GENERAL EDUCATION NOTES

March 2024 Board Licensure Examination for Teachers

GENERAL EDUCATION NOTES

B. Intellectual Competencies (60)

MATHEMATICS

List of Prime Numbers

Prime
Numbers List of Prime Numbers Total
Between

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29,

1 to 100 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 25
71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97

101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127,

131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157,
101-200 21
163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191,
193, 197, 199

211, 223, 227, 229, 233, 239,

201-300 241, 251, 257, 263, 269, 271, 16
277, 281, 283, 293

307, 311, 313, 317, 331, 337,

301-400 347, 349, 353, 359, 367, 373, 16
379, 383, 389, 397

401, 409, 419, 421, 431, 433,

401-500 439, 443, 449, 457, 461, 463, 17
467, 479, 487, 491, 499

503, 509, 521, 523, 541, 547,

501-600 557, 563, 569, 571, 577, 587, 14
593, 599

601, 607, 613, 617, 619, 631,

601-700 641, 643, 647, 653, 659, 661, 16
673, 677, 683, 691

701, 709, 719, 727, 733, 739,

701-800 743, 751, 757, 761, 769, 773, 14
787, 797

809, 811, 821, 823, 827, 829,

801-900 839, 853, 857, 859, 863, 877, 15
881, 883, 887

907, 911, 919, 929, 937, 941,

901-1000 947, 953, 967, 971, 977, 983, 14
991, 997

Total number of prime numbers between 1 to 100 = 25

Total number of prime numbers between 1 to 200 = 46
Total number of prime numbers between 1 to 1000 = 168

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GENERAL EDUCATION NOTES Permanent Settlers

Agriculture and Domestic animals
B. Intellectual Competencies (60) Neolithic Age
Advanced stone tools – axe
(New Stone Age)
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Farming, home construction and
arts

Concepts in Science and Technology

1. Science 2. Bronze Age
systematic process of obtaining knowledge - Bronze and Copper
Scientia – latin (knowledge) - Smelting – process of extracting metals
2. Technology - Sumerians – blending copper and tin
Application of scientific knowledge o Cuneiform – oldest writing system from
Techne and Logos – Greek Sumerian civilization
o Epic of Gilgamesh
Science as a Method - Sumer and Babylonia (Mesopotamia)
1. Observation that leads to problem/question o Code of Hammurabi
2. Research - Athens (Greece)
3. Formulate Hypothesis 3. Iron Age
4. Experiment - Hittites – steel (iron and carbon)
5. Conclusion - Mass production and major advancements in warfare.
6. Share/Communication - Persian – first to develop steel in the world

Science as a Social Endeavor Antiquity Period (600 BCE – 529 BCE)

1. Inspire and motivate - Rise of Greek Civilization
2. Facilitate specialization - Natural Philosophers – first scientists
3. Stimulate problem 1. Pre-Socratic Method
4. Divide labor Thales of Miletus Earth is floating in water

5. Balance possible biases Apeiron – infinite substance

Anaximander
First Cartographer
Anaximenes Air is the primary element/substance
ST and Nation Building
Nation Building – building the different aspects of the nation Heraclitus Fire (change is the essence of all being)
Role of ST: Research and Development Introduced the first idea of Atom
Leucippus
Importance of ST (indivisible)
1. Wealth Creation Coined atoms (Atomos – solid and
Democritus
2. Improvement of the Quality of Life indestructible particles)
3. Societal Transformation Earth is sphere
Pythagoras Pythagorean School – universe as
4. Economic Growth forms and numbers.
Father of Medicine
History of Science and Technology Hippocrates Hippocratic Oath – separation of
Ancient: Three-Stone Age System medicines from religion.
tools development stage
1. Stone Age 2. Socratic Period (Golden Age)
- Weapons are made of stones (Neanderthals and Socratic Method
Socrates
Dialogue
Demisorous)
Academy
Hunters and gatherers of foods Element – four substances
Nomadic and the one who Abstract Geometry Models (Platonic
Paleolithic
controlled fire. Models)
(Old Stone Age)
Homo Habilis – Handy Man Plato Fire – 4 faces (tetrahedron)
Homo Erectus – Fire Air – 8 faces (octahedron)
Hunters and gardeners Water – 20 faces (icosahedron)
Mesolithic Age (Middle
Agriculture Earth – 6 faces (hexahedron)
Stone Age)
Transition period Aether – 12 faces (dodecahedron)

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Father of Biology Use Experimentation of New

Father of Classical Taxonomy Knowledge
Lyceum Clap Rotation -Three Field (Fallow)
Aristotle Elements undergo changes Water Wheel – source of mechanical
Observation through senses power
Inductive Method – Specific to Roger Bacon
Black Death – 2nd Bubonic Plague
General Pandemic
20 million casualties
Aristarchus Sun-centered universe (Heliocentrism) Yersinia Pesris – pleas carried by black
rats

Earth-centered (Geocentrism)
Claudius Ptolemy Size of the earth and distance from the Renaissance (1453-1659 AD)
moon. - Perform experimentation
Father of Anatomy Francis Bacon Scientific Method
Herophilus
(Study of Body Parts)
Printing Press
Johannes Gutenberg
Bible – most printed book
Father of Physiology
Erasistratus
(Study of Function of Organs) Cathedral, Aging of War
Canal Locks
Euclid Father of Modern Geometry Leonardo Da Vinci Inertia
Parachutes
Archimedes Father of Mathematics Helicopter

Modern Period
Middle Ages (Medieval Period) (416 AD – 1450 AD)
- Scientific Revolution
- Fall of Roman Empire and Beginning of Renaissance
Proposed the Theory on Heliocentrism
Period Nicolas Copernicus
Revolitionionitus cerbuna celestium
- Birth of Ideas
1. Early Dark Ages – 476-1000 First Scientist of Scientific
Revolution
Slow progress of Science in Europe Law of Motion (Force Causes
Islamic Empire – most advanced civilization Galileo Galilei Acceleration)
Preservation and Translation of Pendulum and Thermometer
Ptolemaic Astronomy. Dialogue Concerning Two New Science
Toledan Table (Al Zarkali) predicts – last published work
the movement of the Sun, Moon, and
Arabic Science Invented Telescope
Planets
Galilei – uses telescope to validate
Borax (B4O7Na2)
Copernican System
Ammonium Chloride (sal-ammonia)
Craters of Moon
Science of Anatomy didn’t progress Hanns Licen
Moons of Jupiter
Gun Powder (serendipity) Phases of Venus
Serendipity – accidental discovery Stars of the Milky Way
Chinese Science Paper Sunspots
Mechanical Clock Planetary Motion
Compass – reliable navigation 1. Law of Ellipses – orbit is
elliptical
Science and Mathematics 2. Law of Equal Areas – speed at
Johannes Kepler
Indian Science Zero in Mathematics which it travels
Decimal System Perihelion – near sun (faster)
Aphelion – far from sun (slower)
3. Law of Period of Time
2. High-Middle Dark Age (1000-1450)
- Rebirth of Science in Europe Super Nova
Geo-Heliocentric Universe
- Questioning of Aristotelian Teaching
Tycho Brahe 1572 – positions of 777 stars
Scholasticism – alignment of Science Distance of the Comets through
St. Thomas of Aquinas and Religion Parallax
Reconcile Teaching

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John Ray Species

Start of Formal Science and
Identify classes names Technology
Carolus Linnaeus Father of Modern Taxonomy
Binomial Nomenclature UST – highest institution of learning
Father of Modern Anatomy Formerly known as Colegio de Nuestra
Andreas Vesalius De Humani Corporis Fabrica Senora Del Santisimo Rosario
The Structure of the Human Body Spanish Colonial Period Medicine and Pharmacy – developed
science-based profession
Full Circulation of the blood
William Harvey
Blood pumps by heart
Manila Observatory – Jesuits
Marcello Malpighi Capillaries Fr. Federico Faura - first public
typhoon warning
Blaise Pacal Pascaline (Mechanical Calculator) Agriculture – primary exports
Evangelista Torricelli Barometer
Bureau of Science
Public Education System
Enlightenment Period American Colonial
Granting scholarships in HEI in Science
Period
Three Laws of Motion and Engineering/Science-Based Public
1. Law of Inertia Service
2. Law of Acceleration
Isaac Newton
3. Law of Interaction Institute of Science
Universal Gravitation Japan changed from Bureau of Science
Calculus – Newton and Leibniz
Japanese/Post- Garcia
First map produced through modern Commonwealth RA 2067 – Science Act of 1958
Gian/Giovanni Cassini
principles Period/Third Republic National Science Development Board
Philippine Atomic Commission
James Watt Steam Engines
RA 3589 – amendment of RA2067
Theory of Evolution -Radioactive
Jean-Baptiste De Evolution is Transformation
Lamarck *Acquired characteristics
Prioritize Advancement of Science and
Vestigial Organs - disuse
Technology
Theory of Evolution 1973
Natural Selection – origin of species
Charles Darwin
Survival of the Fittest (adapt to National Science and Technology
Martial Law/New Society
environment) Authority
Science Public High School
Spencer Coined survival of the fittest
Manila Science High School – First
Turing Machine – computer SciHigh
Turing Test PD 78 s. 1972 - PAGASA
Alan Turing Turing Test – machine’s ability to
exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent Fifth Republic
to undistinguished form
Department of Science and Technology
Father of Psychoanalysis STMP 1991 – 2000
Father of Modern Psychology Aquino Newly Industrialized Country
The Child is the Father of the Man RA 6655 – Free Public Secondary
Child – Trauma/Experience Education
Sigmund Freud
Father – Source
Man – Self
STAND PHIL 2000
Psychosexual Development
Science and Technology for
Ego Psychology
Development

History of Science Development in the Philippines Ramos ST Scholarship

RA 2067 -DOST Merit
Informal Science RA 7687 – ST Act of 1994
Stone and Metal Age RA 10612 – JLSS Fast-Tracked
Pre-Colonial Philippines
- Medicinal Plants RA 8293 - IP
- Caracoa – warfare Ship/Trade

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RA 8749 – Clean Air Act Science and Technology

Estrada
RA 9792 – Electronic Commerce Nipkow Electronic Telescope
Swinton and Rosing Mechanical and Electronic TV
National Scientists
Gavino Trono – 25 species of algae/ice- Martin Cooper Mobile Phone (Motorola)
ice disease seaweeds
Angel Alcala – marine biology Charles Babbage Father of Modern Computer
researches
Osborne First Laptop
Ramon Barba - simple method for
inducing early flowering in mango
plants. Robots
Aquino
Edgardo Gomez – national-scale
Programmable with autonomy
assessment of damage to coral reefs
Abelardo Aguilar – erythromycin Autonomous Mobile
Decision in real time
(substitute to penicillin) Robot
Fe Del Mundo – kawayan incubator
Articulated Robot Human Arm
Gregorio Zara – videophone
Automated Guided self-propelled vehicles with movement
Diwata I Satellite - Microsatellites Vehicles guided by software and sensors.

Ambisyon 2040 Humanoids Human-centric functions

Malasakit a robot intended for direct human-robot
Pagbabago Cobots interaction within a shared space, or where
Duterte Kaunlaran humans and robots are in close proximity.

Diwata II Satellite (2018) -microsatellite Hybrid Complex

Maya I-IV – Nanosatellite

Marcos, Jr. Maya V-VI Ethical Dilemmas Concerning Artificial Intelligence

1. Privacy and Surveillance
Science, Technology, and Society 2. Manipulator of Behaviors (nudges)
Flourishing – highest good to achieve his/her goals 3. Opacity of AI System (lack of due process)
Success as a human being – Good 4. Bias in decision system
Eudaemonia – describes flourishing 5. Human-Robot Interaction
1. Western Flourishing – individual good 6. Automation and Employment (Job Polarization)
2. Eastern Flourishing – community good 7. Autonomous Systems
8. Machine Ethics
Good Life 9. Artificial Moral Agents
1. Moral Life (Socrates) 10. Singularity
2. Life of Pleasure (Epicurus)
3. Fulfilled Life (Aristotle) Information Age
4. Meaningful Life 1. 21st Century – Computer Age (rapid shift from
5. Finished Life traditional- industrial)
Comfort, pleasure, and wealth (Leucippus
Ages of Information
Materialism 1. Pre-Mechanical Period (3000 BC-1950 AD)
and Democritus)
2. Mechanical Period (1450-1840)
Asserts virtue is happiness
3. Electro-Mechanical Period (1840-1940)
Stoicism Attained by careful practice of apathy
(Zeno of Citium) 4. Electronic/Information Period (1940-present)

One or More Gods Advantages of Living in the IT Era

Theism Omniscient – all knowing 1. Collaboration
(Mono- or Poly-) Omnipotent – all powerful
2. Communication
Omnipresent – all pervasive
3. Cost-Effectiveness
Humans have rights and responsibilities to
4. Creation of New Jobs
Humanism
save their own lives and others

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Genetic Science
Gene – basic unit of heredity
Gene Therapy – correcting some mutations (medical
purposes)
1. In vivo – inside the patient’s body
2. Ex vivo – outside the body (laboratory)
Diseases
1. CRISPR – sickle-cell anemia
2. CAR-T Cell Therapy – Leukemia
3. Luxturna – retina dystrophy
4. Spinraza – Spiral Muscle Atrophy

Genetic Engineering
1. BT Corn – pest resistance
2. Rainbow Papaya – Virus Resistance
3. Round-up Ready Graybean – Herbicide
4. Golden Rice – Fortification
5. Arctic Apple – Cosmetic Preservation
6. Aqua Advantage Salmon – Increase Growth

Risk
1. Risk in Gene Flow
2. Recombination of Viruses and Bacteria (New
Pathogens)
3. Emergence of Superweeds

Holocene/Anthropocene/6th Mass Extinction

reduction in biodiversity
Threats
1. Global Climate Change
2. Habitual Loss and Destruction
3. Pollution and contamination
4. Alteration in Ecosystem Composition (Alien Invasion)
5. Over exploitation
6. Other potential traits

Nori Taniguchi – coined nanotechnology

Eric Dexter – Wrote Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery,
Manufacturing, and Computation

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GENERAL EDUCATION NOTES ● Sender - crafts message, idea, or information

● Encoding - converting ideas or thoughts into symbols
B. Intellectual Competencies (60)
● Message - the information, idea, thought etc. that
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH speaker wants to convey; heart of communication;
written, verbal or non-verbal
Purposive Communication ● Channel - means of transmission or distribution of
➔ about writing, speaking and presenting message
● Transmitting/ Transmission - how sender conveys
Understanding 21st Century Communication message through channel
Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics ● Interference - hindrance that prevents effective
Language communication — noise, barrier, block etc.
➔ method of human communication (either written or Kinds of Barriers:
spoken) 1. Psychological - thoughts that hamper the message
● Language Acquisition - natural way; children learn 2. Physiological - person’s health and fitness
their native language 3. Linguistic - differences in word usage
● Language Learning - learning a new language; there 4. Cultural - misunderstanding cause by cultural
is a facilitator of learning differences
● Language Contact - when speakers of two or more
5. Physical - environment factors
languages or varieties interacta nd influence each other
6. Mechanical - flaw in machinery, instrument or
● Language Change - languages change as we
channel
constantly interact with each other
7. Semantic - differences in meaning
● Decoding - receiver’s mental processing of interpreting
Communication
into meaning
➔ Latin - “communicare” - “to share” or “to make
● Receiver - for whom the message was created
common”
● Feedback - the receiver’s response or reaction to sender’s
➔ process of understanding and sharing meaning message — paralanguage - sounds; suprasegmental -
➔ creating and interpreting messages to elicit a response intonation, stress; facial expressions; body language
➔ exchange of information, ideas, thoughts and feelings words; or even silence
● Environment - physical and psychological space —
Nature of Communication
location, time, temperature, and event
➔ It is much more than words ● Context - common and shared understanding of the
➔ It is a process situation — topic, culture, relationship; something
➔ It is between two or people abstract
Importance of the Communication Process (Bhasin, 2021) Classification of Communication
➔ It develops coordination 1. According to Mode
➔ Its function in an organization is elemental ➔ Verbal (oral and written)
➔ It contributes to effective ang efficient decision making ➔ Non-Verbal (body language, hand gestures, and facial
➔ It increases managerial efficiency expressions)
➔ It promotes overall organizational peace and ➔ Visual (illustrations, charts, photos, drawings and
cooperation maps)
➔ It boosts morale of all employees and promotes healthy
2. According to Context
working environment
➔ Intrapersonal - within an individual
➔ Interpersonal - among people; dyadic (two people);
Elements of Communication
small group (3 or more)
➔ Extended communication - mediated; technological
tools
➔ Organizational communication - business
environments
➔ Intercultural communication - among people with
diverse culture
➔ Mass communication - to large audiences through
different modes

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3. According to Purpose and Style The 7 Cs of Effective Communication

➔ Formal - carefully thought to selected audience 1. Clarity - clear; easy to understand
➔ Informal - casual and takes place in ordinary 2. Conciseness - stick to the point and brief
conversations 3. Concreteness - provide details (not too much) and vivid
facts
Principles of Interpersonal Communication 4. Correctness - accurate and grammatically correct
Communication is . . . 5. Coherence - smooth flow of message
➔ Inevitable - all actions communicate 6. Completeness - include all the necessary information
7. Courteousness - polite, friendly, professional, open and
➔ Irreversible - cannot take back
honest
➔ Complex - interpret meanings from symbol
➔ Contextual - diverse meanings — psychological; Ethical Considerations in Communication
relational; situational; and cultural 1. Respectful of their audiences
2. Considerate of the consequence of their communication
Structure of Communication 3. Truthful
● Vertical - different positions 4. Efficient in using information
1. Downward - superior to subordinate 5. Watchful of falsified information
2. Upward - subordinate to superior 6. Respectful of the rights of others to information
● Horizontal - among members/same positions
Models of Communication
Forms of Nonverbal Communication
1. Kinesics - body movement 1. Linear Model - one way process with no external feedback
2. Oculesics - eye movement a. Aristotle’s Model (300 B.C.) - communication model
3. Haptics - touch which can be use to develop public speaking skills or
4. Proxemics - distance to create propaganda
5. Chronemics - time

Grapevine Communication (Organizational)

• Single strand chain - passing information through a line
of persons to the ultimate recipient
• Gossip chain - only one person seeks and tells the
information to everyone b. Lasswell’s Model (1948) - “In which channel”; act of
• Probability chain - random process in which someone communication defining who said it, what was said, in
transmits information from person to person what channel it wa said, to whom it was said and with
• Cluster chain - a person tells the information to the what effect it was said
selected people who will pass the information to other
selected people

General Principles of Effective Communication

(Madrunio and Martin, 2018)
1. Purpose
2. Audience c. Shannon and Weaver’s Model (1949) -
3. Topic “Mathematical theory of communication”; human
4. Adjustment communication can be broken down into 6 concepts:
5. Feedback source, encoder, medium, decoder, receiver, and noise

