Book

Crunch

Physics
SOLUTIONS
 Problems in
General Physics
Solutions

MECHANICS
   
 r1  r2  v 2  v1 
1.     
r1  r2 v 2  v1

A 
2.   1.8
B 2
 1

2a
3. t
3v
4. It is seen from Fig. 1a that the points A and B converge with velocity v – u cos , where the angle  varies
with time. The points merge provided the following two conditions are met:

6

5
B u s
v 4
 3
x
A 2
wx
1
0
1 3 4 5 6 7
–1
(a) (b)

Fig. 1

 

 (v  u cos ) dt  ,  v cos  dt  u,

0 0

where  is the sought time. It follows from these two equations that

v

v 2
 u2 


5. CD 
2
 1

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 2 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Solutions)

 b  2
6. (a) y    x
 2a 

3/2
 a    xb  
2
v2 v2
(b) R      1    
wn w 2  w 2  b    a  

1
7. (a) w = 2av2, R = a
2

bv 2 a2
(b) w  2
, R
a b

v2
8. (a) y  (hyperbola)
x

2wx
(b) y  (parabola)


2 2
 bt   2bt  2
9. (a)   at 1     8 rad / s,   a 1     1.3 rad/s
a  a 

(b) 17°

2
 t 
10.   0 1   0   0.6 rad/ s,   0 1  02t 2  0.2 rad / s2
 0 

at
11. When t  t0, the accelerations w1 = w2 =  m  m  ; when t  t0
1 2

kgm2
, w =
 at  km2g   m1  m2 
w1 = . Here t = kgm . See Fig. 4.
m1 2 m2 0 2
am

w
w2

w1

O t0 t

Fig. 2

4m1m2  m0  m1  m2 
12. w1  4m m  m m  m g.
1 2 0  1 2

1  k 
13. wmin = g .
1  k 
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Book Crunch (Solutions) PHYSICS 3

mg sin 
14. w  M  2m (1  cos  ) .


15.  . Is independent of the rotation direction.
  
 2 
 m  1 

 2F0 F0
16. t ; s ; v max  .
 m 2 m

v0
17. v = 1  cos  .
 
Instruction: Here w = –wx, and therefore v = –vx + const. From the initial condition it follows that
const. = v0. Besides, vx = v cos .
18. For n < 1, including negative values.
19. (a) w = 2R;

2
2  2R 
(b) Fin  m r   1
 r 

2 2h
20. Will deviate to the east by the distance x  h  24 cm. Here  is the angular velocity of the Earth’s
3 g
rotation about its axis.

 20
21. t
2v 0 R

kmg  0 1  cos 
22. A  0.09 J
2  sin   k cos   cos 

 g  mg
23. r   2  tan   0.8 cm, T  5N
  cos 

3mg
24. (a)   ;


2
1    mg 8mg
(b) h    
 mg  8 

mM
25. (a) A = –gh, where  = m  M ;
 
(b) Yes

m2
26. sin max 
m1

27. Results to be proved.

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 4 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Solutions)


28. v  2gh ln  
h

29. (a) Relative to all points of the straight line drawn at right angles to the wall through the point O;

(b) M = 2 mv cos .

30. M  mv 02t 2

m02 r04
31. F
r3

 2 
 m   v 2 
32. rmin   2s   1   0 
  1 , where ms is the mass of the Sun.
 v0    ms  

2 r 3/2 4.5 days    0,

33. t  
M 3 r
  
0.84 hour    2.
2r
34. The decrease in the total energy E of the satellite over the time interval dt is equal to —dE = Fv dt.
Representing E and v as functions of the distance r between the satellite and the centre of the Moon, we
m
can reduce this equation to the form convenient for integration. Finally, we get    n  1
 gR

ME
35. v 3  2v12   2  1 V12  17 km / s. Here v1 
2 2
, ME and R are the mass and the radius of the Earth;
R
Ms
V12  , Ms is the mass of the Sun, r is the radius of the Earth’s orbit.
r

sin 
36.   6F
m

02R
37. n = (1 + k2) .
8k (k  1) g

3kmg 2kg
38. Fmax  ; w max 
 2  3k   2  3k 
 r 
F  cos   
39. (a) w x   R ;
m 1   
2
 r 
F 2t 2  cos   
(b) A   R 
2m 1   

3g  M  3m 
40. w 
 I 
 M  9m  2 
 R 

1
41. v 0  gR  7 cos   4   1.0 m/s
3

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Book Crunch (Solutions) PHYSICS 5

 2 2
 r 
42. T  7 2 7
mv  1  2 
10  R 
43. Results to be proved.

