HIGHER SECONDARY – FIRST YEAR

CHEMISTRY – PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

SALT ANALYSIS
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT
GENERAL PROCEDURE

Preliminary Tests

S.No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. a. Colour: Blue or May be copper
Colour of the salt is Green salts
noted. May be Iron
Brown salt
Colourless Absence of
copper and
iron salts

b Appearance: Crystalline May be

Appearance of the sulphate,
salt is noted. Nitrate or
chloride
Powdery Phosphate or
Bromide
May be
carbonate or
sulphide.
2. Solubility:
A little of the salt is Soluble May be
shaken well with sulphate,
water nitrate, chloride
or Phosphate or
Insoluble bromide.
May be
carbonate or
sulphide
3. Action of Heat:
A small amount of the Colourless, Odourless May be
salt is taken in a dry gas which turns lime carbonate
test tube and heated water milky evolves
gently
Decripitation May be nitrate
occurs. Reddish
brown gas
With fishy odour evolves.
Salt sublimes.
Colourless, pungent
smelling gas giving May be
dense white fumes with ammonium
a glass rod dipped in salt
concentrated
hydrochloric acid
evolves.
The salt turns yellow May be zinc salt
when hot and white
when cold.
Absence of
No characteristic carbonate,
change nitrate,
ammonium and
zinc.
4. Flame Test: Bluish green flame Presence
A small amount of the of copper
salt is made into a
paste with a few drops Brick red colour Presence
of concentrated of calcium
hydrochloric acid in a
watch glass and flame Presence
introduced into the non of barium
– luminous part of the
bunsen flame. Grassy green colour
flame Absence of
copper
calcium and
barium
No coloured flame.
5. Ash Test:
A filter paper is soaked Blue ash Presence
into a solution of the of
salt with conc nitric aluminium
acid and cobalt nitrate Green
solution and burnt. Presence of zinc.
ash Pink
Presence
ash of
Magnesiu
m
No blue or green or
pink coloured ash. Absence of
aluminium,
zinc and
magnesium.
6. Action of Reddish brown gas Presence
dilute with fishy odour of nitrate
Hydrochloric turning moist Ferrous
acid: sulphate paper
To a small amount of brown
the salt, dilute
hydrochloric acid is colourless, odourless Carbonate
added. Gently heat it in gas with brisk is
the bunsen flame. effervescence turning confirmed
lime water milky
evolves.
Colourless, rotten egg
smelling gas turning Sulphide
lead acetate paper is
black evolves. confirme
d

No characteristic change Absence of

carbonate
sulphide
and
nitrate.
7. Action of Conc.H2SO4 A colourless gas Presence
evolves. It gives a of chloride
Take a small amount of dense white fumes
a salt in a dry test when a glass rod
tube, add about 0.5mL dipped in liquid
of Conc.H2SO4 and ammonia is brought
gently heat it in the close to its mouth Presence
Bunsen flame of
A reddish brown gas bromide
turning moist
fluorescence paper
green evolves
Reddish brown gas
turning acidified Presence
ferrous sulphate paper of nitrate
green evolves.
No characteristic change Absence of
chloride,Bromi
de and nitrate
8. Action of MnO2. and A greenish yellow gas Presence
Conc. H2SO4 turning starch iodide of chloride
paper blue evolves
Take a small amount of A reddish brown gas
a salt in a dry test tube, turning moist Presence
add pinch of MnO2 and fluorescence paper of
about 0.5mL of red evolves. bromide
Conc.H2SO4 and gently
heat it in the Bunsen No characteristic change Absence of
flame chloride
and
Bromide
9 Action of A reddish brown gas Presence
Conc.H2SO4 and with fishy odour of nitrate
copper turning turning a moist ferrous
Take a small quantity sulphate paper brown
of salt in a dry test evolves
tube and add few Absence of
copper turnings and No reddish brown nitrate
about 1 mL of ‘Conc. gas evolved
H2SO4 Gently heat it
10. Action of dil. colourless gas with the Presence of
NaOH pungent smell giving ammonium
solution: dense white fume s salt
To a small quantity of with a glass rod dipped
a salt add about 1 mL in dil. HCl evolves.
of dil. NaOH solution
and gently heat it.vv
No pungent smelling gas Absence of
evolved ammonium salt.
11 Chromyl chloride test: A yellow ppt is obtained Presence
of chloride
Take a small quantity is
of salt in a test tube, confirmed.
add a pinch of
potassium dichromate
and three drops Conc.
H2SO4 Gently heat it.
Pass the vapours to
enter another test tube
containing about 0.5mL
of
 sodium hydroxide. If a
yellow solution is No yellow ppt is obtained Absence
obtained, add about 1 of
mL each of dil. acetic Chloride
acid and lead
acetate solution.

Preparation of Sodium Carbonate extract:

Take 1g of the given salt and 3g of solid sodium carbonate in a 100 mL

beaker Add distilled water to it. Heat the beaker with its contents on a
hot plate or Bunsen
burner, Heat the solution for few mins, filter it through a filter paper in
a funnel and collect the filtrate in a beaker. The filtrate is called sodium
carbonate extract.