Principles of Effective Communication

(Kapur, 2020)
1. Trustworthiness
2. Effective speaking skills
3. Active listening
4. Good Writing skills
5. Good reading skills
6. Objective judgement
7. Value difference
8. No assumptions
9. Authenticity

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d. Berlo’s SMCR Model (1960) - process of b. Dance’s helical Model (1967) - disagrees about
communication according to sender, message, channel concept about linearity and circularity; introduced
and receiver concept of time and continuous communication
process; endless spiral of increasing complexity

2. Interactional Model - two-way process; mechanical and c. Barnlund’s Model (1970) - multi-layered feedback
delayed feedback; message from sender to receiver and system; anyone can be a sender or receiver anytime;
vice versa shared field of experience
a. Schramm’s Model (1949) - views communication as
a process; added the notion of field of experience
theory (mutual understanding of both parties)

Communication and Globalization

• Globalization - interconnectedness
b. Osgood-Schramm’s Model (1954) - a.k.a circular o Local - communication with the members of one’s
model’ messages; can go in two directions local area
o Global - connect across geographic, political,
economic, social and cultural respect
• Global village - coined by Marshall McLuhan; different
parts of the world form one community linked together;
Cultural Barrier to Effective Communication
➔ misunderstanding caused by cultural differences
1.Cultural relativism - cultural norms and values
2.Lack of knowledge of other’s culture - behaviors and
beliefs; signs and symbols
3. Discrimination harassment - stereotypes and
3. Transactional Model - two-way process; it has direct and prejudices
immediate feedback 4. Language differences - contextual words
a. White’s Model (1949) - there are eight stages in oral Strategies to Become an Effective Global Communicator
communication process: thinking, symbolizing, 1. Mindful presence
expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, 2. Mindful listening
feedbacking, also monitoring; communication is a 3. Mindful speech
sequential process 4. Unconditional friendliness
5. Mindful responsiveness

Local and Global Communication

Communication In Multicultural Settings
➔ society that contains several cultural or ethnic group
Socio-Cultural Aspects of Communication
(Dapat, et al, 2016)
1. Cultural identity
2. Gender role

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3. Age identity English as SECOND LANGUAGE

4. Social class Bangladesh, Ghana, India, Kenya, Malaysia,
Outer Circle
5. Religious identity Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri
Lanka Tanzania, Zambia
Cultural Factors in Multicultural Settings
English as FOREIGN LANGUAGE
(Cotton, 2013) China, Caribbean Countries, Egypt, Indonesia,
Mother tongue and secondary Local culture Expanding Circle Israel, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Saudi Arabia,
languages Experience South Africa, South America, Taiwan,
Friends Religion Zimbabwe
Race Politics
Neighborhood Regional attire
Ethnicity Physical features Evaluating Messages and/or Images of Different Types of
Education Ancestry, Parents and families Text Reflecting Different Cultures
Gender Media Multimodal text in Communication
Profession Teachers
➔ “multi” - many/ various
➔ “mode” - way, channel, form or medium
Intercultural Communication
➔ text - any signs (emoticons, emojis, pictures, lines,
➔ lack of understanding of how certain cultures works
drawings, and etc.)
● Intracultural - same culture, ethnic or race
Text Types
● Interethnic - different ethnicity
● Interracial - different race ● Linguistic Landscape - language used in public signs
● International - different nationality Features of linguistic landscape
1. Top - down — public signs created by the state
Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language and local government bodies (e.g. public
o Written Language - carefully organized; word of choice announcements, signs of street names)
is deliberate 2. Bottom-up — created by private entities (e.g.
o Spoken Language - maintained in dialogues; shop owners and businesses like shop signs,
spontaneous and momentary private announcement or signs)
Characteristics of Written English and Spoken English:
Written English Spoken English ● Geosemiotics - relationships between signs, symbols
and meanings
Flow of language steady pauses (utterances)
Principles of Geosemetics
Organization structured less particular with 1. Indexicality - meaning was given to a sign by a
structure
place
Both formal and 2. Dialogicality - signs have double meaning
Register informal mostly formal
3. Selection - one does not see all signs.
Principles of Geosemetics
Different Registers in Different Forms and Functions 1. Regulatory sign - signs that regulate our
behaviors (e.g. “bawal tumawid”)
Register Definition Example 2. Insfrastructural signs - infrastructure (e.g.
language never “Our father who art in emblems—hand signs like thumbs up, logo of
Frozen or static changes heaven. . . “ schools)
“Please accept our 3. Commercial sign - encourage to promote or
Formal standard english sincerest gratitude . . . “ purchase goods or services (e.g. name of
less formal standard “Appreciate it! Looking business signs)
Consultative english forward to see you.” 4. Transgressive sign - meant to violate social
language among “What’s up, Dawg!
norms (e.g. graffiti, vandalism)
Casual friends chillin’ again?”
● Online landscape - virtual environment created by
Intimate language among “Nay, tsararat ba ako?”
lovers and family digital platforms and technologies (e.g. internet,
digital advertising, digital marketing, online courses)
Concentric Circles of English (Aral Kachru)
Media Literacy
Inner Circle
English as NATIVE LANGUAGE o Media - all electronic or digital means and print or artistic
USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand visuals used to transmit messages

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o Literacy - ability to encode and decode symbols and Blog VS Vlog

synthesize and analyze messages.
Blog Vlog
o Media literacy - application of critical thinking skills to
comprehend and assess messages, signs, and symbols Written Publishing videos
conveyed through mass media Hosted on exclusive websites Hosted on video platforms
o Media Education - study of media; “hands-on
experience” and media production Online event cannot be streamed Online events can be streamed
o Media Literacy Education - educational field dedicated
to teaching skills associated with media literacy Effective Ways of Introducing a Blog
1. Be Short and Direct
Communication Aids and Strategies Using Tools of 2. Quirky/Funny Opening Sentence or Paragraph
Technology 3. Ask a Thought-Provoking Question
4. Ask a Multiple-Choice Question
Preparing Multimedia Presentation 5. Share a Shocking Fact or Statistic
o Multimedia - form of communication that combines 6. Share Something Personal
different context such as text, audio. images, animations 7. Withhold a Compelling Piece of Information
8. Debunk Conventional Wisdom
Characteristics: 9. Lead With a Success Story
1. computer controlled 10. Start With a Reader’s Question
2. Integrated
3. Presented digitally Communication for Various Purposes
4. Interactive

Steps in Making Effective Communication Presentation Informative, Persuasive and Argumentative

1. Determine the purpose Communication
2. Identify the target audience Informative Communication
3. Gather information focuses on talking about people, events, processes, places, or
4. Use variety of resources things.
5. Cite sources Characteristics:
6. Organize information
1. Clear
7. Add and format graphics, audio and video
2. Accurate
8. Be creative
9. Revise as needed 3. Meaningful and interesting

Preparing Pecha Kucha Presentation Persuasive Communication

influencing the listeners
Pecha Kucha Characteristics:
(Mark Dytham and Astrid Klein) 1. Attention
➔ 20 x 20 presentation (20 slides in 20 seconds = 6 minutes 2. Authority to speak
and 40 seconds) 3. Logical presentation
➔ “chit-chat” in Japanese 4. Smart pacing
5. Stirring conclusions
Steps in Making Pecha Kucha Modes of Persuasion - Aristotle’s Rhetoric
1. Sentence topic Aristotle - “father of modern communication”
2. Minimum slide text 1. Ethos - credibility, character, popularity in convincing
3. Build a story 2. Pathos - invoke emotional side in convincing
4. Tell a story with images
3. Logos - logic, reason and facts in convincing
5. Use few points
6. Timing
7. Visual clues Argumentative Communication
advocating positions
Blogging Characteristics:
Blog 1. Claims - statement you wish to prove
➔ “weblog” 2. Reasons - why?
➔ personal journal websites 3. Support - evidences
4. Warrant - connection between support and claim
➔ add images, videos and links
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Public Speaking Communication for Work Purposes

speaking in structured manner to inform, influence, or entertain
audience Communication for Nurses: Writing Basic Patient Notes
Speech Classification of Patient Notes
spoken expressions 1. Initial notes - first earliest assessment
2. Interim or progress notes - assessment report to
Types of Speech:
monitor patient’s condition
1. Manuscript reading - word-for-word iteration of the
3. Discharge notes - reports given once medication is
written message
discontinued or released from hospital
2. Memorized - reciting a message committed in
Organization of Patient's Notes
memory
1. Subjective (assessment given by family member of
3. Extemporaneous - carefully planned and rehearsed
patients)
speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief
2. Objective (assessment reflected in laboratory)
notes (preparation is less than 30 minutes)
3. Assessment (diagnosis)
4. Impromptu - “on the spot”; “off the cut”; speech that
4. Plan (treatment or procedure)
has no advance planning or practice
Communication for Journalist: Writing a Lead
Making Inquiry
Lead - beginning of a news story
Inquiry Letter
Kinds of Lead
➔ mainly about requesting, asking, or obtaining specific
1. Conventional/ summary lead - W’s and H questions
information to another party whom it addresses.
(who, what, when, where, why and how)
Content Organization of Letter Inquiry
2. Question Lead
1. First paragraph - identify yourself, position and
3. Quotation Lead
institution
4. Funny Lead
2. Second paragraph - “why and how” about inquiry
5. Descriptive Lead
letter
6. Anecdotal Lead
3. Third paragraph - itemize information; list the
Writing a Lead
specific information needed
1. The five W’s and H questions
4. Conclusion - offering incentive for responding
2. Keep it short
Electronic Mail
3. Keep it simple
➔ computer based application for exchange of message 4. Write in an active voice
Types of Email 5. Structure your lead properly
1. Welcome - sent to possible buyers after first 6. Be honest
subscription
2. Promotions - good deals to buyers Communication for Tourism: Tour Guiding
3. Lead Nurturing - educating potential buyer o Tourism - activities of people traveling to and staying in
4. Newsletter - routinely dent to all mailing subscribers places outside their usual environment
5. Onboarding - to strengthen customer loyalty o Tour Guiding - Interpreting attraction
Email Notations Communicative Goals for Tour Guiding
● Encl - enclosure — attached files 1. Inform, remind, advise
● CC - carbon copy — copy to other recipient 2. Promote and persuade
● BCC - blind carbon copy — copy sent to an additional 3. Build rapport and relationship
recipient, without the primary recipient being made 4. Clarify
aware (secret) 5. Gather feedback for improvement
● PS - postscript (post scriptum) — additional Communication Task for Tour Guides
information 1. Receiving telephone calls
Interview 2. Preparing itinerary
➔ structured conversation — one question, the other answer 3. Giving tour commentary
Parts of Interview Communication Techniques in Dealing with Complaints
1. Intro 1. Acknowledge the tourist’s right to complaint
2. Small talk 2. Express your empathy
3. Intro gathering 3. Act on their complaints ASAP
4. Q & A 4. Offer and alternative plan/ solution for problems
5. Wrapping up 5. Follow through on the solutions

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Communication for Teachers: Storytelling 3. Combination resume - chronological resume +

Why storytell? functional resume
➔ provide context for student’s attention 4. Mini resume - calling cards
➔ enormous language treasure 5. Non-traditional resume - video
➔ provide lively atmosphere and real-life environment for Basic Parts of Business Letter
encouragement ● Letterhead
Image Description ● Dateline
● Inside address
➔ a detailed explanation ofa an image that provides
● Salutation
textual access to visual content
● Body of the letter
➔ digital graphics online and digital files
● Complimentary close
➔ can be used as an alternative text in coding ● Signature
➔ increases student’s imagination Format of Business Letter
➔ all parts on the left margin
Communication for Business and Trade Full-block style ➔ most popular, most formal and easiest style
SWOT Analysis or SWOT Matrix or format
o compilation an organization’s strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats ➔ same as the full block form, except the
Modified-block dateline, sender's address, signature and
Writing Business and Technical Reports style complimentary close is right-aligned
Report - comprehensive document that covers all aspect of ➔ the body of the letter is left justified
subject ➔ slightly less formal than the full block format
Characteristics of Report
1. Present information/ objective ➔ much like the modified block style, except
Semi-block the paragraphs have indentations
2. Scanned quickly style ➔ also appropriate for formal letters and most
3. Numbered headings and subheadings balanced of all formats of business letters.
4. Concise paragraphs
5. Illustrations
6. Executive summary
7. References/ bibliography (optional)
8. Recommendation
Categories
1. Formal - detailed, complex, written account of maor
project, structured
E.g. informational report, analytical report,
recommendation report, case study analysis report etc,
2. Informal - casual
E.g. progress report, sales activity report, personal Communication for Employment: The Application Letter
evaluation, financial report, feasibility report, etc. Application Letter VS Cover Letter
o Application Letter - in depth; deeper insight of
Communication for Employment: The Resume applicant’s experience
Resume - formal document Two Types of Application Letter:
Resume Vs Curriculum Vitae 1. Solicited application letter - the job is advertised,
posted and available
Resume Curriculum Vitae 2. Unsolicited application letter - job/ position is not
announced
➔ Concise (1 to 2 pages) ➔ Comprehensive (2 or more
➔ Tailored to fit a specific pages) Cover Letter
job ➔ Not made for specific jobs/ part of application along with resume, portfolio and letters of
detailed view of profile recommendation

Resume Types Communication within a Company: The Memorandum

1. Chronological resume - latest experience followed by o Memorandum - a short concise message used for
other experience internal communication in a business, administration, or
2. Functional resume - achievements institution

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o Minutes of the meeting - notes taken of discussions or 2. “Close-ended”/Structured Form Questionnaire -

meetings; motions raised the respondents merely check, underlines or ranks
the responses as directed
Communication for Academic Purposes o Interview - second most common method; face-to-face
relationship between two persons (interviewer and
Avoiding Plagiarism
interviewee)
o Plagiarism - presenting someone else’s work or ideas as
o Observation - most direct means of studying subjects;
your own, with or without consent
perceiving data through senses
Ways to Avoid Plagiarism
o Records - provide a readily available source of data
1. Quoting
2. Paraphrasing Three major criteria necessary to establish authenticity and
3. Summarizing accuracy of records:
● Authorship - the identity of the person who conceived
Writing a Research Proposal: The Topic Proposal the material
Research ● Body - the outward form of the material
o a scientific method for the acquisition of new ● Function - purpose for which it was compiled
knowledge or for the verification or confirmation of
previous and existing knowledge Writing Literary Analysis
Categories of Research Literary Analysis - closely studying text
1. Qualitative
Literature - body of written works
2. Quantitative
1. Prose - no meter, no rhyme
Types of Research
● Fiction - created from a writer's imagination
1. Pure Research - finding the truth
● Non-fiction - factual/ real stories based on real
2. Applied Research - action research
people, information, or events
3. Policy Research - solution to social problems
2. Poetry - has meter, rhyme and figure of speech
Research Approach
● Narrative - story telling
➔ depends on the research problem ● lyric - sung or recited with a musical instrument
➔ Quantitative/ Qualitative ● dramatic - a story told in action
Research Design Elements of Fiction:
➔ strategies of inquiry 1. Theme - central idea/ universal truth
➔ experimental, case study, concurrent, etc. 2. Settings - place/ world the story takes place in
Research Techniques 3. Characters - players within a story
➔ rating behaviors, field observations, etc. 4. Conflict - the main struggle that the protagonist
experiences
Writing a Research Proposal: The Introduction 5. Plot - events that happen within the story
o Introduction - generalized discussion which should lead 6. Linear - character and dialogue are going in one
to actually stating and clearly articulating the research direction
problem. ● Chronological Plot - from the beginning to the
end
Writing a Research Proposal: The Method ● Flashback Plot - story is told in Flashback by
o Questionnaire - obtain information about conditions or the narrator
practices on which the respondent is presumed to have ● Circular Plot - begins and ends in the same or
knowledge similar place
The Questionnaire Format could be: ● In medias res (in the middle of things) - story
starts in the middle of the action without
Dichotomous (yes/no) Forced choice ratings
Multiple choice Checklists exposition
Cafeteria Calendar ● Deus ex machina plot - unsolvable conflict or
Rank order Visual analogue
impossible problem is solved by the sudden
appearance of an unexpected person, object, or
Two Types of Questionnaire Items event
1. “Open-ended”/Unstructured Questionnaire - ● Non-linear plots - characters and dialogue go
frequently asked are why, what and how in more than one direction; mimic the structure

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and recall of human memory, to show memory o Language Register - language when speaking in various
lapses social institution
7. Point of view - perspective from which a story is told (first, o Juncture - pauses in between speech
second, third/ omniscient) o Punchline - final/decisive statement in a joke, typically a
Literary Approaches humorous one
1. Formalistic 5. Historical - biographical o Succinctness - feature of resume that is brief but direct
2. Moral/ humanistic 6. Feministic
3. Cultural 7. Reader response
details relevant to the job application
4. Marxist 8. Psychological o Evergreen (journalism) - can be published anytime
o Convergence (journalism) -sharing of facilities,
Writing Literary Analysis resource, personnel or content
o Introduction - must capture the reader’s interest o Editorial does not use lead
o Body - develop topic statement o Newsletter - bulletin issued periodically to teh members
o Conclusion- re-emphasize the topic of society, business, and/or organization
o References - list entries cited in the text
Parts of a Newsletter
Writing Political Analysis Paper
Political Analysis Paper - answering questions on certain
political events
Requirements for a Decent Political Analysis Paper
1. Topic and research question.
2. Preliminary research
3. Substantial research
4. Thesis
5. Impartiality
6. Quotations and references

Academic Presentation
speaking to a group of people
The Three Ps of an Academic Presentation
1. Planning - fundamental in all activities 1. Name of the newspaper/ Masthead
● Set objectives 2. Section - titles or labels that indicate the different sections
● Evaluate the audiences of the newspaper, such as news, sports, entertainment, or
● Evaluate content opinion.
2. Prepare - time to prepare the content and visuals of 3. Headline - sums up the story or article. It’s usually printed
presentation and self as presenter in large font at the top of the page to grab the reader's
● Content attention.
● Visual 4. Drophead - secondary headline that provides additional
● Self information about the story.
3. Present - present the presentation 5. Byline - the author of the article. It appears at the beginning
● Check the equipment of the article.
● Establish eye contact 6. Dateline - two elements: the name of the place from where
● respond to queries a story originated and the date on which it was written.
Additional Information: 7. Lead - the first sentence or paragraph of the article, which
Types of Reading provides a summary of the main points and captures the
1. Skimming - used to understand the "gist" or main idea reader's interest.
2. Scanning - used to find a particular piece of information 8. Body - main content of the article, which provides the
3. Extensive reading - used for pleasure and general details and information on the topic being covered. It’s
understanding divided into small paragraphs.
4. Intensive reading - accurate reading for detailed 9. Photo - used to make a text easier to understand or more
understanding interesting.
o Speech Community - group of people with same
10. Caption/ cutline - short descriptions or explanations that
language, speech characteristics and ways of interpreting
accompany photographs or images.
communication
o SMS Language - Textese Language
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GENERAL EDUCATION NOTES Impormal

