOES
<OPTION VALUE="PAPAYA">PAPAYA
<OPTION VALUE="GUAVA">GUAVA
<OPTION VALUE="BANANA"> BANANA
<OPTION VALUE="PINEAPPLE">PINEAPPLE
</SELECT>
Creating a Submit Button
⚫ To create a submit button, type <INPUT
TYPE=“submit”>
⚫ If you would like the button to say something other than
submit, use the VALUE attribute
⚫ For example, <INPUT TYPE=“submit” VALUE=“Buy
Now!”> would create a button that says “Buy Now!”
Creating a Reset Button
⚫ To create a reset button, type <INPUT TYPE=“reset”>
⚫ The VALUE attribute can be used in the same way to
change the text that appears on the button
Tables
⚫ Tables can be used to display rows and columns of data,
create multi-column text, captions for images, and
sidebars
⚫ The <TABLE> tag is used to create a table; the <TR> tag
defines the beginning of a row while the <TD> tag defines
the beginning of a cell
Adding a Border
⚫ The BORDER=n attribute allows you to add a border n
pixels thick around the table
⚫ To make a solid border color, use the
BORDERCOLOR=“color” attribute
⚫ To make a shaded colored border, use
BODERCOLORDARK=“color” and
BORDERCOLORLIGHT=“color”
Creating Simple Table
<TABLE BORDER=10> ⚫ Here’s how it would look
<TR>
on the Web:
<TD>One</TD>
<TD>Two</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Three</TD>
<TD>Four</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
Adjusting the Width
⚫ When a Web browser displays a table, it often adds extra
space. To eliminate this space use the WIDTH =n attribute
in the <TABLE> and <TD> tags
⚫ Keep in mind - a cell cannot be smaller than its contents,
and if you make a table wider than the browser window,
users will not be able to see parts of it.
Centering a Table
⚫ There are two ways to center a table
⚫ Type <TABLE ALIGN=CENTER>
⚫ Enclose the <TABLE> tags in opening and closing
<CENTER> tags
Wrapping Text around a Table
⚫ It is possible to wrap text around a table. This
technique is often used to keep images and captions
together within an article.
⚫ To wrap text around a table, type <TABLE ALIGN =
LEFT> to align the table to the left while the text
flows to the right.
⚫ Create the table using the <TR>, <TD>, and
</TABLE> tags as you normally would
Adding Space around a Table
⚫ To add space around a table, use the HSPACE=n and
VSPACE=n attributes in the <TABLE> tag
⚫ Example:
● <TABLE HSPACE=20 VSPACE=20>
Spanning Cells Across Columns
⚫ It is often necessary to span one cell across many columns.
For example, you would use this technique to span a
headline across the columns of a newspaper article.
⚫ To span a cell across many columns, type <TD
COLSPAN=n>, where n is the number of columns to be
spanned
Spanning Cells Across Rows
⚫ To span a cell across many rows, type <TD
ROWSPAN=n>, where n is the number of rows
Aligning Cell Content
⚫ By default, a cell’s content are aligned horizontally to the
left and and vertically in the middle.
⚫ Use VALIGN=direction to change the vertical alignment,
where “direction” is top, middle, bottom, or baseline
⚫ Use ALIGN=direction to change the horizontal alignment
where “direction” is left, center, or right
Controlling Cell Spacing
⚫ Cell spacing is the space between cells while cell padding
is the space around the contents of a cell
⚫ To control both types of spacing, use the CELLSPACING
=n and CELLPADDING=n attributes in the <TABLE>
tag
Nesting Tables
⚫ Create the inner table
⚫ Create the outer table and determine which cell of the
outer table will hold the inner table
⚫ Test both tables separately to make sure they work
⚫ Copy the inner table into the cell of the outer table
⚫ Don’t nest too many tables. If you find yourself doing
that, find an easier way to lay out your Web page
Changing a Cell’s Color
⚫ To change a cell’s color, add the BGCOLOR=“color”
attribute to the <TD> tag
⚫ Example:
● <TD BGCOLOR=“blue”>
Dividing Your Table into
Column Groups
⚫ You can divide your table into two kinds of column
groups: structural and non-structural.
⚫ Structural column groups control where dividing lines are
drawn; Non-structural groups do not
⚫ Both let you format an entire column of cells at once
Column Groups
⚫ To create structural column groups, type
<COLGROUP SPAN=n> after the <TABLE> tag,
where n is the number of columns in the group
⚫ To create non-structural column groups, type <COL
SPAN=n>, where n is the number of columns in the
group
Dividing Table into Horizontal
Sections
⚫ You can also create a horizontal section consisting of one
or more rows. This allows you to format the rows all at
once
⚫ To create a horizontal section, type <THEAD>,
<TBODY>, or <TFOOT> before the first <TR> tag of the
section
⚫ Netscape does not support these tags
Controlling Line Breaks
⚫ Unless you specify otherwise a browser will divide the
lines in a cell as it sees fit.
⚫ The NOWRAP attribute placed within the <TD> tag
forces the browser to keep all the text in a cell on one line
⚫ Example:
⚫ <TD NOWRAP>Washington, D.C.
Parting Words….
⚫ If you can imagine a way to lay out your page, chances are
it is possible using HTML
⚫ When in doubt, use an HTML reference

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