1
44. N m2  2 sin 2
24

  
45. (a)    3   N;
 2r rG 

 2 
(b)    4   N
 r G 
G
46. N    d 24  d14   0.5 kN.m.
32
47. p1 > p2, v1 < v2. The density of streamlines grows on transition from point 1 to point 2.

gh  S  s 
2
48. F 6N
S

R12 R22  1 1
49. (a)   2  2  2 ;
R22  R12  R1 r 

R12R22
(b) N  42
R22  R12
50. ex = 5.

THERMODYNAMICS


1. T  (mg  p0 S )  0.9 K
R

2. pmin  2R T0

1 p0 Mg
3.
n
(a) p  p0 (1  ah ) , h  ; (b) p  . Here n .
a (1  ah )n aRT0

V 2 V  b 
2
4. 
RTV 3  2a V  b 2 
 

a
5. T 
bR

 1
6. Q  RT0  1    2.5 kJ
 n

7. See Fig. 1 where V is an isochore, p is an isobaric line, T is an isothermal line, and S is an adiabatic line.

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 6 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Solutions)

P T S V T
P
V
V

P
S
O T T
(a) (b)
Fig. 1

2RT
8. v  3.3 km /s
   1 M

R
9. (a) C  CV  ;
V

R
(b) C  CV 
1  V 

10. (a) A   ln   RT0

   1
;
   1

   1

(b) pV  e pV
= const.

R
11. (a) T V  b CV  const;

R
(b) Cp  CV 
2a V  b 
2
1
RTV 3

 2a V2  V1 
12. Q   0.33 kJ
V1 V2

7 9
13. (a) CV  R,   ;
2 7

 5  6N  3 
(b) CV   3N   R,    
 2  6N  5 

 2
N  
 3
(c) CV = 3(N – 1) R,  =
 N  1

 i  1
14. Decreases  i times, where i = 5

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Book Crunch (Solutions) PHYSICS 7

N  8  1
15. (a)  e   1.66%;
N   

3
N 3 2
(b)  12 e   1.85%
N 2

 6RT  23 1
16. NA   3  ln   6.4  10 mol
 d  gh 

n 
kT ln  2 
17. h  n1 
 m2  m1  g

 2RT 
18.    ln   280 rad/s
 M 2 

 ar 2
19. (a) dN  n e kT 4r 2dr ;
0

kT
(b) rpr  ;
a

3
 ar 2
dN  a  2
(c)   e kT 4r 2dr ;
N  kT 

(d) Will increase 2 -fold.

2T3
20.   1
 1  T2 
T

ln n
21. In both cases   1 
n 1

   1 ln n
22. 

 ln n     1
   1

 
  1 2
23.
1    1  

A dT
24. According to the Carnot theorem  . Let us find the expressions for A and Q1. For an infinitesimal
Q1 T
Carnot cycle (e.g. parallelogram 1234 shown in Fig. 2)

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 8 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Solutions)

1 Q1
p + dp
2
p A
4
3

V V + dV
Fig. 2

 p   U  
A  dp  dV    dT  dV , Q1  dU12  p dV     p  dV
 T v  V T 
It remains to substitute the two latter expressions into the former one.