B. Intellectual Competencies (60)
ginagamit sa pang araw-araw
● Lalawiganin - salita sa pook o lalawigan
MALAYUNING KOMUNIKASYON SA FILIPINO ● Kolokyal - pang araw-araw; pagpapaikli ng mg salita;
taglish/ enggalog (e.g. meron, nasan, ayoko)
Katangian ng Wika ● Balbal - salitang kalye; mababang antas ng wika; slang
● Masistemang balangkas (e.g. lodi, erpats, ekis, lispu, jowa)
● Sinasalitang tunog
● Pinili/ isinaayos sa paraang arbitraryo (napagkasunduan) Barayti ng Wika
● Natatangi ● Sosyolek - ginagamit ng partikular na pangkat or grupo
● Komunikasyon ng tao sa lipunan
● Ginagamit ● Dayalek - batay sa lugar o lalawigan
● Kultura ● Idyolek - ginagamit ng partikular an indibidwal
● Talastasan ● Ekolek - sinasalita sa loob ng bahay
● Dinamiko (buhay at nagabbago) ● Etnolek - etnolinggwistikong grupo
● Pantao ● Pidgin - wikang ginagamit ng taong magkakaiba ng
Tungkulin ng Wika (Halliday, 1973) wika; nobody’s native language
● Interaksyunal - uganayan at relasyong sosyal ● Creole - wikang nadedelop sa pidgin patungo sa wikang
● Instrumental - tumutugon sa pangangailangan/ nag- ginagamit ng ilang lugar (e.g. chavacano)
uutos/ pakikiusap ● Jargon - natatangi lamang sa isang larangan
● Regulatori - kumokontrol at gumagabay sa kilos ng iba/ ● Register - ginagamit sa isang tiyak na konteksto
instructions o palatuntunin 1. Tenor - tono ng kausap
● Personal - sariling damdamin o opinyon 2. Field - paksa ng pinag-uusapan
● Heuristiko - makapaghanap ng impormasyon 3. Mode - paraan kung paano nag-uusap
● Impormatibo - makapagbigay ng impormasyon
● Imahinatibo - malikhaing pagpapahayag Kasaysayan ng Wikang Pambansa
Paraan ng paggamit ng Wika (Jacobson, et al) Biak na bato (1897)
● Pagpapahayag ng damdamin (Emotive) ● Pangulo ng Pilipinas: Emilio Aguinaldo
● Paghihikayat (Conative) ● Tagalog → wikang opisyal ng Pilipinas
● Pagsisimula ng pakikipag-uganayan (Phatic)
● Paggamit bilang sanggunian (Referential) Batas blg. 74 Komisyon ni Schurman (1901)
● Paggamit ng kuro-kuro (Metalingual) ● Ingles → wikang panturo
● Patalinghaga (Phoetic)
Kaantasan ng Wika Monroe Educational Commission (1925)
● Mabagal matuto ang mga Pilipino sa wikang Ingles

Panukalang Batas 577 (1932)

● Wikang katutubo → wikang panturo sa primaryang
paaralan

Artikulo 14, Seksyon 3 (1935)

● Unang hakbang tungo sa pagkakaroon ng wikang
Pambansa

Batas Komonwelt 184 (1936)

Pormal
● Lumikha ng lupon na pipili ng katutubong wika
istandard na wika
bilang wikang pambansa
● Pambansa - makikita sa diksyunaryo at ginagamit sa
● Lupon: Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (SWP)
paaralan
● Pangulo ng Pilipinas: Manuel Quezon
● Pampanitikan/ panretorika - ginagamit sa akdang
● Pangulo ng SWP: Jaime C. De Veyra
pampanitikan
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Kautusang tagapagpaganap blg 134 (1937) ❖ Fil2: Pagbasa at pagsulat sa iab’t ibang disiplina
● Tagalog → batayan ng wikang pambansa ❖ Fil3: Retorika
● Nilagdaan ni Manuel Quezon
2001
Kautusan blg 263 (1940) ● Ortograpiyang Filipino
● Nilimbag ni Lope K. Santos (Ama ng Balarilang
Tagalog) ang English-Tagalog Dictionary at CHED memo blg 20 (2013)
Gramatika ng Wikang Pambansa ● Tanggalin ang Filipino at Panitikan
● “Abakadang Tagalog”
● Ituro ang wikang Tagalog sa publiko at pribadong CHED memo 4 (2018)
paaralan ● 6 - 9 na units ng Filipino subject sa GEC
Batas Komonwelt 570 (1946)
● “Wikang Pambansang Pilipino” Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Pilipino
Panahon ng mga Katutubo
Kautusan blg 7 (1959) Baybayin
● Pilipino → wikang pambansa ● 17 na letra
● Nilagdaan ni Jose P. Romero ● patinig/ vowel → 3
● katinig/ consonant → 14
Kautusang Pangkagawaran blg 96 (1967) ● papantig
● Pangalanan sa Pilipino ang mga gusali at tanggapan Panahon ng mga Kastila
Alpabetong Romano/ Abecedario
Pinagyamang Alpabeto (1971 - 1976) ● 30 na letra
● 1971 → sinimulang suriin at irebisa ang Abakadang ● patinig/ vowel → 5
Tagalog ni Lope K. Santos ● katinig/ consonant → 25
● 1976 → “Pinagyamang Alpabeto” ● pa-kastila
❖ 31 letra ( 30 sa Abecedario + 1 sa Abakada /ng/) 1940
● Pangulo ng Pilipinas: Ferdinand Marcos Abakadang Tagalog
● 20 na letra
Artikulo 15, Seksyon 3 (1973) ● patinig/ vowel → 5
● Ingles at Filipino → wikang opisyal ● katinig/ consonant → 15
● Pormal na adapsyon ng “Filipino” ● papantig
1976
Kautusang pangkagawaran blg 25 (1974) Pinagyamang Alpabeto/ Modernisadong Alpabeto
● Bilinggwal na Edukasyon → ituro ng magkahiwalay ● 31 na letra
ang Ingles at Filipino ● patinig/ vowel → 5
● katinig/ consonant → 26
MEC order no. 22 (1978) 1987
● 6 units ng Filipino sa curriculum Alpabetong Filipino
● 28 na letra
Kautusang pangkagawaran blg 81, artikulo 14 seksyon ● patinig/ vowel → 5
6-9 (1987) ● katinig/ consonant → 23
● Filipino → wikang pambansa ● pa-ingles maliban sa enye na binibigkas ng pa-kastila
● Pangulo ng Pilipinas: Corazon Aquino ● 8 dagdag na letra → C, F, J, Ñ, Q, V, X, Z

Kautusang kagawaran blg 21 (1990) Kasaysayan ng Lupon ng Wikang Filipino

● Gamitin ang Filipino sa panunumpa ng katapatan Batas Komonwelt 184 (1936)
Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (SWP)
CHED memo 59 (1996) ● Pangulo ng Pilipinas: Manuel Quezon
● 9 na units ng Filipino sa curriculum ● Pangulo ng SWP: Jaime C. De Veyra
❖ Fil1: Sining at pakikipagtalastasan

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Kautusang Tagapagpaganap 117 (1987) Mga Teoryang Pinagmulan ng Wika

Linangan ng mga wika sa Pilipinas (LWP) ● Teorya ni Babel (Genesis 11: 1-9)
● Pangulo ng Pilipinas: Corazon Aquino kaparusahan sa pagkaganid ng tao
Batas Republika blg 7104 (1991) ● Bow-wow
Komisyong ng wikang Filipino (KWF) tunog na naririnig mula sa hayop at kalikasan
● Pangulo ng Pilipinas: Corazon Aquino ● Ding dong
● Dating Komisyoner ng KWF: Virgilio Almario tunog ng mga bagay na walang buhay (orasan, kalansing
● Kasalukuyang Komisyoner ng KWF: Arthur P. ng barya, doorbell)
Cassanova ● Pooh pooh
Pagbabago sa Selebrasyon ng Buwan ng Wika masidhing damdamin
Proklamasyon 35 (1946) - Linggo ng Wika ● Tarara- boom-de-ay
● Marso 27 - Abril 2 → bilang pagkilala sa kaarawan ni sayaw o ritwal (tribo)
Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar (Ama ng Balagtasan) ● Yoheho
● Pangulo ng Pilipinas: Sergio Osmeña pwersang pisikal
Proklamasyon 12 (1954) - Linggo ng Wika ● Lala
● Marso 29 - Abril 4 tunog ng pag-ibig (romansa)
● Pangulo ng Pilipinas: Ramon Magsaysay ● Tata
Proklamasyon 186 (1955) - Linggo ng Wika kumpas ng kamay
● Agosto 13 - 19 → bilang pagkilala sa kaarawan ng ni ● Yumyum
Manuel Quezon (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa) kumpas ng katawan maliban sa kamay
● Pangulo ng Pilipinas: Ramon Magsaysay ● Singsong
Proklamasyon 1041 (1997) - Buwan ng Wika tunog ng kaligayahan/ Mahaba at Musikal
● Agosto → selebrasyon ng buwan ng wika ● Eureka
● Pangulo ng Pilipinas: Fidel V. Ramos sariling imbensyon ng tao
● Bubble Lucky
Pambansang Wika vs. Wikang Opisyal Walang kahulugang bulalas ng tao na sinuwerteng
Pambansang Wika - Artikulo 14 Seksyon 6 maging salita
➔ wika na ginagamit ng pasalita o pasulat ng isang bansa ● Coo coo
➔ Filipino bulalas ng sanggol
Wikang Opisyal - Artikulo 14, Seksyon 7 (1987) ● Mama
pinakamadaling pantig
➔ Itinadhana ng batas
● Hocus Focus
➔ Filipino at, hangga't walang ibang itinatadhana ang
Mahikal at relihiyoso
batas, Ingles
● Hey You
➔ “Wikang opisyal at panturo ay filipino” Pagpapakilala

Sitwasyong Pangwika Linggwistika

Lingua Franca maagham na paggamit ng salita
→ komon na wika Ponolohiya/ Palatunugan
→ pantulong sa komunikasyon • tunog ng wika
Ayon sa KWF
• pag-aaral ng tunog
→ 130 wika (kasama ang FSL)
• ponema - pinakamaliit na yunit ng tunog ng wika
→ 40 nanganganib
Ponemang Filipino (21)
• patinig/ vowel (5) - a, e, i, o, u
Konseptong Pangwika
• katinig/ consonant (16) - b, k, d, g, h, l, m, n, ng, p, r,
• Monolinggwal - isang wika
s, t, w, y
• Bilinggwal - dalawang wika
• Multilinggwal - iba’t ibang wika
Ponemang Segmental
• Mother Tongue - inang wika/ sinusong wika Klaster
• Wikang Panturo - midyum o daluyan ng pagtuturo • kambal katinig sa isang pantig (syllables)

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• halimbawa: plato, pluma, nars, drama, kontrabida halimbawa: /l/

Diptonggo ● Pakatal – ang hangin ay ilang ulit na hinaharang at
• patinig at malapatinig ( y at w) sa isang pantig ng salita pinababayaang lumabas sa pamamagitan ng ilang beses
• halimbawa: ilaw, bahay, kalansay, ihaw na pagpalag ng dulo ng nakaarkong dila
Pares minimal halimbawa: /r/
● Malapatinig – dito’y nagkakaroon ng galaw mula sa
• salita na magkaiba ng kahulugan ngunit magkatulad na
isang pusisyon ng labi o dila patungo sa ibang pusisyon
magkatulad sa bigkas maliban sa isang ponema
halimbawa: /w,y/
• halimbawa: oso → uso (inisyal - unahan)
tila → tela (midyal - gitna) Ponemang Suprasegmental
titik → titig (pinal - hulihan)
• Tono - taas o baba ng boses
• Diin - lakas ng pagbigkas
Mga Salik upang Makalikha ng Tunog
• Haba/Antala - paghinto/ pauses
• Enerhiya - hangin
• Artikulador - vibrations/ babagtingang-tinig Morpolohiya/ Palabuoan
• Resonador - ilong/ bibig/ pag-momodipika pagbabalangkas ng mga istruktura ng salita
• Morpema - pinakamaliit na yunit ng salita na may
Punto ng Artikulasyon kahulugan
kung saang bahagi ng ating bibig nalabas ang hangin sa
pagbigkas
Anyo ng Morpema
Panlabi
ang ibabang labi ay dumidikit sa labing itaas Salitang-Ugat
halimbawa: /p,b,m/ pinaka-payak na salita
Pangngipin hal: ganda, tao, alis
ang dulong dila ay dumidikit sa loob ng mga ngipin sa itaas
halimbawa: /t,d,n/ Panlapi
Pangilagid dinudugtong s amga salitang ugat
ang ibabaw ng dulong dila ay lumalapit o dumidikit sa
● Unlapi - panlapi na kinakabit sa unahan ang salitang-
punong gilagid
ugat
halimbawa: /l,r l/
Veral(Pangangalangala) Halimbawa: um + asa = umasa
ang ibabaw ng punong dila ay dumidikit sa velum o mag + aral = mag-aral
malambot na bahagi ng ngalangala ma + ligo = maligo
halimbawa: /k,g/ ● Gitlapi - matatagpuan sa gitna ng salitang - ugat
Glottal Halimbawa: -um- + basa = bumasa
paimpit o pasutsot na tunog -in- + sulat = sinulat
halimbawa: /h/ -um- + punta = pumunta
● Hulapi - matatagpuan sa hulihan ng salitang-ugat
Paraan ng Artikulasyon Halimbawa: -hin + basa = basahin
paano gumagana ang sangkap sa pagsasalita -an + gupit = gupitan
● Pasara – ang daanan ng hangin ay harang na harang -in + sulat = sulatin
halimbawa: /p,t,k,b,d,g/ ● Kabilaan - nasa hulihan at harapan ng salitang-ugat
● Pailong – ang hangin na nahaharang dahil sa pagtikom Halimbawa: Ka- -an + laya = kalayaan
ng mga labi Tala- -an + araw = talaarawan
halimbawa: /m,n/ -in- -an + bawas = binawasan
● Pasutsot – ang hanging lumalabas ay nagdaraan sa
makipot na pagitan ng dila at ng ngalangala o kaya’y ● Laguhan - kapag ang panlapi ay nasa unahan, gitna, at
mga babagtingang pantinig hulihan ng salitang ugat
halimbawa: /s,h/ Halimbawa: Pag- -um- -an + sikap = pagsumikapan
● Pagilid – ang hangin ay lumalabas sa mga gilid ng dila Mag- -in- -an + dugo = magdiniguan
sapagkat ang dulong dila ay nakadiit sa punong gilagid Mag- -in- -an + bagoong = magbinagoongan
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Metatasis
Morpemang ponema nagkakapalit ang posisyon ng /l/ o /y/ ng salitang-ugat
Ponemang /a/ at /o/ na nagpapakita ng pagkakaiba sa kapag ginigitlapian ng -in ang mga ito
kasarian • halimbawa: l + -in- + aro = linaro = nilaro; l + -in- +
Halimbawa: abogado / abogada, manito / manita igaw = linigaw = niligaw; y + in + akap = yinakap =
niyakap
Pag-uulit
pag uulit ng salita Paglilipat diin
Ganap - pag-uulit ng mismong buong salita kapag nilalapian ang salita nagbabago ang diin nito
Halimbawa: araw-araw, sino-sino, gabi-gabi • halimbawa: BAsa + -hin = basaHIN; uWI + -an =
Di-ganap/ parsyal - pag-uulit ng bahagi lamang ng salita uwiAN; BOto + -han = botoHAN
Halimbawa: minu-minuto, segu-segundo
Reduksiyon
Tambalang salita (compound word) - pagsasama ng salita pagpapaikli ng bigkas ng salita
• Tambalang ganap - dalawang salita na magkaiba ang • halimbawa: hintay ka = teka; ayaw ko = yoko
kahulugan ngunit nakakabuo ng panibagong kahulugan
kapag pinagsama Reduplikasyon
Halimbawa: bahag + hari = bahaghari pag-uulit na maaring magpahiwatig ng kilos na ginagawa
o gagawin pa lamang
• Tambalang di-ganap/ mala-tambalan - nananatili ang
• halimbawa: mataas = matataas; punta = pupunta
kahulugan ng mga salitang pinagsama
Halimbawa: bahay-kubo Sintaksis/ Palaugnayan
tamang pagkakaayos ng mga salita upang makabuo ng
Pagbabagong Morpoponemiko makabuluhang pangungusap
Asimilasyon
pagbabago dahil sa simpluwensya ng katabing tunog Pangungusap
● ang mga salitang nagsisimula sa d, l, r, s, t ay lipon ng mga salita na may buong diwa
inuunlapian ng sin- o pan Bahagi ng pangungusap
halimbawa: sing + tindi = sintindi ● Simuno (Subject)
pang + laban = panlaban ● Panaguri (Predicate)
● ang mga salitang nagsisimula sa b, p ay inuunlapian
ng sim- o pam- Ayos ng Pangungusap
halimbawa: pang + pilosopiya = pampilosopiya 1. Karaniwang ayos - panaguri (predicate) ang nauuna sa
pang + bansa = pambansa simuno (subject)
● matapos maging /m/ at /n/ ng panlapi, ang kasunod na halimbawa: Magaling sumayaw ang mga mag-aaral
tunog ay nawawala at nanatili na lamang ay /m/ at /n/ 2. Di-karaniwang ayos - ang simuno (subject) ay nauuna sa
halimbawa: pang + baril = pambaril = pamaril panaguri (predicate)
pang + takot = pantakot = panakot halimbawa: Ang mga mag-aaral ay magaling sumayaw

Pagpapalit ponema Uri ng Pangungusap Ayon sa Gamit

pagbabago ng tunog o ponema ng isang salita 1. Paturol/ Pasalaysay - nagsasalaysay ng isang
● mga titik na nagpapalitan: I↔E; O↔U; H↔N; D↔R katotohanan; tuldok o pangyayari (.)
halimbawa: madamot = maramot; bakudan = halimbawa: Ang Pilipinas ay isang archipelago
bakuran; tawanan = tawahan 2. Patanong - pagtatanong; tandang pananong (?)
halimbawa: Mahal ka ba niya?
Pagkakaltas ng ponema 3. Pautos - utos o gawin ang isang bagay; tuldok (.)
mayroong pagtatanggal o pagkakaltas ng ponema halimbawa: Mag-aral ka na.
• halimbawa: takip + an = takpan; sara + han = 4. Padamdam - masidhi damdamin; tandang padamdam (!)
sarhan; sunod + in = sundin halimbawa: Sunog!