1 Test for A curdy white Presence of

halides: Silver precipitate (ppt) chloride
Nitrate Test: insoluble in
To about one mL. of about 1 mL of
the sodium carbonate dil. Ammonia is
extract add dil. HNO3 formed
in drops with shaking
until the A pale yellow Presence
effervescence ceases, ppt sparingly of
and then add soluble in bromide
about 1 mL of ammonia is
AgNO3 and shake it formed
well.
A black ppt Presence
is formed of
sulphide
No Absence of
characteristic chloride bromide
change sulphide
2 Test with A white ppt Presence
barium insoluble in of
chloride: dil H2SO4 is sulphate
To about one mL of formed. is
the sodium carbonate confirmed.
extract, add dil.
acetic acid in drops
with shaking until the No white
effervescence precipitate is
ceases, then add obtained Absence of
1mL of barium sulphate
chloride solution and
shake it.
3 Test with lead A whit ppt Presence
acetate: To about soluble in excess of
1mL.of the sodium of ammonium sulphate
carbonate extract, acetate is
add 1mL of dil acetic formed.
acid and heat it, until
 the effervescence No white
ceases, and then and precipitate is Absence of
1 formed. sulphate
mL of lead acetate
4 Brown ring test: A brown ring Presence of nitrate
To about 1 mL of is formed is confirmed.
the sodium
carbonate
 extract add dil.
H2SO4 in drops with
shaking until the
effervescence No brown ring Absence of
ceases, and about is formed Nitrate.
0.5mL of freshly
prepared ferrous
sulphate solution.
Then keeping the
test tube in a
slanting position add
Conc. H2SO4 along
the
sides of the test tube.
5 Ammonium A canary yellow Presence
molybdate ppt is formed of
test: phosphate
To one portion of
the extract, add dil
HNO3 until the
effervescence No canary yellow
ceases, then add precipitate is Absence
about 1 mL each of formed of
ammonium phosphat
molybdate e
and Conc.HNO3
6 Test with sodium A purple or violet Presence
nitro pruside: colouration of
To about 1 mL of appears sulphide
the sodium
carbonate extract No purple or Absence
add 1mL of dil. violet of
ammonia. Then colouration sulphide.
add about few
drops of sodium
nitro pruside

Preparation of original solution:

The original solution is prepared by dissolving a small amount of the salt
in 10 to 15 ml of distilled water. If it is insoluble in water, it is prepared by
dissolving in dilute nitric acid.
GROUP
SEPARATION

Sl.No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

ZERO GROUP Reddish Ammonium

To 1 ml of the brown is
original solution a precipitate is confirmed
few drops of obtained
Nessler’s reagent
No reddish Absence
and excess of
brown of
sodium hydroxide
precipitate is ammoniu
 solution are added. obtained m.
1 To a few drops of White precipitate Presence of I
the original solution, soluble when group (Lead)
2 ml of dilute boiled with water
hydrochloric acid is is obtained
added
No white Absence of I
precipitate is group (Lead)
obtained.
2 To a few drops of Black precipitate Presence of II
the original solution, group
2ml of dilute
hydrochloric acid is No black
added and precipitate is Absence of II
hydrogen obtained group (Copper)
sulphide gas is passed
3 Presence of III
Gelatinous
To a few drops of the group
white
original solution, 1 (Aluminium)
precipitate is
ml of ammonium obtained.
chloride and 2 ml of
ammonium Brown precipitate Presence of
hydroxide solutions III group
are added (Iron)
No gelatinous Absence of III
white or brown group (Aluminium
precipitate is and Iron)
obtained
4 To a few drops of the Dirty white Presence of
original solution, 1 precipitate IV group
ml of ammonium is obtained (Zinc)
chloride and 2 ml of
ammonium No dirty
hydroxide solutions white Absence of IV
are added and then precipitate group (Zinc)
hydrogen sulphide is obtained
gas is passed
5 To a few drops of the White Presence of V
original solution, 1 ml precipitate is group (Calcium or
of ammonium obtained Barium)
chloride, 2ml of
ammonium
hydroxide and 2 ml No white Absence of V
of saturated solution precipitate is group (Calcium
of ammonium obtained or Barium)
carbonate solutions
are added.
6 To a few drops of White Presence of VI
the original solution. precipitate is group
2ml of ammonium obtained (Magnesium)
chloride, 2 ml of
ammonium
hydroxide and 2 ml
 of
di-sodium hydrogen No white Absence of VI
precipitate group
phosphate solutions is obtained (Magnesium)
are added.
 Confirmatory tests for basic radicals

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Lead (I group) Yellow precipitate Lead is confirmed
To a few drops of the soluble in hot water
original solution, 2ml and reappears as
of potassium iodide golden yellow
solution is added spangles on cooling is
obtained
Copper: (II Group) A Reddish brown Copper is confirmed
To a few drops of the precipitate is obtained
original solution,add
few drops of
ammonium hydroxide,
1ml acetic acid and
few drops of
potassium
ferrocyanide solution.
Aluminium: (III A bright red lake is Aluminium is
Group)
To a few drops of the obtained confirmed
original solution, 2ml of
ammonium hydroxide
and
a few drops of
“Aluminon”
reagent is added.

Iron: (III Group)

To a few drops of the
original solution, add a A blue precipitate is Iron is confirmed
pinch of sodium obtained
peroxide, 1ml di.HCl
and boil it. And then
add 1ml potassium
ferrocyanide.
Zinc: (IV Group) White precipitate Zinc is confirmed.
To a few drops of soluble in excess of
the original solution, sodium hydroxide but
2ml of potassium insoluble in dilute
ferrocyanide acids is obtained.
solution is added.
Barium (V Group) Yellow Barium is confirmed
To a few drops of precipitate is
the original solution, obtained
2ml of potassium
chromate solution is
added
Calcium (V Group)
To a few drops of the White precipitate Calcium is
original solution 1 ml insoluble in acetic confirmed
of ammonium acid is obtained
hydroxide and 2ml of
ammonium oxalate
solutions are added.
Magnesium: (VI Blue precipitate is Magnesium is
Group)
To a few drops of the obtained. confirmed.
original solution, 2 or 3
drops of “Magneson”
reagent is added.
Result:
The given simple salt contains i. Acid radical
ii. Basic radical
The given simple salt is