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9-1Basic Combinatorics

The document outlines basic combinatorics principles, including counting problems, the Fundamental Counting Principle, permutations, and combinations. It provides examples and exercises for each concept, such as calculating system configurations, answering true-false exams, and forming teams. The document also differentiates between permutations and combinations through various scenarios and examples.

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kaitlynisthebomb0126
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8 views

9-1Basic Combinatorics

The document outlines basic combinatorics principles, including counting problems, the Fundamental Counting Principle, permutations, and combinations. It provides examples and exercises for each concept, such as calculating system configurations, answering true-false exams, and forming teams. The document also differentiates between permutations and combinations through various scenarios and examples.

Uploaded by

kaitlynisthebomb0126
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Date: 2024/12/4~5

§9-1Basic Combinatorics Name:


Goals PS Seat Number:
1. Solve simple counting problems.
2. Use the Fundamental Counting Principle to solve more complicated counting problems.
3. Use permutations to solve counting problems.
4. Use combinations to solve counting problems.

Motivation of Counting Principles


Pierre has ten different T-shirts and 5 different pants. In how many different ways does Pierre wear in a T-shirt
and pants?

Fundamental Counting Principle


Let E1 and E2 be two independent events. The first event E1 can occur in m1 different ways. After E1 has
occurred, E2 can occur in m2 different ways. The number of ways that the two events can occur is m1  m2 .

Examples
1. A customer in a computer store can choose one of four monitors, one of two keyboards, and one of three
computers. If all the choices are compatible, determine the number of possible system configurations.

2. How many different pairs of letters from the English alphabet are possible?

3. In how many ways can a 6-question true-false exam be answered? (Assume that no questions are omitted.)

4. Eight pieces of paper are numbered from 1 to 8 and placed in a box. Two pieces of paper are drawn from the
box at the same time, and the numbers on the pieces of paper are written down and totaled. In how many different
ways can a sum of 12 be obtained?

5. A college student is preparing a course schedule for the next semester. The student must select one of two
mathematics courses, one of three courses, and one of five courses from the social sciences and humanities.
How many schedules are possible?
6. ATM personal identification number (PIN) codes typically consist of four-digit sequences of numbers.
(a) Find the total number of ATM codes possible.
(b) Find the total number of ATM codes possible when the first digit is not 0.

7. Telephone numbers in the United States currently have 10 digits. The first three are the area code and the
next seven are the local telephone number. How many different telephone numbers are possible within each
area code? (Note that at this time, a local telephone number cannot begin with 0 or 1.)

Definition of Permutation
A permutation of n different elements is an ordering of the elements such that one element is first, one is
second, one is third, and so on.

Example 8
(a) List all the permutations of the digits 1, 2, 3.
(b) How many permutations of the digits 1, 2, 3 are possible?

Number of Permutation of n Different Elements is n!

Example 9
(a) List all the permutations of three digits taken out of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
(b) How many permutations of the three digits taken are possible?

𝑛!
Permutation of n Different Elements Taken r at a Time is 𝑃𝑟𝑛 = (𝑛−𝑟)!

𝑛!
Example 10 (Be Familiar with the symbol 𝑃𝑟𝑛 = (𝑛−𝑟)!)
(a) n P5 = 18  n − 2 P4 (b) 4 ∙ 𝑃2𝑛+1 = 𝑃3𝑛+2 (c) 5 ∙ 𝑃1𝑛−1 = 𝑃2𝑛
Example 11
(a) From a pool of 12 candidates, the offices of president, vice-president, secretary, and treasure will be filled.
In how many ways can the offices be filled?

(b) Nine horses are running in a race. In how many different ways can these horses come in first, second, and
third?

List all the possible permutations of A, N, N.

𝑛!
Distinguishable Permutations , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛3 + 𝑛4 ! + ⋯ +𝑛𝑘 ! = 𝑛.
𝑛1 !𝑛2 !𝑛3 !𝑛4 !⋯𝑛𝑘 !

Example 12
In how many distinguishable ways can the letters in MOON be written?

Example 13
In how many distinguishable ways can the letters in HANNAH be written?

n!
Combination of n Different Elements Taken r at a Time is n Cr =
(n − r )!r !
Example 14
You are forming a 12-member swim team from 10 girls and 15 boys. The team must consist of five girls and
seven boys. How many different 12-member teams are possible?

Example 15
In each of the following scenarios, tell whether permutations (ordered) or combinations (unordered) are being
described.
(a) A president, vice president, and secretary are chosen from a 25-member garden club.
(b) A cook chooses 5 potatoes from a bag of 12 potatoes to make a potato salad.
(c) A teacher makes a seating chart for 22 students in a classroom with 30 desks

Example 16
In the Miss America pageant, 51 contestants must be narrowed down to 10 finalists who will compete on
national television. In how many possible ways can the 10 finalists be selected?

9-1 Homework

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