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Uri ng Pangungusap Ayon sa Kayarian halimbawa: pulutong, pamilya, organisasyon

1. Payak (simple sentence) - may simuno at panaguri Kasarian ng Pangngalan
halimbawa: Maraming biyayang ibibigay ang a. Panlalaki - tiyak na ngalan ng lalaki
Panginoon sa mga tao halimbawa: Sir, Ginoo, Carl
2. Tambalan (compund sentence) - dalawang sugnay na b. Pambabae - tiyak na ngalan ng babae
makapag-iisa; pangatnig na magkatimbang (at, saka, pati, halimbawa: Ma’am, Ginang, Paula
o, ni, maging, ngunit) c. ‘Di Tiyak - maaaring lalaki o babae
halimbawa: Ang biyaya ay kusang loob na ibinibigay at halimbawa: titser, artista, kalabaw
ito ay kaloob na walang bayad d. Walang kasarian - ngalan ng walang buhay
3. Hugnayan (complex sentence) - sugnay na makapag-iisa halimbawa: kompyuter, lapis, papel
at isang sugnay na di makapag-iisa (kung, nang, bago,
upang, kapag, dahil sa, sapagkat) Panghalip (Pronoun)
halimbawa: Mabuti ang mag-asawa sapagkat tumutulong panghalili sa pangngalan
sa mga kapitbahay na nangangailangan. Uri ng Panghalip
4. Langkapan (compound-complex sentence) - binubuo a. Panao (personal pronoun)
isa o mahigit na sugnay na makapg iisa o sugnay na ako, kami, ko, kayo, kita, mo
makapag-iisa b. Pamatlig (demonstrative pronoun)
halimbawa: Mabuti ang mag-asa at sila ay busilak na ito, ganito, iyan, diyan, ayun, iyon, duon
puso dahil sinusunod nila ang panginoon. c. Pananong (interrogative pronoun)
sino, alin, kanino, ano
Semantika/ Pagpapakahulugan d. Panaklaw (indefinite pronoun)
pagbibigay ng kahulugan lahat, madla, alinman, sinoman
e. Pamanggit (relative pronoun)
Paraan ng pagbibigay ng kahulugan
na, —ng
• Denostasyon - literal na kahulugan
• Konotasyon - read between the lines (suggested
Pandiwa (Verb)
meaning) motibo ng gumagamit
salitang kilos o ginagawa ng paksa
Bahagi ng Pananalita Aspekto ng Pandiwa (time)
• Perpektibo (past tense) - tapos na
Pangngalan (Noun)
• Imperpektibo (present tense) - kasalukuyan
ngalan ng tao, pook, hayop, ideya, bagay, pangyayari
Dalawang uri ng Pangngalan • Kontemplatibo (future tense) - gagawin pa lamang
a. Pangngalang Pantangi (Proper Noun) • Perpektibong Katatapos (present perfect tense) -
tiyak na ngalan ng tao, bagay, hayop, pook, mayroong ka + unang pantig + salitang ugat
pangyayari, at iba pa. • Pawatas - nag-uutos
halimbawa: CBRC
b. Pangngalang Pambalana (Common Noun) Pang-uri (Adjective)
pangkalahatang ngalan ng tao, pook, hayop, bagay, nagbibigay turing sa mga pangngalan (noun) o panghalip
pangyayari, at iba pa (pronoun)
halimbawa: review center Kaantasan ng pang-uri
Uri ng pangngalang pambalana • Lantay (declarative)
● Tahas (Concrete Nouns) walang pinaghahambing
nakikita, nahahawakan
halimbawa: aklat, bahay, pagkain • Pahambing (comparative)
naghahambing ng dalawa o higit pang pangngalan o
● Basal (Abstract Nouns) panghalip
ideya, kaisipan o konsepto
halimbawa: kalayaan, pag-ibig • Pasukdol (superlative)
● Lansakan (Collective Nouns) nagsasaad ng katangiang namumukod o
kaisahan ng dami o bilang nangingibabaw sa lahat ng pinaghahambingan

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Panguring Pamilang Pang-angkop (Ligatures)

ginagamit sa pag-ugnay ng dalawang salita
Uri ng pang-angkop
● na
halimbawa: malinis na hangin
mainit na kape
● —ng
halimbawa: masaganang pagkain
malaking mata
● —g
halimbawa: kasuotang madami
luntiang bulaklak
Pang-abay (Adverb)
naglalarawan sa pang-uri (adjective), pandiwa (verb), at iba Pang-ukol (Prepositions)
pang pang-abay (adverb) ginagamit upang ipakita ang relasyon ng isang salita o grupo ng
Uri ng mga Pang-Abay mga salita sa iba pang bahagi ng pangungusap
a. Pamanahon - kailan? • halimbawa: sa/ sa mga; ng/ ng mga; ni/ nina
halimbawa: mamaya, bukas, sandali
b. Pamaraan - Paano? Pantukoy
halimbawa: tumakbo nang mabilis, kumain nang katagang ginamit sa pagpapakilala sa pangngalan.
mabagal Uri ng Pantukoy
c. Panlunan- Saan? 1. Pantukoy Pambalana
halimbawa: sa pagamutan, sa kalsada tumutukoy sa mga Pangngalang Pambalana (Common
d. Pang-agam - ‘di tiyak na kilos Nouns)
halimbawa: marahil, siguro, tila, baka halimbawa: ang/ ang mga
e. Ingklitik/ kataga - ginagamit sa pagdaragdag ng 2. Pantukoy Pantangi
kahulugan sa mensahe tumutukoy sa mga Pangngalang Pantangi (Proper
halimbawa: pa, kaya, naman, ay, aba, rin, din, naku, Nouns)
hala, hoy, aray, na, sana halimbawa: si, sina, ni, nina, kay, kina
f. Pananggi - pagsalungat o di pagsang-ayon
halimbawa: hindi, huwag, ayaw Wastong Gamit ng mga Salita
g. Panang-ayon - pagsang-ayon sa salitang kilos • raw/ rin
halimbawa: oo, opo, sige, tunay, sadya ginagamit kapag ang sinundang salita ay patinig (vowel)
o malapatinig na y at w.
Pangatnig (Conjunction) halimbawa: pumunta raw
pang-ugnay ng dalawang slaita, parirala, sugnay, o
pangungusap • din/ daw
Uri ng Pangatnig giangamit kapag ang sinusundang salita ay nagtatapos sa
● Panlinaw - kung kaya, kung gayon, kaya katinig (consonant) at kapag ito din ay nagtatapos sa ra,
● Panubali - kung, kapag, pag, sakali re, ri, ro, ru, raw at ray
● Paninsay - subalit, datapwat, bagaman halimbawa: kainin daw ang kanin
● Pamukod - maging, ni, man, o
● Pananhi - dahil sa, sanhi sa, sapagkat • may/ mayroon
● Panapos - sa lahat ng ito, sa wakas • may - ginagamit kapag ang sumusunod na salita ay
● Panimbang - saka, pati, kaya anupa’t pangngalan, pandiwa, pang-uri at pang-abay
● Pamanggit - daw, raw, di umano halimbawa: May taong tamad
● Panulad - kung sino, . . . , siyang • mayroon - ginagamit kapag ang susunod na salita ay
kung ano, . . , siya rin kataga/ ingklitik, panghalip panao o pamatlig o pang-
abay na panlunan.
halimbawa: Mayroon tayong pagsusulit

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• ng/ nang 4. Pagmamalabis/ Eksaherasyon/ Hyperbole

• nang - o noong; ginagamit bilang pangatnig sa mga pagsisidhi ng kalabisan
hugnayang pangungusap, sa gitna ng dalawang 5. Tanong Retorika
salitang-ugat na inuulit, at inilalagay sa pagitan ng tanong na hindi kailangang sagutin
pandiwa at ng pang-abay 6. Paghihimig/ Onomatopeia
halimbawa: umulan nang malakas paggamit ng tunog
● ng - giangamit bilang pananda sa tuwirang layon, sa 7. Pang-uyam/ Sarcasm
aktor o tagagawa ng pandiwa, at kapag nagsasaad ng pananalitang nangungutya sa tao o bagay
pagmamay-ari ng isang bagay 8. Paglumanay/ Euphemism
halimbawa: Nagtanim ng palay si Maria magagaang pananalita
9. Pagtawag/ Apostrophe
• sina/ sila isang panawagan
● sina- panandang pangkayarian sa pangngalan 10. Pagpapalit tawag/ Metonymy
halimbawa: Sina Pablo at Simon pagpapalit katawagan
● sila - pantukoy 11. Pagpapalit saklaw/ Synecdoche
halimbawa: Sila ay nagmamahalan bahagi lamang ang binabanggit
12. Pagtatambis/ Oxymoron
• Pinto/ Pintuan dalawang salita na magkaiba
● pinto - konkretong bagay 13. Aliterasyon/ Alliteration
● pintuan - lagusan, daanan o lugar kung nasaan ang pag uulit ng unang titik o unang pantig sa inisyal na
pinto bahagi ng salita
14. Anapora/ Anaphora
• Hagdan/ Hagdanan pag uulit ng salitang nasa unahan
● hagdan - baytang 15. Epipora/ Ephipora
● hagdanan - buong hagdanan pag uulit ng isang salita sa hulihan
16. Anadiplosis
• Subukin/ Subukan pag uulit sa una at huling bahagi ng pahayag o sugnay
● subukin - try something
● subukan - observe/ spy Idyoma
pahayag na di tuwirang nagbibigay ng kahulugan
• Iwan/ Iwanan • halimabawa: butas ang bulsa - walang pera
● Iwan - left somebody
● Iwanan - left something Mga Pangungusap na Walang Paksa
Eksistensyal
nagpapahayag ng pagkamayroon o kawalan ng isang tao,
• Operahin/ Operahan
● operahin - tiyak na bahagi ng katawan bagay at iba pa
● operahan - tumutukoy sa tao • halimbawa: Walang pagkain sa lamesa; May laman ang
pitaka
Modal
• Sundin/ Sundan
nangangahulugan ng gusto, maaari, dapat o kailangan
● sundin - to obey/ advice
● sundan - to follow/ action • halimbawa: Pwedeng sumali?; Gusto kita; Kailangan
mo pa ba ako?
Tayutay Sambitla
iisahin o dadalawahing pantig na nagpapahayag ng amtinding
1. Pagtutulad/ Simile damdamin
indirect comparison, tulad, sing, parang • halimbawa: Aray! Grabe!
2. Pagwawangis/ Metaphor Padamdam
direct na paghahambing nagpapahayag ng matinding damdamin ng tao
3. Pagsasatao/ Personipikasyon • halimbawa: Bilis! Laban!
bigayang buhay ang mga katangiang pantao

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Panawag ● Relaxed
vocative; iisahing salita o panawag madalas nauupo siyang para bang nasa sala ng
• halimbawa: Ginang! Sir!Arthur! sariling bahay at itinutuon ang atensyon sa ibang bagay
Pamanahon o tao.
nagsasaad ng oras, kalagayn o uri ng panahon ● Busy Bee
● Penominal - kalagayn o pangyayari sa kalikasan o isang captive na tagapakinig hindi nakikinig ngunit
kapaligiran hindi naman makaalis lalo na kung nasa loob ng
halimbawa: Umuulan na; Bumabagyo na klasrum. Abala sa ibang gawain gaya ng
● Temporal- kalagayan o panahong panandalian pagsusulat,pagdodrowing, pagmemake-up at iba pang
halimbawa: Umaga na; Alas dos na; Kaarawan ko na mga gawaing walang kaugnayan sa pakikinig.
Pormulasyong Panlipunan ● Two-Eared Listener
pag bati, pagbibigay galang, at iba pa na nakagawian sa ito ang pinakamagaling at epektibong tagapakinig.
lipunang Pilipino Ginagamit ang kanyang tainga at isip.
• halimbawa: Mabuhay! Magandang Umaga po! Salamat.
Uri ng Pakikinig
● Pasiv o marginal na pakikinig
SPEAKING Theory ni Dell Hymes
may ibang ginagawa habang nakikinig
• Settings - scene, lugar
● Atentiv na pakikinig
• Participant - tagapagsalita, tagapakinig
taimtim at puno ng konsentrasyon
• Ends - layunin ● Analitikal o pahusgang pakikinig
• Act sequence - pagkakasunod-sunod magbigay ng husga o reaksyon sa napakinggan.
• Keys - pormal o impormal, tono, gawi ● Kritikal o mapanuring pakikinig
• Instrumentalities – midyum pagkuha ng mensahe at pagpapahalagang moral sa
• Norms - paksa, tuntuning panlipunan paksang narinig.
• Genre ● Apresyativ o mapagpahalagang pakikinig
pakikinig na ginagawa ng tao para sa sariling kasiyahan.
Makrong Kasanayang Pangwika ● Informal na pakikinig
Pakikinig napipilitan lamang na makinig at may may layuning
Uri ng Tagapakinig pahapyaw o basta makakuha lang ng konting
● Eager Beaver inpormasyon tungkol sa itinakdang gawain.
uri ng tagapakinig na mapagkunwari. Ngiti ng ngiti o
Pagbabasa
kaya'y tango ng tango habang may nagsasalita sa
Proseso ng Pagbasa
harapan. Makikita sa kanyang mga mata ang kawalan
● Persepsyon (Perception)
ng pokus kaya isang malaking tanong kung
● Komprehensyon (Comprehension)
naiintindihan ba niya ang kanyang narinig.
● Reaksyon (Reaction)
● Sleeper
● Integrasyon (Integration)
tagapakinig na naka-upo sa isang tahimik na sulok ng
silid ipinapikit ang mga mata at unti-unting inihilig ang
Teorya ng Pagbasa
ulo hanggang sa makatulog.
● Bottom-Up
● Tiger
traditional; proseso ng pag-unawa ay nagsisimula sa
laging naghihintay ng mga kamalian o maling
teksto (bottom) tungo sa mambabasa (up)
sasabihin ng mga tagapagsalita. Para siyang tigre kung
● Top-down
sumugod at magtanong kung nagkamali ang speaker.
ang kahulugan o impormasyon ay nagsisimula sa
● Bewildered
mambabasa (top) patungo sa teksto (down); ang
ang tagapakinig na kahit anong pilit ay walang
mambabasa ay gumagamit nga kanyang mga dating
maintindihan sa naririnig. Kapansin-pansin sa
kaalaman upang makabuo ng palagay o hinuha
pagkunot ng kanyang noo, pagsimangot at anyong
● Interaktib
pagtataka o pagtatanong sa kaniyang mukha
dito nagaganap ang interaksyong awtor-mambabasa at
● Frowner
mambabasa-awtor
siya ay tagapakinig na wari ba'y laging nagdududa at
may katanungan sa bawat narinig.
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● Iskema ● Referensyal
bawat bagong impormasyong nakukuha sa pagbabasa uri ng pagsulat na naglalayong magrekomenda ng iba
ay naidaragdag sa dati nang iskima pang sanggunian hinggil sa isang paksa.
● Profesyonal
Uri ng Pagbasa uri ng pagsulat na nakatuon o ekslusiv sa isang tiyak na
● Iskiming - kukunin ang pangkalahatang ideya (gist) propesyon.
tungo
● Iskaning -paghahanap ng keywords o pamagat Proseso ng Pagsulat
lamang (finding particular something in the text)
● Kaswal - di gaanong seryoso ang pagbasa (doing
something while reading)
● Previewing - pagsulyap sa una, gitna, huling bahagi
ng teksto at talaan ng nilalaman ng teksto; unang ● Panimulang Pagsulat (Pre-writing) - brainstorming,
hinahanap ang introduksyon, buod, larawang grap, at mapping at webbing, imersyon at obserbasyon
tsart ● Aktwal na Pagsulat (drafting/ actual writing) -
● Matiim na Pagbasa - higit na maingat na pagbasa paggawa ng burador
● Pagbasang Pang-impormasyon - hinahanap ang ● Pagrerebisa (revising) - pagbabasang muli sa burador
lahat ng mahahalagang impormasyon nang makailang ulit para layuning pagpapabuti at
● Pagtatala - nagtatala (note-taking) habang nagbabasa paghuhubog ng dokumento.
● Muling Pagbasa - pag-uulit ng pagbasa upang higit/ ● Editing - iniwawasto ng mga posibleng pagkakamali
lubos na maunawaan ang teksto sa pagpili ng mga salita, ispeling, gramar, gamit at
pagbabantas
Pagsusulat ● Final Document
Mga Rason sa Pagsusulat
● Ekspresiv - personal na pagsulat upang maipahayag Pagsasalita
ang sarili Mga Kasangkapan sa Pagsasalita (Badayos, 2001)
● Formulari - kasulutan o kasunduan sa negosyo o bisnes ● Tinig o Boses - dapat mapanghikayat at nakakaakit
at iba pang transyong legal, politikal, at pang- pakinggan
ekonomiya ● Bigkas - dapat malinaw ang bigkas ng salita
● Imaginativ- mapanilikhang imahinasyon ng manunulat ● Tindig - may tikas mula ulo hanggang paa
sa pagsulat ng mga dula, awit, tula, isksrip atbp. ● Kilos - paggalaw ng katawan
● Informativ- upang magbigay ng mahahalagang
Mga Uri ng Boses
impormasyon at ebidensya
● Matinis - madals boses ng babae
● Persweysiv- upang makapanghikayat, mapaniwala ang
● Throathy o Malat na boses
mambabasa
● Malagong o malaki ang boses - madalas boses ng
lalaki
Uri ng Pagsulat
● Breathy - paranng hinihingal
● Akademik
● Banayad na boses - kalmado
layuning pataasin ang antas at kalidad ng kaalaman ng
mga estudyante sa paaralan.
Panonood
halimabwa: kritikal na sanaysay; lab report
Ibat-ibang Uri ng Panonood
● Teknikal
● Deskriminatibo - paggamit ng opinyon o prejudice sa
isang uri ng tekstong ekspositori na nagbibigay ng
panunuri
impormasyon para sa teknikal o komersyal na layunin.
● Kaswal o Panlibang - impormal na pamamaraan at
halimabwa: ulat panlaboratoryo, kompyuter
hindi nagbibigay pokus sa detalye.
● Jornalistik
● Komprehensibo - nagpapahalaga lamang sa mensahe at
saklaw nito ang pagsulat ng balita, editoryal, kolum,
hindi sa ibang detalye.
anunsiyo at iba pang akdang karaniwang makikita sa
● Kritikal - gumagamit ng pagbubuo ng hinuha mula sa
mga pahayagan o magasin.
mga detalye upang makabuo ng ganap na pag- aanalisa o
pagsusuri sa paksang napapanood.
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GENERAL EDUCATION NOTES Historical Criticism

B. Personal and Civic Responsibilities (45)
Evaluation of Historical Sources
• Internal Criticism – Higher Criticism (Content)
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY AND SOCIETY • External Criticism – Lower Criticism (Appearance)
• Validity – Truthfulness of the sources
Historiography – Study of the History
• Reliability – Consistency of the sources
History – Study of the past; from the Greek word “Historia” –
• Corroborate – Linking sources to others to validate its
to research.
truthfulness and consistency.