25. (a) C   ;
T

T 
(b) Q   ln  1  ;
 T2 

T 
(c) A   ln  1   CV T1  T2 
 T2 

N! V
26. Pn  p n (1  p )N  n , where p 
n !  N  n ! V0

 gh  p0 h  d
27.   4 cos 
    h  

2 cos 
28. h
gx 

 p  4 4 3
29. A  F  pV ln   , where F = 8R2, p = p0 + , V = R .
 p0  R 3

30. Result to be proved.

ELECTRODYNAMICS
0
1. (a) E  ;
4 0 R

0R 2
(b) E  .
4 0  x 2  R 2 
3/2

p
For x >> R the strength E  , where p = R20.
40 x 3

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Book Crunch (Solutions) PHYSICS 9

 1 k 0 
2. E where k is the unit vector of the z axis with respect to which the angle  is read off. Clearly,
3 0
the field inside the given sphere is uniform.
 2  R 
  R    
3.   1     1 , E   1   . When   0, then   2 , E  2 ; when  >> R, then
20    20 2
 R  2 0 0

q q
 , E , where q = R2.
40  40  2

4. E   2(axiˆ  ayjˆ  bzkˆ ), E  2 a 2  x 2  y 2   b2 z 2 .

 
(a) An ellipsoid of revolution with semiaxes and .
a b
(b) In the case of  > 0, a single-cavity hyperboloid of revolution; when  = 0, a right round cone; when 
< 0, a two-cavity hyperboloid of revolution.

 y2 
5.   ay   x 2   const.
 3 
6.  = –60a

7. (a)   ;
2

(b) (r ) 
2  2  r 2

n0 p
8. N  3.103 , where n is the concentration of molecules.
   1 0 E 0

9. Result to be proved.
   1
10. (a)  E  dS  R 2E0 cos ;

 
(b)  D  dr   0    1  E0 sin 
 r
 3  for r  R,
11. (a) E  
0
3
 R for r  R,
 3 r 2
 0

    1 R    1
(b)   ,    . See Fig. 1.
 3


O R r
Fig. 1

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10 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Solutions)

S
12. (a) C  0  2  1  ;
 2 
d ln  
 1 
q  2  1 
(b)  
dS 2

  R      R 
13. V  R1E1 ln  2    1  ln  3  
  R1   2   R2  

14. C  20a.
Instruction: When b >> a, the charges can be assumed to be distributed practically uniformly over the
surfaces of the balls.

C1C2
15. q1 = C2, q2 
C1  C2 

2 ln2 q 2
16. W  
40 a

2CC0
17. Q  .
 2C  C0 

 q2   1 1
18. A      
 80  a b

2
19. h     1
20 g

0 R 2V 2
20. N     1
4d

5
21. (a) R;
6

7
(b) R;
12

3
(c) R
4

22. Imagine the voltage V to be applied across the points A and B. Then V = IR = I0R0, where I is the current
carried by the lead wires, I0 is the current carried by the conductor AB.
The current I0 can be represented as a superposition of two currents. If the current I flowed into point A and
I
spread (all over) the infinite wire grid, the conductor AB would carry (because of symmetry) the current .
4
Similarly, if the current I flowed into the grid from infinity and left the grid through point B, the conductor AB
I I R
would also carry the current . Superposing both of these solutions, we obtain I0 = . Therefore, R = 0 .
4 2 2

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Book Crunch (Solutions) PHYSICS 11

4tab
23. 
 b  a  C ln 

V
24. (a) j  ;

2r 2 ln  
a

  
(b) R1    ln  
 a

25. Result to be proved.

26. q = 0I (22 – 11)
27. R = R2 – R1,  = 0 in the source of current with internal resistance R2.

 R12  R2 1 
28. I   0.02 A, the current is directed from the left to the right (see Fig. 2).
 RR1  R1R2  R2R 
R2 2

R1
1
R

Fig. 2

r  r  3R 
29. RAB 
 R  3r 

T – T = 1  e 
kt 2
V 
30. 0
C
kR
t

0 
31. (a) q  q0 e ;

2
 1 1  q0
(b) Q    
 a b  80 
2
4 
32. (a)   x    0 ax 3
9

3
4 2e
(b) j  0 a 2
9 m


tan  
33. B  n0I  n  , for n  , B  0I
2R 2R

0I
34. In the half-space with the straight wire, B  , r is the distance from the wire. In the other half-space
2r
B  0.