Ancient World Historians

Development of Philippine Historiography
Herodotus
Persian War (Persian Empire) Sequence: SW-F-PH
Persian Empire – Oldest and First Historical Spanish Writers
Father of History
Account in the World.
Chronicler of F. Magellan
A. Pigafetta
Thucydides Magellan’s Voyage
Peloponnesian War
Father of Political
(Athens vs. Sparta)
Realism Chronicler of M. Legaspi
A. de Morga
Successos Delos Islas Filipinas
Aristotle Believed that History should be written in
Father of Logic chronological order Friars

The customs of the Tagalog

Fr. Placensia
Contemporary World Historians Accounts focuses in Luzon

History of the Visayan People

History is Linear and has Telos (Goal) Fr. Alcina
Accounts focuses in Visayas
History can be understood by looking at the
G. Hegel
Dialectics*
(*Contradiction of two opposing sides) Relacion delos Islas Filipinas
Fr. Chirino
The Culture and History of the Philippines.

History is the struggle between the Elite Philippine Historians

and the Masses
History in Creative Reconstruction
K. Marx Agoncillo
Conflict Theory Must be written in Filipino respective
Father of Communism
Bourgeoise - Elite who owns resources.
Landowner – Who owns land. Karl Marx of the Philippines
Proletariat – Masses who own manpower Constantino History is the struggle between the rich and
poor

Founder of the Annales of History (Org) Ileto Uses folktales in writing history
F. Braudel Historical Narratives can be influenced by
the different contexts
Uses of Folktales and customs (biro, epiko,
and kwentong bayan)
Use Archeology in History
Salazar History should be studied in the Filipino
M. Foucault No Objective Truth – Everything is mere
perspectives.
interpretation.
Bantayang Pilipino

Historical Sources and Criticism

Primary Source
First Hand Evidences Oral and Local History
Direct
History Transmission rely solely through the
power of memory
Analysis and restatement Oral History
The end-product is Conditioned
Interpretation of the primary source Unwritten and Dangerous
Secondary Source
B-ooks
J-ournal Articles History in local context
Mainly focus on the history of local
Local History
community.
Important in nation-building.

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Controversies in Philippine History *Seacraft from Borneo headed by Datu which the
First Mass in the Philippines origin of the etymology of Barangay
(Limasawa vs. Butuan)
• Pigafetta: Mazaua (Masao) Barangay Society (Pre-Colonial Social Class)
• Fr. Urdaneta: Limasawa, Leyte 1. Datu – Chieftain of the Barangay
2. Maharlika - Noble
• National Historical Institute of the Philippines: Mazaua
3. Timawa – Commoners/Freemen
(Masao) is Limasawa based on description of Pigafetta.
4. Aliping Namamahay – has rights and properties
• Butuan is in Mindanao 5. Aliping Saguigilid – has no rights and properties

Cavite Mutiny Spanish Colonization

• Izquierdo: Install a new “Hari” (GomBurZa) Spanish Expeditions to the Philippines
• Filipinos: The Abusive Policies of Izquierdo Ferdinand Magellan
• 1480 at Portugal
Cry of Pugad Lawin
• Planned to discover east through westward route
• Pio Valenzuela (Emissary of Bonifacio and Rizal –
• King Manuel of Portugal didn’t grant his idea
August 23, 1896
• King Charles of Spain granted support
• Mariano Alvarez (Uncle of De Jesus) -August 24,
1896 • Start of Voyage: September 20, 1517 with 265/250
• Gregoria de Jesus (Wife of Bonifacio) – August 25, men and 5 ships
1896 5 Ships of Magellan
• Guillermo Masangkay (Advisor of Bonifacio) – • Trinidad – lead ship
August 26, 1896 • San Antonio (Cape Horn, South America)
• Victoria
Rizal’s Retraction • Concepcion
• Fr. Gracia allegedly found the retraction of Rizal. • Santiago
• Fr. Pio Pi reported the printing of Retraction in Spain • Enrique of Mallaca – Malay slave serves as guide and
and Manila.
translator
• Version 1: Contains grammatical errors
Magellan’s Expedition to the Philippines (1521)
• Version 2: Revised with word changes saw Samar
• Version 3: December 29, 189C European Discovery of
March 16, 1521
• Version 4: December 29, 1890 International Dateline

PHILIPPINE HISTORY March 17, 1521 Homonhon, Leyte

Limasawa (Rajah Kulambu)
Pre-Colonial Philippines First Blood Compact and Mass
Theory of First Filipino celebrated by Fr. Pedro Valderama
March 31, 1521
• The Waves of Migration Theory (H. Otley Beyer) Named the Philippines “Archipelago
• Theory of Evolution (Jocano) de San Lazaro”
Butuan (Rajah Saui)
April 7, 1521 Cebu (Rajah Humabon)
Waves of Migration Theory
Second Blood Compact
First Filipino Settlers (A/N-I-M) Magellan’s Cross was erected and
Aetas/Negritos April 14, 1521
Reyna Juana was baptized and was
• The first settlers (12000-15000 years ago) given a Sto. Nino.
Indones Mactan (Data Zula)
Magellan was killed in the battle of
• Second Aborigines/Inhabitants April 27, 1521
Mactan.
• Tall, white, and straight hair Lapu-lapu – First Filipino Hero
• With little technical know-how in building bancas, The last remaining ship (Victoria)
September 6, 1522
and houses from light materials return at San Lucar, Spain
Malays Return to Seville.
18 survived under the leadership of
• Most civilized (200 BC) September 22, 1522
Sebastian Elcano (The first man who
• From Borneo through Balangay* circumnavigate the world)

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Other Expedition 3. Polo y Servicio – Forced labor for 40 days for men
1. Loaisa aged 16-60
2. Cabot 4. Falla – Payment to be exempted for polo (1 and 1/8
3. Savadera reales per year)
4. Villalobos – named the country Filipinas (1543) 5. Tributo – 8 reales (Cedula Personal)
5. Legazpi 6. Bolito – Ticket to Galleon Trade
7. Reduccion – resettlement of Filipinos to the town
Legazpi’s Expedition to the Philippines (1565) centers called “cabeceras”
Bohol
Blood compact
Rajah Sikatuna Spanish Contributions
Conquered 1. Obras Pias – interest loans were given to charitable
Cebu
San Miguel: First Spanish Resettlement institutions.
Rajah Tupas
The Oldest City in the Philippines
2. Banco-Espanol-Filipino 1861 (BPI – Bank of the
Manila Conquered Philippine Islands) – Oldest Bank in the Philippines.
Rajah Soliman Last Rajah of Manila.

Philippine Social Classes under Spanish Colonization

Philippines Under Spanish Colonization 1. Peninsulares – Pure Spanish born in Spain.
Colonized for 333 years (1565-1898) 2. Insulares – Pure Spanish born in the Philippines.
3. Creole – Half Spanish, Half Indio/Chinese (First to
Origin of the Management of the Philippines called indios as Filipinos)
1. Gobernador-Heneral – Representative of the King of 4. Gobernadorcillo – Highest Position allowed to an Indio
Spain Mestizo.
2. Conquestadores – granted Encomienda (Management 5. Principalia – Rich Filipinos
Power of Vast Land) 6. Illustrados – Educated Filipinos who studied abroad
Encomienderos – manages encomienda. Taxation, polo, 7. Indios – Pure Filipino
tribute, falla.
1. Conquestadores Governor-Generals
2. Spanish Friars 1. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – First Governor-General
3. Filipinos Loyal to Spain 2. Jose Basco – Tobacco Monopoly
Encomienda System – government/political system (reward 3. Narciso Claveria – Spanish Surname
system) 4. Carlos Maria Dela Torre – Most Liberated/Loved by
Filipinos
Philippine Government under Spanish Colonization 5. Rafael de Izquierdo – Abusive and ordered the
1. Governor-General – Representative of the King. Execution of GomBurZa
Directly rule the colony. 6. Eulogio Despujol – Rizal’s exile to Dapitan
Indulto de Comercio – power of the governor-general to 7. Camilo Polavieja – Rizal’s Execution
participate in trade and commerce. 8. Diego Delos Rios – Last Governor-General
2. Royal Audencia – Supreme Court
3. Visitador – Checker; Residencia – after term Rise of Nationalism/Revolt
4. Ayutamiento – Cities Secularization Movement
5. Corregidores – Manages Corregimiento (Military • Parish Priest Movement of the Filipinos
City/Town/Provinces) • Led by 1. Fr. Pedro Pelaez; 2. Fr. Jose Burgos
6. Alcalde Mayor – Manages the Alcaldia (Peaceful Cavite Mutiny
Provinces) • Execution of GomBurZa
7. Gobernadorcillo – manages Pueblo (Towns) Propaganda
8. Cabeza de Barangay – manages Barangay • Peaceful Revolt of Illustrados
• Assimilation/Annexation of the Philippines
Spanish Rules/Abuses in the Philippines • Make Philippines a province of Spain
1. Bandala - Force buying of Filipino Products • Emphasis on equal rights for Filipinos
2. Monopolio – Only Spaniards can sell certain products.
• Recognize freedom of speech, press and association.

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• Allow Philippine representation in Spanish Cortez and • Declaration – Ambrosio Bautista

secularization. December 10, 1898: Treaty of Paris
Propaganda Movement • Felipe Agoncillo – First Filipino Diplomat.
• La Solidaridad – newspaper of the Propaganda • Spanish ceded the Philippines to US at 20 million
Triumvirate of the Propaganda dollars.
• Jaena (First Editor and the Greatest Orator
• Del Pilar (Second Editor and the Greatest Editor – US-Philippine War
Frailocracia) • The San Juan Bridge Incident
• Rizal (Third Editor and the Greatest Writer) • Antonio Luna was killed and Gregorio Del Pilar
La Liga Filipina perished at the Tirad Pass.
• July 3, 1892 • Aguinaldo was captured and took oath of allegiance to
• Socio-Civic Organization founded by Rizal US
KKK – Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan • Last General to Surrender: General Miguel Malvar
ng mga Anak ng Bayan surrendered (temporary)
• Founded by Bonifacio (July 7, 1892) • General Simeon Ola – the last to surrender.
• Kalayaan – KKK Newspaper • Macario Sakay – established the so called “Tagalog
• Political Organization – Separation of the Philippines Republic”
from Spain.
KKK Presidents Philippine Government under US Colonization
• 1892 – Arellano 1. Military (Military Governor): Merrit
• 1893 – Basa 2. Civil Government (Civil Governor): Taft
• 1895 – Bonifacio (Unang Supremo) 3. Commonwealth (President): Quezon
• Magdiwang – Bonifacio Faction
• Magdalo – Aguinaldo Faction The Commonwealth
Philippine Bill of 1902
Emilio Aguinaldo: The First Philippine President • Created Philippine Assembly (First Legislative)
• Tejeros Assembly proclaimed Aguinaldo as President. • Sergio Osmena - Speaker
• Tirona: protested on Bonifacio’s election as Interior • Manuel Quezon – majority floor leader
Secretary. Jones Law
• Bonifacio and Procoppio was sentenced to death at • Preamble – “Civil Government” and promise to free
Maragondon, Cavite (May 10, 1897) – signed by Philippines.
Aguinaldo Payne-Aldrich
• December 15, 1897 – Pact of Biak-na-Bato • Partial Free Trade
• December 30, 1897 – Aguinaldo was exiled to Underwood Simon’s Act
Hongkong. • Full free trade
• P 1.7 million payment but was only P 600,000 Tydings-Mcduffie Law
• Hongkong Junta – to make plans for the overthrow • Created the Commonwealth (Transition to
of the Spaniards and the establishment of an independence for 10 years)
independent government in the Philippines. • Interrupted by WW2
• When WW2 ended, the Philippines was given
Return of Aguinaldo and Coming of America independence
Spanish-American War Treaty of Manila – Treaty of General Relations
• U.S.S. Maine was destroyed in Havannah, Cuba • July 4, 1946 - Philippine Independence.
• George Dewey captured Manila from Spain.
• Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines. Japanese Occupation
June 12, 1898: Philippine Independence (Kawit, Cavite) • Battle of Bataan – Bloodiest War
• Marcha National Filipina – Julian Felipe (Music); • Death March – Most Inhumane Act of Japan
Jose Palma (Lyrics) • HUKBALAHAP – Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon
• Philippine Flag – Marcela Agoncillo (Luis Taruc)

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• GERILLA Evolution of the Philippine Constitution

• Little Boy – First Nuclear Bombing Malolos 1899 Constitution
• August 6, 1945 – Hiroshima Bombing • Ratification: January 21, 1899
• August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki Bombing (Fatman) • Cause of Creation: Philippine Revolution against
Spain and Declaration of Independence
State, Government, and the Constitution • Commission Chairman: Felipe Calderon
State – composed of the four main elements such as: • President of the Philippines: Aguinaldo
1. People – most important • Form of Government: Republican (Revolutionary
2. Government Government)
3. Territory • Form of Legislature: Unicameral
4. Sovereignty – highest power • Term of the President: 4 years with reelection,
• Suffrage: Male, 21 years old. Well-educated and had
Inherent Powers of the State properties and annual tax amounting to 500 pesos.
Police Power
• Regulates individual’s rights and property for general Significant Provisions
welfare. • Legality of the declaration of independence
Power of Eminent Domain • Division of Government: Executive, Judiciary, and
• Power to take private properties for public purposes Legislative.
with just compensation. • Separation of the Church and the State
Power of Taxation • Freedom of Religion
• Power to collect taxes and enforce proportionate • Approval of the Bill: ¼ of the votes of the members
contributions for support of all government programs of the legislative body.
and services.
Commonwealth 1935 Constitution
Government
• Ratification: May 14, 1935
Types of Government according to:
• Cause of Creation: Ratification of Tydings-Mcduffie
Leader
Law by Philippine Assembly
• Democracy – rule of the people
• Commission Chairman: Claro M. Recto
• Monarchy – rule of one (king/queen)
• President of the Philippines: Quezon
• Oligarchy – rule of the rich/few
• Form of Government: Commonwealth Government
• Aristocracy – rule of the elite (royals)
• Form of Legislature: Unicameral
• Meritocracy – rule of the talented
• Term of the President: 4 years with reelection.
• Theocracy – rule of church leader
• Military Junta – rule of generals Significant Provisions
Division of Powers
• Government under US: Ph not allowed to apply
• Republican – division of power (president) loans from other countries.
• Parliamentary – fusion of power (prime minister) • Ph not allowed to represent itself in international
Distribution of Power organizations and enter in treaties
• Unitary – centralized power • US Presidents holds external sovereignty.
• Federal – decentralized/semi-autonomous regions
Legitimacy 1973 Constitution (Martial Law)
• De jure – Legitimate • Ratification: January 17, 1973
• De facto – Illegitimate • Cause of Creation: Martial Law
• Commission Chairman: Ferdinand Marcos
Constitution
• President of the Philippines: Marcos
• The fundamental law of the land.
• Form of Government: Parliamentary Government
• Basis for the creation of different statute of the state.
• Form of Legislature: Unicameral
• Term of the President: 6 years without reelection.

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Significant Provisions RA 3844

• Suffrage shall be exercised by citizens of the Diosdado Macapagal
Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law. Who • Purchasing of private land to distribute to landless tenants.
are 18 years old and above. • Lowered the retention limit to 75 hectares.
• Removal of educational, property, and substantive • Bill of rights for agricultural workers.
requirements for suffrage. • Land Bank – transfer of lands to landless.
Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1971
Freedom Constitution Ferdinand Marcos, Sr.
Interim Constitution • Creation of Department of Agrarian Reform
1987 Constitution • Automatic conversion of share-tenants to leasehold-
• Ratification: February 2, 1897 tenants provided with qualifications and exemptions.
• Cause of Creation: EDSA Revolution I • Abolition of personal cultivation – conversion of
• Commission Chairman: Cecile Munoz-Palma agricultural lands to residential just to eject tenants.
• President of the Philippines: Corazon Aquino Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (RA 6657)
• Form of Government: Republic Government • 3 hectares may be awarded to each child of the landowner.
• Form of Legislature: Bicameral • No person is allowed to own or retain any private or public
• Term of the President: 6 years without reelection. agricultural land, the size which shall vary in different
factors provided by Presidential Agrarian Reform Council
Significant Provisions (PARC)
• Limitation of Martial Law to 6 days unless extended • In no case, no landowners shall retain land exceeding 5
by congress. hectares.
• National Economy controlled by the Filipinos
• Military Bases are not allowed Taxation
• Amendments should be done after 10 years. Theories in Taxation
Charter Change: • Ability-to-Pay Principle – taxes should be based to the
▪ Constitutional Assembly -part of the constitution individual’s ability to pay.
should be revised. (Legislative) • Benefit Principle – the individual’s contribution should
▪ Constitutional Convention – totality of the equate to the his/her benefits from the government
constitution should be revised (people will vote) activities.
▪ People’s Initiative – 12% of the registered voters Types of Taxes
should vote. • Progressive Tax – the tax rate increases as the person’s
income increases.
Land Reform in the Philippines • Regressive Tax – the tax rate decreases as the amount
Tenancy Act of 1946 subject to taxation increases.
Manuel A. Roxas • Proportionate Tax – the tax rate is fixed.
• 70-30 sharing arrangement and regulated shared tenancy
contract. TRAIN LAW - RA 10963
Agrarian Tenancy Act of 1954 (RA 1199) The Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion
Ramon Magsaysay • Tax system that is simpler, fair and efficient.
• Allows tenants from share tenancy to leasehold. • Annual income of below 250,000 is exempted from
• Prohibition of the ejection of tenants unless the court of personal tax.
agrarian relations fount just cause. • Removal of 8,000 tax exemption for the dependents.
Land Reform Act of 1955 (RA 1400) • Small and Micro SEPs have optional choice to pay flat tax
Ramon Magsaysay of 8% on gross sale in lieu of personal and percentage tax.
• Court of Agrarian Reforms – mediator between the • Estate Tax is lowered from 20% to a single rate of 6% of
landlords and tenants. net estate.
• Expropriation of the land where there is unjustified unrest. • Cosmetics and Beauty Enhancement are charge of 5% tax.
• Expropriation of the land over 300 hectares if own by • Lotto Winnings NS PCSO Prizes above 10,000 are taxed
private individuals. 20%.

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GENERAL EDUCATION NOTES Rizal’s Novel

• Noli Me tangere
B. Personal and Civic Responsibilities (45) • EL FIlibusterismo
THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL • Makamisa (unfinished novel of Rizal)

Rizal Law Species Named After Rizal

● Senate bill 438 → Senator Claro M. Recto (main author) • Draco Rizali - lizard
→ President Ramon Magsaysay (signed) → RA 1425 • Apogonia Rizali - beetle
(June 12, 1956) → Senator Jose P. Laurel (compromised • Rhacophorus Rizali – frog
bill) (sponsor/ financer)
Other Facts About Rizal
Rizal in the 19th Century • “Father of PH Comics”
• Favorite fruit: lanzones and manga
● Spain was slowly losing its colonies
● Filipino suffered: maladministration, • Has 1000 books
inequality, and frailocracy • Good in all subjects except music
a. Polo y Servicio - forced labor • Treated his own illness - Tuberculosis
Political b. Tributo - tax
Situation c. Discrimination - preference was given Family of Rizal
to Spaniards • Father’s name: Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado Y
d. Frailocracy - hidden control by friars Alejandra II
e. Lack of representation in Spanish
Cortes
• Born as the youngest of 13 children of Cirila
Alejandro and Juan Mercado
Economic ● Opening of Suez Canal • on May 18, 1818 in Biñan, Laguna. He was from
Context ● period of rapid economic growth the fourth generation of Chinese immigrant named
Domingo Lamco.
● Rise of middle class principalias
Socio-cultural
● creation of propaganda and rise of illustrados • School attended: Colegio de San Jose in Manila.
Context • Degree: Philosophy and Latin
● Friars own the land and exploited tenants
• He was elected in Calamba as Cabeza De Barangay
• Mother’s name: Teodora Alonso Realonda Y Quintos
Facts about Rizal
• Born as the second child of Lorenzo Alonso and
Real name: José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda Brigida De quintos on November 9, 1827 in
Manila.
Nickname: Pepe (St. Joseph pp —pater putativus”)
Ute • School attended: College of Sta. Rosa
• Rizal described her as “a woman of higher
Birthdate: June 19, 1861 culture”
• She was married to Don Francisco on June 28,
Place of Birth: Calamba, Laguna
Only hero born in Calamba
1848.
• Siblings of Jose Rizal:
Death date: December 30, 1896 at 7:03 am 1. Saturnina “Neneng”
• Oldest of the siblings
Executed at: Bagumbayan (Luneta Park) • Attended La Concordia College in Manila
• Married to Manuel Hidalgo of Tanuan Batangas
Last words: “Consummatum Est” —it is done/ it is finished
• n 1909, she published Pascual Poblete’s Tagalog
Godfather: Rev. Fr. Pedro Cansanas translation of Noli Me Tangere.
• She died on 1913, at the age of 63.
Baptized by: Rev. Fr. Rufino Collantes
2. Paciano “Ciano”
Rizal’s Pen Name • Only brother
• Dimasalang • Jose referred to him as “Uto”
• Laong Laan • Attended Colegio de San Jose in Manila
• Agno • He sent a monthly allowance of 50 pesos to Jose
• Calambeño Rizal
• He became a Military Commander of Katipunan.
Rizal’s as a Person • He married Severina Decena and they had 2
• Polyglot - can speak several languages children.
• Polymath - skilled in both science and the arts • He died of Tuberculosis at the age of 79

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• inspiration of Pilosopo Tasyo’s character 9. Josefa “Panggoy”

• She suffered in epilepsy
3. Narcisa “Sisa” • She joined and was an active member of the
• She supported her Brother Jose’s studies abroad. Katipunan.
• She could narrate all of the poems of Jose Rizal • Unmarried and lived with sister Trinidad until
• Married to Antonio Lopez, a teacher and death.
musician. • She died in 1945.
• She relentlessly searched for the grave of Rizal
in Paco Cemetery and after 2 days she found it 10. Trinidad “Trining”
and marked the grave with the initials R.P.J. • Known as the custodian of Mi Ultimo Adios
• She also joined Katipunan when Jose died
4. Olimpia “Ypia” • Remained single and share a home with her sister
• Married to Silvestro Ubaldo, a telegraph operator Josefa
from Manila. • She died in 1951, having outlived all of her
• Jose loved to tease her; he described Ypia as stout siblings
sister.
• Attended in La Concordia College. 11. Soledad “Choleng”
• She was the schoolmate of Jose’s first love, • Youngest of the Rizal’s siblings
Segunda Katigbak. • Married Pantaleon Quintero and had 5 children
• Most educated among Rizal’s sister
5. Lucia “Lucia” • She was an Educator
• Married to Mariano Herbosa and they had five • She passed away in 1929
children.
• Mariano died in 1889 Cholera Epidemic, but he ● Surname meaning:
was denied a Christian burial. This was due to • Rizal ⟶ “Ricial” —greenfield
the fact that he was Jose Rizal’s brother-in-law. • “Mercado” —market
• In response Jose Rizal wrote the Una
Profanacion. Rizal at Birth
• She passed away in 1919. ● Doña Lolay vowed to “Our lady of peace and good
voyage” in Antipolo Shrine for safe delivery of Rizal
6. Maria “Biang” ● At the age of 7, Rizal fulfill his mother’s vow and went to
• Married Daniel Faustino Cruz and they had 5 Antipolo Shrine with his father
children
• One of Maria’s children, Mauricio Cruz, became Childhood of Rizal
one of the students of Rizal in Dapitan. ● Jose’s body - frail and sickly
• She was the recipient of many of Rizal’s letter. ● At the age of 3 - learned the alphabet4
• Maria passed away in 1945. ● At the age of 5 - could read and write
● Animal pet: Usman - big black dog; Alipato - pony
7. Jose “Pepe” The Story of the Moth
• The seventh child of Don Kiko and Doña Lolay. ● Metaphor of Rizal’s life
• Known on his pen name Laonglaan, Dimasalang ● Amigo De Los Niños —The children’s friend, a storybook
at Agno Donya Lolay told Rizal the story of the moth to teach him
• Married to Josephine Bracken and had 1 child. obedience
• Died on December 30, 1898 at the age of 35 Rizal’s Education
• Pepe derived from Saint Joseph P.P. (pater (1) Calamba
putativus in latin) „P‟ is pronounced „peh‟ in ● informal schooling
Spanish. That’s why Jose was called as Pepe. ● first teacher: Doña Teodora —taught alphabet, tell
many books and encourage to write poems
● Uncle of Rizal: The influencers
8. Concepcion “Concha”
- Tiyo Jose Alberto - artistic ability
• Died at the age of three (3)
- Tiyo Manuel - physical exercises
• Cause of death: sickness
- Tiyo Gregorio - read good books
• Rizal‟s first sorrow ● Private Tutors:
• Jose played with her and from her he learned the - Maestro Celestino - first private tutor
sweetness of a sisterly love. - Maestro Lucas Padua - second private tutor
- Maestro Leon Monroy - spanish and latin tutor

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(2) Biñan ➔ Joined Artistic Literario —where he submitted “A

● formal schooling la Juventud Filipina”
● teacher: Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz - strict ➔ Other works of Rizal in UST:
disciplinarian - El Consejo de Dios (Councils of God) —
● Bully: Pedro (child of Maestro Justiniano) allegorical drama won 1st place
(3) Manila - Abd el Azis y Mahoma (1879) —poem
● Colegio de San Juan de Letrán - Junto Al Pasig (1880) —Zarzuela
➔ took the entrance examination to Colegio de San (4) Europe
Juan de Letrán, as requested by his father, but he ● Universidad Central De Madrid
enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. ➔ Course: Philosophy and letter —with honors
Medicine —fair
● Ateneo Municipal ● University of Paris
➔ school for boys ➔ trained from a famous ophthalmologist name Dr.
➔ denied admission because already late for Louis de Wecker
registration but then admitted due to intervention ● University of Heildelberg
of Manuel Xerez Burgos ● University of Leipzig
➔ Course: Bachelor of Arts
➔ Two groups: Rizal’s Love
a. Roman Empire (Internos / Borders) (1) Segunda Katigbak
b. Carthaginian Empire (Externos / Non- • Lipa, Batangas
borders) • puppy love
Five dignitaries: • fair, seductive eyes
(1) Emperor - best students • married to Manuel Luz
(2) Tribune - 2nd best students
(3) Decurion - 3rd best students (2) Leonor Valenzuela
(4) Centurion - 4th best students • Tall girl from Pagsanjan
(5) Standard/ Flag bearer - 5th best students • “Orang”
- 1st year in Ateneo - Carthaginian • Invisible ink
- 4th year in Ateneo - Externo (June 16,
1875) (3) Leonor Rivera
➔ Achievements • “Taimis”
- ‘Most brilliant Atenean of his time” • cousin from Camiling, Tarlac
- “The pride of Jesuits” • longest love
- Bachelor of Arts with honors —grade: sobre
• inspiration for Maria Clara
saliente
• his father is Antonio Rivera —manager of “Casa
➔ Major events: Tomasina
a. Imprisonment of Doña Teodora • married to Charles Henry Kipping
- imprisoned for alleged attempt to poison
her sister-in-law Teodora Alberto (4) Consuelo Ortega
- around 45 yrs old
• daughter of civil governor
- walk 50 km around Laguna
• short affair of Rizal while in a relationship with Leonor
- 2 yrs imprisonment without trial
Rivera
b. Death of Gomburza
(5) Seiko Usui
- 200 workers staged a mutiny led by
Fernando La Madrid • “O-sei San”
- Mariano Gomez - Bacoor priest • shared passion on arts
- Jose Burgos - Manila priest • daughter of Samurai
- Jacinto Zamora - Marikina priest • help Rizal in Japanese painting (Su-mei)
• 45 days was the happiest days of Rizal
● Universidad de Sto. Tomas
➔ Course: Philosophy of Arts and Letters (6) Gertrude Beckett
- He enrolled because his father like it and he’s still • “Gettie”
unsure about his career • daughter of Rizal’s landlord
➔ After 1st year, shifted to Medicine • blue eyes and brown hair
➔ earned a land surveyor's and assessor's degree • short relationship
from the Ateneo Municipal

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(7) Nellie Boustead ● humor ● pain

• “Nellie” ● wit ● violence
• emotional rebound ● lightness ● sorrow
• failed marriage of Rizal —mother of Nellie did not
approve and they wanted him to convert to Protestant
Poems of Rizal
● Sa aking mga Kabata/ To My Fellow Children (1869)
(8) Suzanne Jacoby
- first poem of Rizal (age of 8)
• calls Rizal a naughty boy - nationalistic significance of mother tongue
• waiting for Rizal’s letter
● My first Inspiration/ Mi Primera Inspiración (1874)
(9) Josephine Bracken - eternal love and appreciation for his mother
• “Common-law-wife”
• 18 years old petite Irish girl ● Felicitation/ Felicitacion (1875)
• adopted daughter of George Taufer from Hong Kong - Rizal wrote this poem to congratulate his brother-in-law,
• give birth to stillborn baby —Francisco Rizal y Antonio Lopez, husband of his sister Narcisa (age of 14)
Bracken
• was gifted by Rizal with the classic Thomas á Kempis ● In Memory of my Town/ Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo
book Imitations of Christ (1876)
- he wrote this poem to expresses his love and appreciation
Membership in an Organization for the place of Calamba (age of 15 —Ateneo)
● Compañerismo - Philippines
● Acacia Masonic Lodge - Spain ● To the Philippine Youth/ A La Juventud Filipina
● Berlin Ethnological Society and the Berlin (1879)
Anthropological Society - Germany - crowning glory of Rizal (age of 18 —UST)
● Circulo Hispano Filipino - Spain
● Kidlat Club - France ● The Flowers of Heidelberg/ A Los Flores De
● Indios Bravos - France Heidelberg (1886)
● Sociedad RDLM - France - express prayer for well-being of his native land
● International Association of Filipinologists - France
● Asociación La Solidaridad - Spain ● Hymn to Talisay (1895)
● La Liga Filipina - Philippines - written for pupils to sing also to fight for their rights
(wrote while on exile in Dapitan)
Writings of Rizal
Noli Me Tangere El Filibusterismo
● My Retreat / Mi Retiro (1895)
- Upon request of Doña Teodora, he came up with a
Published on: March 21, 1887 September 18, 1891 beautiful poem vis-a-vis his tranquil life in Dapitan

Published at: Berlin, Germany Ghent, Belgium ● My Last Farewell/ Mi Ultimo Adios (1896)
- untitled poem considered as most celebrated poem by
Social Cancer
Translation: Touch Me Not (John Reign of the Greed
national hero (wrote while in Fort Santiago)
20: 13-17) - Given name by Mariano Ponce
- Translated by Andres Bonifacio with the title
Dedicated to: Fatherland GomBurZa “Pahimakas”
- was given to Trinidad (it was hidden in alcohol cooking
“Mount of Monte stove —a gift of Pardo de Tavera translated in 38
Uncle Tom’s Cabin by
Inspired by: Cristo” by Alexander
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Dumas language)

Savior: Maximo Viola Valentin Ventura Essays of Rizal

● El Amor Patrio/ The love of Country (1882)
Number of
64 chapters 38 chapters - love of country to his fellow compatriots in Spain
Chapters: - Published in Diariong Tagalog
Genre: Romantic Novel Political Novel
- used the pen name “Laong Laan”

Book of: feeling thought ● Una Profanacion/ A Desecration or A Profanation

(1889)
Characteristics:
● freshness ● bitterness - mockingly attacked friars for refusing to give Christian
● color ● hatred burial to Mariano Herbosa

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● Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos/ The Philippines

within One Hundred Years (1890)
- “prophesied Filipinos” revolution against Spain, winning
their independence but later America would come as
Colonizer
- has four chapters published in La Solidaridad
- “To foretell the destiny of a nation, it is necessary to open
the book that tells the past”

● Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinas/ The Indolence

of the Filipinos
- countered the accusations that Filipinos were indolent
(lazy) during the Spanish reign

● To the Young Women of Malolos

- goal: to learn the Spanish language
- urged women to rise up and recognize their role in
society, to stand up for their rights and refuse to submit
to oppressors

Antonio De Morga
● Sucesos De las Islas Filipinas —annotated by Rizal
● Spanish lawyer head of real audiencia

Rizal in Dapitan
- July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896
- exiled at Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte —as per order of
Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol
- Achievements:
- community school for boys
- wooden machine for bricks
- farming and commerce
- practical medicine
- relief map

Trial and Execution

- Three Hard-Boiled Eggs is his last meal
- Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade —Rizal’s lawyer
- detained in Fort Santiago before execution —as per order
of Gov. Gen. Camilo de Polavieja
- Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, who took Rizal's vital signs and
pulse rate before the execution, was amazed to find that the
national hero was calm and unafraid.
- Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896, at 7:03 in the
morning at Bagumbayan

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GENERAL EDUCATION NOTES

What Makes Standard Moral
B. Personal and Civic Responsibilities (45) Theist Non-Theist

ETHICS Based on sages like Confucius and

Morals come from the commandments Kant
Ethics of God revealed to man through the
prophets. Don’t do unto others what you don’t
Study of right and wrong of human behavior. (Ethos – want others to do unto you.” –
character) Confucius
• Greek Tradition - focuses good life and happiness
“Act only according to that maxim
• Judeo-Christian – doing what is right whereby you can at the same time will
Types of Ethics that it should became a universal law”
Immanuel Kant, Categorical
Bioethics Ethical issues concerning about life Imperative.

Ethical issues concerning the business

Business Ethics
environment

Nature and ecosystem

1. Ecocentrism – nature-
centered
Environmental
2. Anthropocentrism – people-
Ethics
centered
3. Techno centrism –
technology-centered
Sexual Ethics Sexuality and Human Behavior

Moral Components of Moral

adjective describe human act as either ethically right or wrong Thomas Hobbes – humans are moral agent
Moral and Non-Moral Standards Freedom
Moral Standard • ability to make choices/decision independent among
norms/framework for determining what is ought to be done. humans.
(Guilt) Facticity
Consequential Non-Consequential • refers to the “givens” of our situation
Teleological Deontologoical Culture
“utilitarian” “duty”
• Total way of life of a society/person
Standards based on the natural
Framework that depends on the Ways of Culture Transmission
laws or written in the heart of men
outcome of the action
(eternal law) • Enculturation - learning own culture
Commandments from God Sages from Philosophers
(creation) (evolution)
• Acculturation – learning other culture
• Assimilation – acquiring new culture and
Consequentialist theory is a way
Deontology claims that good forgetting own culture
of thinking about whether
consequences aren't the morally
certain actions are morally good
deciding factor: rather, actions
• Indoctrination – imposed teaching of a culture
or bad. Consequentialism says
themselves are good or bad based • Cultural Relativism – understanding different
that we can tell if an action is
good based on whether it leads
on whether they obey or violate culture
moral rules or duties.
to good consequences.
If one person steals from The Filipino Character
If one person steals from another,
another, a consequentialist Positive Traits Negative Traits
a deontologist would judge it
would judge the action based on Regards for Others Extreme Personalism
based on whether it broke a moral Family-Centeredness (Amb) Extreme Family-Centeredness
whether it caused good or bad
rule against stealing.
consequences Hospitality Maniana Habit
Sense of Humor Ningas Cogon
Tayo-Tayo Mentality/Kanya-Kanya
Non-Moral Standard Faith and Religiosity
Syndrome
are matters of taste or preference like etiquette or rules of a Creativity Crab Mentality
game. (Shame and Embarassment) Hard work Colonial Mentality

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Resilient/Ability to Survive Split Personality • Relationship Between Moral Acts and Character - “The
Palusot Syndrome
person who has moral character does moral actions more
Bahala na Attitude (Amb)
Mediocrity readily”

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

Universal Values
Level Stage Characteristics
Happiness Peace
Obedience and
Love Freedom Avoid Punishment
Pre-Conventional Punishment
Safety Intelligence
Mutual Benefits Rewards and Favors
Human Respect Equality
Gain social approval
Justice Nature
Social Approval Good boy and good
Health
Conventional girl period
Conform and uphold
Law and Order
Definition of Terms the rules and law
• Character - refers to a set of moral and mental qualities Post
Social Contract Common Good
Universal Ethical Follow own moral
and beliefs that makes a person different from others. Conventional
Principles guidelines
• Personality refers to the combination of qualities, attitude
and behavior, that makes a person distinct from others. Human Acts vs. Acts of Man
• Moral character – refers to having or lacking moral Human Acts Acts of Man
virtue • Acts of moral agent. • Actions merely happen in the
• Moral agent – It is the person who do moral act. • Involves reasoning. body without the awareness of
• Observing prescribed diet, mind.
tutoring the slow learners and • Breathing, blinking of the
St. Thomas of Aquinas preparing the board exam. eyes, dilation of pupil of the
Medieval Philosopher eye, perspiring and jerking of
• Summum Bonum - “Every human act is directed toward the knee.
an end”
Three Thomistic Principles The Determinants of the Morality of Human Act:
According to Alfredo Panizo (1964): For an act to be morally good, all three determinants must be
• Every agent that performs an action act for the sake of without flaw.
the end purpose to be attained. 12. The Object of the Act
• Every agent acts for an ultimate end. 13. The End, or Purpose
• Every agent has the power of moving for an end 14. Its Circumstances
which is suitable or good for him.
Feelings and Moral Decision Making
According to 20th Century thinkers • Feelings - Is an emotional state or reaction, experience of
there were NO Pre-fixed plan for man. physical sensation like feeling of joy, feeling of warmth,
A human person is or becomes
love affection, tenderness, etc.
Jean Paul Sartre what he/she makes of
him/herself by choice. • Feelings as Instinctive Response to Moral Dilemma -
believers of Process Several studies conclude that up to 90% of the decisions
Teilhard de Chardin (1948) Philosopher – For them, we made are based on emotion. They can be obstacle but
and whatever a human person is or
they can also help in making right decisions.
Alfred North Whitehead (1946) will be a result of creative
process.
Martin Heidegger, Ethical Subjectivism
See themselves as being-with-
Gabriel Marcel
others, inseparably related to • Moral statements cannot be objective because it is only
and
their fellow man. people’s perception and attitudes that makes them right or
Martin Buber
wrong.
• It highlights the subjectivity of morality it is always
The Development of Moral Character of The Moral Agent
dependent on feelings.
• Defining Moments - Refers to the life changing event or
• It allows us to see convicting intentions behind moral
moment that reverberates throughout your career and
statements.
personal life and so changes everything.