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12 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Solutions)

0I 2
35. (a) F1   0.20 mN/m;
4R

0I 2
(b) F1   0.13 mN/m


mg 
36. B  0.4 T
NIS

0 2I1I2  b
37. F1  ln  1  
4 b  a

IB
38. p   0.5 kPa
a

  pm x
39. F   0  6R 2I
 4  R2  x2 
5/2

1
 a3B 2  2mg sin t 
40. i  2
aB

0 aI b  a
41. q ln , i.e. is independent of L.
2R ba

v 0 mR
42. (a) s  ,
2B 2

1
(b) Q  mv 02
2

0  a
43. L N 2 a ln  1  
2  b

aB
44. I   50 A
 8a 
0  ln  2
 b 

45. Result to be proved.

46.  = –2B = – 0.08 nC/m3,  = 0aB = 2 pC/m2.

V q V
47. v  , 
b m b
rB ln   r 2B 2 ln  
a a

2
e  0I  a
48. V  2   ln
m  4  b

1 rqB r
49. v  , 
2 m 2

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Book Crunch (Solutions) PHYSICS 13

OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

a 
1. (a) The amplitude is equal to , and the period is T = , see Fig. 1a;
2 

(b) v x2 = 42x (a – x), see Fig. 1b.

x vx

O
x
O  2 t
(a) (b)
Fig. 1a and b

2. dP 1

dx  a 2  x 2


3. T  2  1.1 s
g    1

m
4. T  2  0.8 s
Sg 1  cos  

  
5. T  2    0.8 s, where | g  w |  g 2  w 2  2gw cos 
|g w |

 a2 
6. (a) F = mg  1  cos t  , see Fig. 2;
 g 

F
mg
1.5

1.0

0.5

0  2 t
Fig. 2

g
(b) amin   8 cm;
2

 2h  g
(c) a     1 2  20 cm
 g 
7. Let us write the motion equation in projections on the x and y axes:
   a
x   y , y   x, where  
m
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14 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Solutions)


8. (a) T  2  1.1 s;
3g

1
(b) E  mg  2  0.05 J
2

1 1 2
2
9. T  mg  0  m 2  0
8 12

2mg cos 
10. 0 
MR  2mR (1  sin  )

2 2mO
11.  1  1.9, where m and m are the masses of oxygen and carbon atoms.
1 mC O C

g B
12. x  1  cos t  , where  
2 mL

 
13. (a)  (0)   0 ,  (0)   2  2  0 ;

1 2  2 
(b) tn =  arc tan  n   , where n = 0, 1, 2
 2 

2hI
14. 
R 4T

2RI
15. 
a4B2

1 42 02
16. (a) Q   1  2.2;
 2  02 
2 2
tan2 


(b) A  ma 2  02  2  tan   6 mJ. Here 0  .
m
17. (a) A = –mNm sin ;

 cos   22I m Nm   1
2

(b) Q 
2 sin 

C 1
18. (a) I = Im sin 0t, where Im  Vm , 0  ;
L LC

Vm
(b) S  .
2

n
19. (a) t n  ;


1    
(b) tn  arc tan      n  . Here n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
    

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Book Crunch (Solutions) PHYSICS 15

1 2  L  CR 
2
20. (a) W0    2.0 mJ;
2  r  R 2
tR

(b) W  W0 e L  0.10 mJ.