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• People may get involved in an argument by ethical Ethical Frameworks

subjectivism to persuade the opponent to follow their • Is a set of codes that an individual uses to guide his or her
point of view but not to disprove their objective truth. behavior
Two Versions of Ethical Subjectivism: • Also known as “Moral Standard”.
• Simple subjectivism - One can only approve or • It is what people use to distinguish right from wrong in
disapprove of the things that he states to be good or the way they interact in the world.
bad in aspects of morality. Dominant Mental Frames:
• Emotivism - Moral Statements simply reflects • Virtue or Character Ethics
preference. Moral Statements are neither used to state • Natural Law or Commandment Ethics
facts nor to convey information instead it serves as • Deontological and Duty Framework
means of affecting human behavior and expressing • Utilitarianist/Teleological: Consequentialist Approach
one’s feelings and emotion. Known as Boo-Hooray • Love and Justice Framework
Theory.
Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics
Rule of Reason • This question focuses on the character traits one is
• When we make any kinds of judgment, we must reinforce supposed to have in order for that person to be considered
them for valid reason. as ethical. Virtue ethics is Person-based Rather than
• Feelings can help in making right decision - Subjective action-based
feelings sometimes matter when deciding between right
• An ethical person is a virtuous person.
and wrong. Emotions, like our love for our friends and
• Aristotle - A Philosopher from Stagira, he wrote a lot of
family, are a crucial part of what gives life meaning, and
ranging topics in various disciplines.
ought to play a guiding role in morality.
• “Good character is the indispensable condition and
chief determinant of happiness, itself the goal of all
Reason and Impartiality as Minimum Requirement for
human doing. The end of all action, individual or
Morality
collective is the greatest happiness of the greatest
• Reason – is the basis or motive for an action, decision, or
number.” – Ethics, 350 BCE
conviction.
• “Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the
• Impartiality – is a principle of justice holding that
whole aim and end of human existence”
decisions ought to be based on objective criteria, rather
• We must cultivate virtues because they are the qualities
than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the
that will help the people to live well.
benefit to one person over another for improper reasons.
• Telos – End / Ultimate Goal: Happiness = Eudaimonia

The 7-Step Model of Decision Making is as follows: St. Thomas Natural Law Ethics
1 Gather the facts • “Some truths about God exceed all the ability of human
2 Determine the ethical issues reason... but there are some truths which natural reason
3 Determine what virtues/principles have a bearing on the case also is able to reach. Such as that God exists” -Summa
4 List the alternatives contra Gentiles
5 Compare the alternatives with the virtues/principles
6 Consider the consequences
• He was from a noble family in Naples and early in his life
7 Make a decision he decided to join the Dominican Order.
• “We call this man a dumb ox, but his bellowing in
Definition of Terms doctrine will one day resound throughout the world.”
• Will – refers to that faculty of mind which chooses, at the - Albertus Magnus in defense of Aquinas
moment of making decision, the strongest desire from • “Reason” is the source of the moral law; it directs us
among the various present. towards the “Good”
• Moral Courage – means doing right thing even at the risk • Good – is the ultimate goal of the person’s actions. The
of inconvenience, ridicule, punishment or loss of job, good is discoverable within the
security or social status. • person’s nature.
• An act is morally right if it is done according to moral law.

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Moral Law • An action is legally right if it is the same in accordance

▪ Do good and avoid evil with a universal law, that is, in accordance with the
▪ An action is Good if it is done in accordance with categorical imperative.
Conscience.
Three-Fold Natural Inclination of the Human Person Utilitarianism: The Consequentialist Ethical Framework
Qualifications to know that one’s action obeys conscience • An action is morally right if it maximizes overall well-
❖ Self-preservation - Natural inclination to take care of being and happiness.
one’s health or not to kill or to put one’s self in danger. ▪ “The said truth is that it is the greatest happiness of
❖ Just dealing with others - Treat others with the same the greatest number that is the measure of right and
respect that we accord ourselves wrong” -Jeremy Bentham
❖ Propagation of human species - The reproductive • Bentham studied law and wrote on ethics, politics,
organ is by nature designed to reproduce and economics and the law. He is known as the founder of
propagate human species. Utilitarianism.
• The primary motivation of human behavior is the desire
• An act does not obey conscience; It is therefore immoral. for pleasure and the avoidance of pain.
• Circumstance - The conditions affecting the morality of • Hedonism – The pursuit of pleasure.
an action. ▪ “I have learned to seek my happiness by limiting my
Classification: desires, rather than in attempting to satisfy them” -
o Quality of person (Who) John Stuart Mill
o Quality/Quantity of the moral object (What) • He continued Bentham’s legacy and generally credited for
o Circumstances of place (Where) having popularized it. As utilitarian, he lived its tenet and
o Circumstances of mean (By what means) found that one of the secrets of happiness is the limitation
o Circumstances of end (Why) of desire.
o Manner in which the action is done (How)
o Time Element (when) Justice and Fairness Promoting Common Good
• Social Justice is equal access to wealth, opportunities
Kant’s Deontological Ethics and privileges within society.
• Born in 1724 in Konigsberg, Prussia. He is a Philosopher • Promotion of Social Justice is equivalent to promotion of
that published books entitled Critique of Pure Reason the common good.
and Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics • Common Good – refers to those facilities that the
• “I had to deny knowledge in order to make room for members of community provide to all members in order
faith.” to fulfil a relational obligation they all have to care for
• Deontological – means duty. It focuses on “duty, certain interests that they have in common.
obligation and rights” instead of consequences or ends. • When the government improves public property and
• The duty-based approach argued that doing what is right services, and develops the natural resources, it
is not about the consequences of our action (something simultaneously promotes equal access to wealth,
over which we ultimately have no control) but about opportunities, and privileges within society.
having the proper intention in performing the action.

The Ethical Action ss One Taken from the Duty.

• How important is the intention in the analysis of one’s
ethical behavior?
• Whatever result may happen as consequence of the act
is not included in this moral assessment. Thus, it is
possible that though the consequence was not the
desired result, or may result in something bad, still- the
act can be considered good.
• A person should be morally judged only on things,
that are within his control, in short those that he
willed.

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GENERAL EDUCATION NOTES Aspects of Globalization

C. Practical Skills Development (45)
Political Globalization
• Wars and Conflict
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD • Treaties – International Laws
Globalization • International Political Organization – International
• Increasing interconnectedness of the world and Military Organization
convergence of human activities among diverse world Economic Globalization
culture. • Economic interconnectedness
• Interdependence in political, economic, and cultural • International Trades
aspects brought by increasing cross-border trades of • Capital Mobilization
goods, people, and information. Cultural Globalization
• Cultural Interconnectedness
History of Globalization • Consumption of Common Culture
Roman Empire (600 BC) • Migration and Internet
• Spreads economic and governing system through
significant portions of the world for centuries. Political Globalization
Silk Road Trade (130 BC-1453 AD) Pertains to the increasing connectedness in the political affairs
• Brought another wave of globalization by spreading across the world.
trades. Brought merchants, goods and travelers from • Raises in relation to the state sovereignty and survival of
China through Central Asia, Middle East, and Europe. the states in globalization.
Pre-World War I (1870-1914) • Encapsulates national and international policies that ties
• Golden Age of Globalization countries together.
• The European Counties had made significant World Wars
investments before WWI World War I
Post-World War II (1946 and beyond) Cause
• Digitalization of Globalization Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (Heir-
• USA dominates the economic system which established Presumptive of Austria)
UN, IMF, WB, and WTO to promote international Two Forces in World War I
cooperation and free trade. The Central Powers
▪ Austria, Germany, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
Perspective of Globalization Allied Powers
Hyperglobal Perspective ▪ England/Britain, France, Russia
• Globalization as a positive phenomenon. End
• Globalization as purely economic and open market. Treaty of Versailles
• Real, positive outcomes (advantages) Effects
1. Fall of Ottoman Empire (Sickman of Europe): Birth
Skeptic Perspective of Turkey
• Globalization as a negative phenomenon 2. Creation of the League of Nation – first
intergovernmental organization that aims to stop
• Globalization is a western concept and led to greater
another world war.
polarization between developed and developing
countries.
World War II
• Not real, negative outcomes (disadvantages)
Cause
Europe – Invasion of Poland
Transformational Perspective
Asia-Pacific: Attack on Pearl Harbor
• Globalization in intermediary/more-balanced side.
Two Forces in World War II
• Perceived globalization in a realistic approach.
The Axis Power
• Acknowledges the advantages but do not oppose but ▪ Emblem – Swastika (hooked cross), Nazi Germany –
considers the dilemma of the globalization. Hitler, Fascist Italy – Mussolini, Militaristic Japan –
• Both advantage and disadvantage Akihito and Hirohito
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The Allied Power Multinational Corporations

▪ Britain/England, France, Union of Soviet Socialist • operates in two or more countries. Owns a home
Republics, USA company and it has many subsidiaries.
End Transnational Companies
Treaty of Potsdam • does not have a home company and subsidiaries but it
Results has many companies.
1. Creation of Israel State
2. Creation of United Nations (October 24, 1945) Nature of Economic Globalization
3. Bretton-Woods Conference- UN Monetary and International Trade
Financial Conference to facilitate reconstruction of The mobilization of the imports, exports, and economic
states and world development. materials in international marketplace.
4. Created the IMF, WB, and other International • Import – from global market (Outflows)
Organizations. • Export – to global market (inflows)
• Balance of Payment/Trade = E-I
Cold War • If E > I = Positive BOP (Surplus)
Bipolarization: Two Major Superpowers • If E = I = Balanced
1. USSR – Union Soviet Socialist Republic
• If E < I = Negative BOP (Shortage)
2. USA – United States of America
Capital Mobilization
Nature of Cold War
Foreign Direct Investment when a company owns a company
War of Ideologies
in other countries.
• USA – Democracy
• Benefits: Market Competition
• USSR – Communism
• Creating New Industries and Jobs
War of Nerves
• Increase in Tax Revenues.
▪ Space Race (discovery of space)
Capital Market Flow is the movement of the money for
▪ Arms Race (Weapons for Mass destruction)
investments in and outside the country.
Proxy Wars
• Benefits: Increased utilization and mobilization of
▪ Korean War (38th Parallel)
industrial resources (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurial
Division of North (Communist) and South
sources)
(Democratic) Korea
• Increased productivity (GNI and GDP)
▪ Vietnam War (17th Parallel)
Migration
▪ Laoisian Civil War (Comm.)
The movement of people across international borders.
▪ Chinese Civil War
Mao Zedong – Communist (PRP-Mainland) • Push and Pull Factors
Chiang Kai Shek – Democratic (ROC- Taiwan) • Push Factors – reasons for leaving
• Division of Germany: • Pull Factors – reasons for going (attracting
Berlin Wall (West-America, East-Russia) migrants)
• Bright Light Syndrome – increased opportunities in
Disintegration of USSR other places (greener Pasteur)
(Mikhael Gorbachev-Last Leader of USSR) • Immigrant vs. Emigrant
• Pushed for Perestroika (Policy Reform) that move for • Immigrant – referenced to a country going to
Glasnost (Open Door Policy) (going in)
Unipolarity of the World • Emigrant – referenced to a country moved from
US became the world’s major superpower. (going out)
Diffusion of Technology
Economic Globalization The process of transfer of information and new ideas across
Increasing interdependence of world economies. different borders of societies.
Free Trade Agreements • ICT – storing and retrieval of communication of
• pacts between countries to reduce barriers in import information
and export of goods and services. • IT – storing and retrieval of information (subset of ICT)
• Internet – networks of Computers

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The Current Global Economy • President of WB usually come from US due to large
Dominated by the principles of Neoliberalism as a result of shares.
Washington Consensus. IMF vs. WB
• Less Market Intervention • IMF – short-term and macroeconomic and financial
• Free Market Economy stability.
• Full Integration to the World Economy • WB – long term and long-term economic development and
• Removal of Trade Barrier poverty reduction)

Neoliberal Economy Cultural Globalization

• Neoliberalism is a policy model that allows private Extension and intensifying social relations beyond international
sector to fully control the economy free from borders through transmission of culture, ideas and information.
government’s intervention. • Internet is the information superhighway, network of
• Margareth Thatcher and Ronald Raegan systems/computers.
• This widely concern on the efficient functioning of free • Popular Culture (Pop-Culture) cultural products made
market and reducing government’s involvement and by the majority (popular) of the society.
privatization of market. • International Travel leisure and cultural tripping beyond
borders
Global Economy • Migration the movement of people from one place to
Washington Consensus (Thatcher and Raegan) another.
Adam Smith Culture
• Father of Modern Economics • Way of life; totality of man
• Father of Capitalism • Tangible – Material Culture
• Laissez-Faire (Let Alone) • Non-Tangible – Non-Material
Karl Marx • Culture is complex as it includes customs, knowledge,
• Father of Communism morals, and habits acquired in the society.
• Utopia – absolute equality
Global Governance
Global Financial Institution United Nations (UN)
Bretton-Woods Conference (New York City, USA)
• To facilitate the reconstruction of state and world Secretary General: Antonio Guterres (Portugal)
development after WW2. (UNMFC) • Most powerful intergovernmental organization in the
• Monetary Exchange System that makes a uniform world.
exchange rate (US Dollars) • Founded: October 24, 1945 (51 founding members)
• Created WTO, IMF and WB 193 now
International Monetary Fund Objectives
Lender of Last Resort • Peace and security
• Foster global monetary cooperation • Economic development
• Secure financial stability • Planet protection
• Facilitates international trade • Humanitarian aid
• Promote higher employment • Human rights
World Bank • Critical Areas: 3P (People, Planet, Peace)
• Lender for Development UN Principal Organs
• Create opportunities for the development of poor UN Security Council
country ▪ Highest Decision-Making Body of UN.
• (poverty reduction) ▪ Five Permanent Members (USA, China, Russia,
• Establish world economic stability France, UK)
• Provide development assistance to war-torn and ▪ 10 non-permanent members elected every after
devastated countries. two years.

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UN Secretariat • Informal strategic forum for free, open, prosperous, and

▪ Administrative organ of UN through various inclusive indo-pacific region
departments • Countries: US, India, Australia, Japan
UN General Assembly
▪ Deliberate assembly of UN. One vote per country. Regional Non-Military Organizations
UN Economic and Social Group Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEANS)
▪ For global economic and social affairs. Promotes borderless economic, political, security, military,
UN Trusteeship Council educational and socio-cultural cooperation.
▪ Help the new independent countries/new • Objectives (Peace, Trade, Culture)
members. • Maintain peace in Southeast Asia
Hague (International Court of Justice • Foster borderless trade
1. Also known as world court. • Exchange culture
2. Universal Court for international law and state
• Founded: August 8, 1967 (Bangkok, Thailand)
dispute
• Headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia
3. 15 international judges
• Founding Members: SIT PM
Notable Leaders in UN
• 11 Members: MM BS CLIP TVT
1. Carlos P. Romulos – First Filipino (Asian) SecGen
(part of non-permanent members of UN)
European Union (EU)
2. Trygve Lie – First UN Secretary General (Norway)
Union of 28 European countries.
• President: Ursula Von Der Leyen (Germany)
Philippines and China Territorial Dispute
• Founded: March 26, 1995
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas
(UNCLOS) • International Single Market
• Territorial Seas – 12 nautical miles • Free movement of people and resources
• Exclusive Economic Zone – 200 nautical miles • One Currency – Euro
(explore, exploit, protect) • Passport control abolition
• West PH Sea/South China Sea – China, Malaysia, • Uniform foreign policy
Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Brunei • UK moved out
• Spratly’s – Philippines, China, Taiwan, Malaysia,
Vietnam World and Regional Trade Organizations
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Treaties and Organizations Intergovernmental Organization that facilitates international
trades.
Regional Military Organizations • Founded: January 1, 1995
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Secretary General: Jens Stolenberg (Norway) • Secretary: Ngozi Okonjo-Iwaela (Nigeria)
• North Atlantic Alliance
• Multilateral Military Agreement of Countries in North Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
America (2) and Europe (28) Forum of 21 rim pacific economies that promotes free trade
• Agreement to defend each other against third-party throughout Asia-Pacific Region
attacks. • Founded in 1989 (Singapore)
• November 15-18, 2015 – Philippines as host
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) • Executive Director: Rebecca Sta. Maria (Malaysia)
• To prevent the spread of communism.
• Countries: US, France, UK, New Zealand, Australia, Organization of Oil Producing and Exporting Countries
Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan. (OPEC)
Cartel of 13 oil exporting and producing countries founded in
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) Baghdad to unify petroleum policies.
• Indo-Pacific Quadrilateral Dialogue • Founded 1960
• Headquarters: Vienna, Austria

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G8 (Formerly G7) now G7

Informal economic forum of 8 world superpowers (US,
France, UK, Italy, Germany, Japan, Canada, Russia, 1994)
• Russia was terminated due to its annexation of Crimea
(Port of Ukraine) in 2014
General Agreement on Tarriff and Trade (GATT)
• Treaty that aims to minimize trade barriers by
eliminating/reducing quotas, tariff, and subsidies.
Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN
Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA)
• To collaborate in spurring development in the four less
developed states in the ASEAN
• Shifts resources maximization through value-added
production, higher levels of processing and adaptation
of green technology in industries.

UN Conference on Sustainable Development

• 17 Sustainable Development Goals
• 2015-2030 of all countries

World Polarization
• World is imaginarily divided by a Brandt Line (Willy
Brandt)
• Northern Part – Developed Countries
• Southern Part – Developing Countries
• There is a strong anti-globalization in the south.

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GENERAL EDUCATION NOTES • 'Well and Grinding' is a painting by French artist

C. Practical Skills Development (45)
Paul Cezanne that depicts a situation from reality.
• The Chateau Noir's Forest has a wheel, and it is
ART APPRECIATION located there.
▪ Art is a Result of Personal Experience
Art • It is not a comprehensive guide, but rather an
• The term Art derives from the old Latin, which implies a experience. The actual act of
“craft or specialized sort of expertise, as carpentry or • accomplishing something.
smithing or surgery” (Collingwood, 1938).
• For others, reaching this point without having a
The Subject of Art
good definition of art might
• In any art form- be it painting, music, sculpture,
• seem bizarre and bizarre. For the majority of
architecture, o dance that serves as the foundation of the
people, art does not need a
creation of the work of art.
• comprehensive definition. Art is nothing more
• The subject of art is varied.
than a sensory experience.
• Usually anything that is represented in the artwork.
(person, object, sense, or event) Functions Of Art
• Presented in 2 ways: o Aesthetic Function:
• Representational/ Objective Art: Artworks that ▪ Any artwork means beauty. It is reasonably
depict something that is easily recognized. The subject reproduced visual images which communicates
is clear/ identified. Ex. Painting * Sculpture* Graphic through fantastic persuasions and meaningful
Arts Literature Theater Arts. words. Appreciate and Develops Humanity in us.
• Non- representational/ non- objective art: Artworks o Utilitarian Function:
that has no resemblance of any real subject. Do not ▪ Shelter, clothing, entertainment, landscapes, etc.
represent anything & they are what they are. Appear Necessities Anything that gives us comfort o Ex.
directly to the senses primarily because of the Combs Buttons Cooking Pots
satisfying organization of their sensuous and o Cultural Function:
expressive elements. Ex. Music* Architecture Abstract ▪ Preserve Cultural background; Ex. Graffiti and
Art Non- figurative arts Etc. Cultural Dances ( Tinikling )
o Social Function
Assumptions of Art ▪ Civic and Graphic Arts o Unity
▪ Art Is Universal ▪ Help; Cooperative; Sympathetic
• Timeless, transcending generations and nations ▪ Ex. Advertisement Editorial Cartoons
through and through.
• Misconception: Artistic created long time ago. Elements and Principles of Art
• Age is not a factor in determining art. Elements of Arts
• Literature has contributed crucial terms of art. • There are six integral components in the creation of a
• lliad and the Odyssey are the two Greek Epics that design: lines, colors, texture, and shape.
one’s being taught in school. Lines
• The Sanskrit compositions Mahabharata and • Verticality is associated with dignity, formality,
Ramanaya are also classics in this domain. stability, and strength.
▪ Nature Is Not Art, and Art Is Not Nature • Horizontal axis represents quiet, tranquility, and
• In the absence of a depiction of reality, art may be relaxation.
thought of as a perspective of reality. • Diagonal represents action, activity, enthusiasm, and
• In the Philippines, it is fairly uncommon for some movement.
viewers of local films to express their • We have a psychological response to different types of
dissatisfaction with the films' realism by stating lines:
that they are unrealistic. They argue that local o Curved lines suggest comfort and ease
movies are based on a set of formulas that are o Horizontal lines suggest distance and calm
detrimental to the content and fidelity to reality of o Vertical lines suggest height and strength
the films they produce o Jagged lines suggest turmoil and anxiety
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• The way we draw a line can convey different Rhythm

expressive qualities: • Using line, form, color, texture or pattern repeatedly is
o Freehand lines can express the personal what patterning is.
energy and mood of the artist Emphasis
o Mechanical lines can express a rigid control • The most personal component of a design is the way it
o Continuous lines can lead the eye in certain is highlighted. This
directions • is the aspect that draws in viewers. It may be created
o Broken lines can express the ephemeral or using several
the insubstantial • elements like as size, positioning, color, and line use.
o Thick lines can express strength Proportion and Scale
o Thin lines can express delicacy • It is the comparative connections between components
• It has the look of softness and generates a relaxing in a design that are measured in terms of their size and
sensation or atmosphere. It represents freedom, the proportion
natural world, and the ability to be creative Unity
Color • is the use of uniform usage of lines, color, and texture
• Color has an immediate and significant impact on the across a design project.
design of a piece of artwork. Colors can influence how
individuals feel and behave. Artists and Artisans
• Warm Colors: red, orange, and yellow • Painting, sculpture, dance, music, and poetry are
• Cool Colors: blue, purple, and green examples of art practitioners who use their imagination
Form/Shape to produce or develop indirectly utilitarian arts with
• Whatever something is in terms of its form, outline, or aesthetic value. Artists include those who paint, sculpt,
arrangement. dance, and write.
• Squares, circles, ellipses, ovals, rectangles, and • A craftsman, such as a carpenter, a carver, a plumber, a
triangles are all possible shapes. blacksmith, a weaver, an embroider, and so on, who
Space creates directly utilitarian and/or ornamental arts is
• It can either increase or decrease visual space. known as an Artisan.
• Open, uncluttered environments are preferred.
Crammed and overburdened. Famous Personalities of Art and their Works
Texture Born: 04-15-1452, Vinci, Italy
• The appearance or feel of an object's surface. Died: 05-2- 1519, Amboise, France
• Reflects lighter than a rough surface, making the color Profile: Painter, Architect, Sculptor, Inventor,
Military Engineer and Draftsman.
more vibrant as a result of the reflection.
Leonardo da Vinci Quotes: “He who thinks little, errs much”
• Rough surface: Absorbs more light, giving the Famous Works:
appearance of being darker. The Last Supper,
Value Mona Lisa,
Vitruvian Man
• Tone (the degree to which a color is bright or dark)
• Shade (the degree to which a color is light or dark) Born: 03-30-1853 Zundert, Italy
• Tint (A pale or faint variation of a color) Died: 07-29-1890 Amboise, France
Profile: Painter
Vincent Van Gogh
Principles of Arts Famous Works:
The Starry Night
• There are five fundamental principles that underpin an Sunflowers Irises
engaging design.
Balance Born: 4-6-1475, Michaelangelo, Italy
• Parts of the design are evenly placed across the space Died: 2-18-1564, Rome, Italy
Profile: Painter, Architect, Poet
to generate a feeling of solidity. It's possible to have Michaelangelo Quotes: “Genius is eternal patience.”
both bodily and visual equilibrium. Famous Works
David Creation of Adam
St. Peter’s Basilica

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Born: 11-14-1840, Paris, France Born: 10-26-1881, Malaga, Spain

Died: 12-5-1926, Giverny, France Died: 4-8-1973, Mougins, France
Profile: Painter, Philosopher Profile: Painter, Sculptor, Ceramicist, Stage
Quotes: “The richness I achieve comes from Designer, Poet and a Playwright.
Nature, the source of my inspiration.” Quotes: “Every child is an artist. The problem
Claude Monet Pablo Picasso
Famous Works: is how to remain an artist once he grows up.”
Water Lilies Famous Works
Impression Guernica
Sunrise The Young Ladies of Avignon
Rouen Cathedral Series The WeepingWoman

Born: 07-06-1907, Mexico City, Mexico Born: 7-14-1862, Baumgarten, Austria

Died: 07-13-1954, Mexico City. Mexico Died: 2-6-1918, Vienna, Austria
Profile: Painter Profile: Painter
Quotes:” I never paint dreams or nightmares. Quotes: “Truth is like fire; to tell the truth
I paint my own reality.” Gustav Klimt
Frida Kahlo means to glow and burn.”
Famous Works: Famous Works
The Two Fridas The Kiss Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I
Self-Portrait with Thorn The Virgin
Necklace And Hummingbird
The Broken Column
Born: 7-30-1898, Castleford, Unite Kingdom
Died: 8-31-1986
Born: 11-15-1887, Wisconsin, USA Profile: Sculptor
Died: 03-06-1986, New Mexico, USA Quotes: “One never knows what each day is
Profile: Painter Henry Moore going to bring. The important thing is to be
Quotes: “The days you work are the best open and ready for it.”
days.” Famous Works
Georgia O’keeffe
Famous Works Reclining Figures King and Queen
Black Irises III Bird Basket
Cow’s Skull:
Red, White and Blue Radiator
Building Night- New York Born: 5-11-1904, Figueras, Spain
Died: 1-23-1989, Figuerras, Spain
Born: 7-19-1834, Paris, France Profile: Painter, Draftsman
Died: 9-27-1917, Paris, France Quotes: “Intelligence without ambition is a
Profile: Painter, Sculptor Salvador Dali bird without wings.”
Quotes: “Art is not what you see, but what Famous Works:
Edgar Degas you make others see.” The Persistence of Memory
Famous Works: Swans Reflecting Elephants
The Absinthe Drinker Premonition of Civil War
The Dance Class
The Bellelli Family
Born: 1-19-1839, Aix-en, France
Born: 12-12-1863, Adalsbruk, Norway Died: 10- 22-1906, Aix-en, France
Died: 1-23-1944, Oslo, Norway Profile: Painter
Profile: Painter Quotes: “We live in a rainbow of chaos.”
Paul Cezanne
Quotes: “From my rotting body, flowers shall Famous Works
Edvard Munch grow and I am in them and that is eternity. “ The Bathers
Famous Works: The Card Player Series Jug,
The Scream Curtain and Fruit Bowl
The Day After
The Dance of Life
Born: 12-8-1886, Guanajuato, Mexico
Born: 1-28-1912, Wyoming, USA Died: 11-24-1957, Mexico City, Mexico
Died: 8-11-1956, NY, USA Profile: Painter
Profile: Painter Quotes: “I've never believed in God, but I
Quotes: “The painting has a life of its own. I Diego Rivera believe in Picasso. “
Jackson Pollock try to let it come through.” Famous Works:
Famous Works The Man at the Crossroad
The Number 5 The Card Player Series
The Number 11 The History of Mexico
The Number 31

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Philippine Arts and Crafts: A Chronology Art as a Kind of Unbiased Evaluation

According to the Philippine Art Period Timeline, the history of Philippine art is • Kant's Critique of Judgment asserted that the judgment
described in detail. of beauty, which he regarded to be the foundation of
• Pre-colonial art was created before the arrival of the art, was something universal, despite the fact that it
Spanish explorers. was susceptible to subjectivity. In his understanding of
• Period of Spanish colonial art beauty, he acknowledged that it is subjective.
• American colonial art Art as a Means of Conveying Emotional Content
• Post-colonial art period • Tolstoy believed that art has a significant function in
• Contemporary Art period communicating feelings that the creator has
previously experienced to an audience via
Soul Making communication. Emotions are communicated via art
• Soul-making is a non-traditional method of getting to
know oneself and delving into the depths and true Psychology of Colors
significance of what we do in our daily lives. Positive:
• It encourages the development of our inner artist while Physical courage, strength, warmth,
also assisting us in communicating with others, Red energy, basic survival, 'fight or flight’,
(Physical) stimulation, masculinity, excitement
understanding culture, and embodying tolerance and
Negative:
peace. It opens the door to a plethora of different Defiance, aggression, strain
intelligences and expressions.
• The process of creating and deriving meaning through Positive:
Intelligence, communication, trust,
art. For a person to make sense of language and draw efficiency, serenity, duty, logic, coolness,
meaning from words, it is necessary to take into Blue
reflection, calm
(Intellectual)
consideration semantic and grammatical principles. Negative:
Coldness, aloofness, lack of emotion,
unfriendliness.
Art from the Perspective of Philosophy
Positive:
Art as a kind of Emulation Optimism, confidence, self-esteem,
• Plato's The Republic portrays artists as mimics, and extraversion, emotional strength,
Yellow
art as nothing more than a collection of imitations. (Emotional)
friendliness, creativity
Negative:
He believes that the things that exist in this world are
Irrationality, fear, emotional fragility,
simply copies of the original, the eternal, and that depression, anxiety, suicide
authentic beings can only be discovered in the World
of Forms, according to his metaphysics or perspective Positive:
of reality. Harmony, balance, refreshment, universal
love, rest, restoration, reassurance,
• Art is nothing more than a copy of another's work. In
Green environmental awareness, equilibrium,
the World of Forms, a painting is just a copy of nature, (Balance) peace
which in turn is an imitation of reality in the actual Negative:
world. Boredom, stagnation, blandness,
enervation

Art as a Means of Communication

Positive:
• In agreement with Plato, Aristotle, on the other hand, Spiritual awareness, containment, vision,
saw art as a tool to help philosophy in the pursuit of luxury, authenticity, truth, quality
Violet
the truth. Art is a representation of a version of reality. Negative:
Aristotelian philosophy holds that art has two distinct Introversion, decadence, suppression,
inferiority.
purposes: it allows for the enjoyment of pleasure, and
it has the power to be instructional, teaching its Positive:
audience valuable lessons about life and its Physical comfort, food, warmth, security,
sensuality, passion, abundance, fun
surroundings. Orange
Negative:
Deprivation, frustration, frivolity,
immaturity

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Positive: • Artes and Scientia (Arts and Science) – development

Physical tranquility, nurture, warmth, of balance between arts and science.
femininity, love, sexuality, survival of the
• Corpolita (Body) – balancing of body and mind;
Pink species.
Negative: cultivation of grace.
Inhibition, emotional claustrophobia, • Connessione (Connection) – system thinking;
emasculation, physical weakness application and interconnectedness of all.
Positive:
Psychological neutrality.
Gray Negative:
Lack of confidence, dampness, depression,
hibernation, lack of energy.

Positive:
Sophistication, glamour, security,
emotional safety, efficiency,
Black
substance.
Negative:
Oppression, coldness, menace, heaviness.

Positive:
Hygiene, sterility, clarity, purity,
cleanliness, simplicity, sophistication,
White efficiency.
Negative:
Sterility, coldness, barriers, unfriendliness,
elitism.

Positive:
Seriousness, warmth, nature, earthiness,
reliability, support.
Brown
Negative:
Lack of humor, heaviness, lack of
sophistication.

Notable National Artist of the Philippines

• Francisca Reyes-Aquino (Dance, 1973)
• Alice Reyes (Dance, 2014)
• Jose Gracia Villa (Literature, 1973)
• Fernando Amorsolo (Painting, 1972)
• Guillermo Tolentino (Father of Philippine Arts)
• Francis Kabayao (Violin Virtouso)

Seven Principles in Life

Leonardo Da Vinci
• Curiosita (Curiosity) – unrelenting quest for
continuous learning
• Demonztrationez (Demonstration) – willingness to
learn from mistakes
• Sensaziones (Sensation) – refinement of sense; means
to enliven
• Sfumato (Smoke) – willingness to embrace
uncertainty, and ambiguity. Take risk

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GENERAL EDUCATION NOTES Self organizes sensations and thoughts

(oppose Humes)
C. Practical Skills Development (45)
Immanuel Kant Inner and Outer Self
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Inner Self – psychological and rational state
Outer Self – senses and physical world.

Philosophical View of Self Tabula Rasa

Self is the basic search for meaning and purpose in life Blank Slate
Ancient Period Learn through experience
John Locke
Personal identity is founded in
Body and Soul consciousness or memory (body and soul
Soul – true self may change but consciousness remains)
Socrates “Know thyself” and “The unexamined life is
not worth living”
Father of Modern Philosophy
To accept wisdom is to accept ignorance
Dualism
Self is in two parts: Perishable Body and Rene Descartes Mind – consciousness
Immortal Soul Body – human senses
“cogito ergo sum”
Three Parts of Soul (Tripartite)
Plato
Rational – mind and intellect Self is a combination of the mind and body
Spiritual – affective and heart Gilbert Ryle Self is product of daily activities
Appetitive – basic needs/stomach Perception based on daily activities
Man is enduring self
No stable thing as Self.
Body and Soul/Mind and Matter
David Hume Self is nothing but a complex set of
Body and Soul should be inseperable
successive impressions of perceptions.
Holistic Development
Happiness comes from Harmonious
Aristotle
development
Wisdom – true knowledge
Sociological Perspective of Self
Virtue – what’s best for person
Golden Mean – moderation Self is developed over time from
experience
Significant Others – influence self
George Mead
Medieval Period significantly
Generalized Others – people in
Body and Soul community that didn’t influence self.
Telos: Spiritual union with God by living a
St. Augustine Good Life.
Faith Alone Looking Glass Theory
Introduced self in past, present, and future Charles Cooley We view ourselves as we think others
view us.
Divine Revelation
St. Thomas Aquinas Faith and Reason
Method of Introspection Anthropological Perspective of Self
It is the totality of an organism holistically

Modern and Contemporary Period Psychological Perspective of Self

Self is embodied subjectivity Three Psyche of Self (Psychoanalysis)
Self is the Union of the body and mind Sigmund Freud Id (Pleasure), Ego (Reality), Superego
Experience the world through senses (Morality)
Maurice Ponty Two types of body
Subjective – lived and experienced
Objective – observed and investigated Self is composed of Material, and “I”
scientifically Material – body
“I” = pure ego/soul/mind
Materialism William James
Social Self – social situation
Everything that can be perceived by senses Spirited Self – authentic self (most
Paul Churchland
is existing intimate self)
Self is nothing but a brain

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Self in Western and Oriental Thoughts Triangle Model of Love

1. Western – individualism 1. Intimacy – sense of closeness
2. Eastern – collectivism 2. Commitment
3. Passion
Unpacking the Self 4. Consummate Love
Physical Self Types of Attachment
mainly concern on the physical body of a person great parents with positive
Secure Attachment
• Adolescence – rapid and crucial stage of development. emotions
• Early Adolescence (11-14)
Ambivalent Attachment ways of strangers
• Middle Adolescence (15-17)
• Late Adolescence (18-24) Avoidant Attachment may avoid parents

Self-Identity Combination of personality traits

Disordered Attachment confused attachment
Self-Image Idea about self
Collection and construction of individual
Self-Concept
thoughts about self.
Material Self
Property, tangible objects, place and things
Self-Awareness Self-knowledge
• Extracorporeal Self – extended-self
Self-Esteem How you appreciate your self

Spiritual Self
Sexual Self Real, true, authentic, and intimate self
• Sex – biological and physiological • Introspection – self realization
• Secondary Sex Characteristics – changes in puberty. • Religion – set of belief, feelings and ideology system
Common Sexual Disorder
1. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Political Self
2. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Understand function in the society
3. 5-alpha Reductase Deficiency • National Identity – it boosts one’s sense of duty as a
Terms in Sexual Self citizen of a particular country.
Gender Societal, attitude, feelings, and behavior 3 Dimensions
Categories of Femininity and 1. Self-Categorization
Masculinity
2. Affection
Cisgender – align with sex
Gender Identity Gender Queer – not depending on their 3. Normative Content
sex Virgilio Enriquez – Father of Philippine Psychology
Transgender Man Digital Self
Transgender Woman
• Self-Presentation - desired image
Gender Expression Express themselves outwardly
Sexual interest or attracted to. Information-Processing Model
Asexual – no attraction to all genders
Pansexual - attracted to all genders
Visualize how we acquire information, store and retrieve it
Queer - confused
Sexual Orientation Heterosexual – attracted to opposite sex
Homosexual - attracted to same gender
Gay – man attracted to man
Lesbian – woman attracted to woman.
Sapiosexual – attracted to intelligence.
Erogenous Zone – sensitive and pleasure zone of the body
Sexual Response Cycle
1. Arousal
2. Excitement
3. Plateau
4. Orgasm
5. Resolution

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Metacognition Locke and Latham’s Goal-Setting Theory

Thinking about thinking
• Person – you see yourself as knower
• Tasks - what you need to accomplish
• Strategy – ways of tacking learning task

Self-Regulation
• Adherence – ordered
• Identification - likes who ordered
• Internalization – valued who ordered

Albert Bandura’s Self Efficacy

Individuals tend to engage in tasks or activities to an extent to
which they perceive themselves to be capable.

Carol Dweck’s Growth Mindset

• Fixed Mindset – avoid challenges
• Growth Mindset – embrace challenges

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