1 1 1 L
21.   2 2
; R
LC 4R C 2 C
Vm 2
22. I = Im cos(t + ), where Im  1   RC  and tan  = RC.
R

V  V12  V22 
1 2
2
23. P2   30 W
R
24. Result to be proved.
25. Results to be proved.
26. See Fig. 3.

p(x)

O x

 
x t
Fig. 3
27. See Fig. 4, for (a) and (b); see Fig. 4 for (c).
p(x)
t=0
(x)
O x

x
p(x)
T
t
(x) 2
O
x

x
Fig. 4(a) and (b)

t
O
x
T
t
4
Fig. 4(c)
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16 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Solutions)

1 2
28. Sx  0 cEm sin 2kx  sin 2t , Sx  0
4
2
1 2  qe2 
29. P   .
 40 3 3c 3  mR 2 

1 3
e B
W
30.  3 3 2  2  10 18
T 0 c m

OPTICS
    
1. e  e  2(e  n ) n


2. (a) f   10 cm;
1  2 
12
(b) f   2.5 cm
 2  1 

nf   n  1 r 2 
 , rmax  f  n  1
3. x 1 1 .
n  1   n  1 f 2 
  n  1
n0 R
4. f   35 cm, where n0 is refractive index of water.
2  n1  n2 


5.   0.6


1  R1  R2  R
6. d n  9.0 cm,   1  5.0
2  n  1 R2

7. Result to be proved.

8.  = 3 × 107 m; | n |  1.6  107 m1 .

  
9. (a) cos    k   , k = 0, ±1, ±2, …;
 2  d
 d 1
(b)   ,  k  , k  0, 1, 2, . . .
2  4
2x h
10.  = 0.6 m
    1

 b  r 
11. (a) x   1.1 mm, 9 maxima;
2r
b
(b) the shift is x      13 mm;
r 
x  r 
(c) the fringe pattern is still sharp when x  , hence max   1   = 43 m.
2  b  4

12. x   0.20 mm
2  n  n 

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Book Crunch (Solutions) PHYSICS 17

N
13. n = n   1.000377

1 1  2k 
14. d  , where k = 0, 1, 2, …
4 n
 cos 1
15. x  .
2 n 2  sin2 1

1

16. (a)   2  3
nx
 x
(b)   0.014
 
2  n  1  2k  1 
17.   2.4 D, where k is the number of the bright ring.
d2

1 1  2k  R
18. r   1.3 mm, where k = 5
2 n2

b
19. b   1.0 m.
2
2
20.    11
2
 k 
Nd 1   
 d 

ATOMIC & NUCLEAR PHYSICS

1. (a) rmin = 0.59 pm;

 2Ze 2   m 
(b) rmin    1    0.034 pm.
 T  m Li 

 Ze 2  2
2. (a) min    cot    0.23 pm;
 T  2
2
     Ze
(b) rmin  1  cosec     0.56 pm;
  2  T


Rn sin  
2 U0
3. b , where n  1 
 T
1  n 2  2n cos  
2

 b
4. (a) cos    ;
 2  R  r 

1
(b) dP  sin  d ;
2
1
(c) P 
2

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18 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Solutions)

 4Jr 2T 2  
5. d  2 4 
sin4   = 1.5 m, where n is the concentration of nuclei.
 nIZ e  2

 3mc 3 
6. t   2 2  ln   15 ns.
 2e  

m 2c 3 r 3
7. t  13 ps
4e 4

n k
8. rn  , En  n , where n = 1, 2, ...,  
m m
ne n e
9. n  ,  , 1  B .
2mc Mn 2mc
10. n = 5

R
11. v 2 = 3.1 × 106 m/s, where m is the mass of the electron.
m
12. (a) 0.285 pm, 2.53 keV, 0.65 nm;
(b) 106 pm, 6.8 eV, 0.243 m
21 2
13.  
12   22 i
2 4mc 2 
14.  , T   20.4 keV (for an electron) and 37.5 MeV (for a proton).
 T   
2mT  1  2 
 2mc 

15. T   2  1 mc 2  0.21 MeV

A  t ln 2 
16. V    exp   = 6 L.
 A   T 
 T   A
17. t    ln  1    9.5 days.
 ln 2   q

1
18. (a) N2  t   N10  e1t  e2t  ;
 2  1

 
ln  1 

(b) t m   2 .
1   2

19. (a) N2 (t) = N10t exp (–t);

1
(b) t m 

4mM
20. (a)    0.89;
 m  M 2
2m 2
(b)   m  M  3 .
 
Here m and M are the masses of a neutron and a deuteron.

‰ ‰ ‰
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