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3 ► Forces
and energy
> 3.1 Density
Exercise 3.1 A Comparing densities
Focus
In this exercise, you will compare the densities of different substances.

1 Which of these has the lowest density?

Tick ( / ) one box.

solid □

liquid □

gas □

2 Marcus has four blocks, A-D, each made from a different type
of wood.
All four blocks have the same volume.
The masses of the blocks are:
A 50 g
B 76g
C 32 g
D 68 g

Which block has the greatest density? Write the letter:...................

 3.1 Density

3 Zara has four pieces of metal, P-S, each made from a different type
of metal.
All four pieces have the same mass.
The volumes of the pieces are:
P 22 cm3 Q 35 cm3 R 19 cm3 S 27 cm3
Which piece of metal has the greatest density?

Write the letter:........................................

4 Arun has some solid blocks with different densities.

State how the density of a solid block should compare with water
if the block is to float on water.

Exercise 3.1 B Understanding and

calculating density
Practice
In this exercise, you will describe density and calculate some densities.

1 Which of these statements describes density?

Tick ( / ) one statement.

the weight of a substance □

the volume that a substance occupies □

the mass of a certain volume of substance Q

the volume of a certain mass of substance Q

2 Complete the equation for density.

density =
3 Forces and energy

3 Calculate the density of each of these substances,

a A 10 g mass of water that has a volume of 10 cm3.

g/cm3
b A 170 g mass of brass that has a volume of 20 cm3.

.......................g/cm3
c A 56 g mass of propane that has a volume of 100 cm3.

.......................g/cm3
4 A solid cube is made from copper.
The lengths of the sides of the cube are 2.0 cm.
a Calculate the volume of the cube.

cm3
b The mass of the cube is 71.2 g.
Calculate the density of the copper.
 3.1 Density

Exercise 3.1 C Density, floating and

sinking
Challenge
In this exercise, you will use density to work out whether substances will
float or sink.
1 The table shows the densities of four different types of plastic.
The plastics are all solids.

type of plastic density in g/cm3

polyethylene 0.91

polypropylene 0.94

cellulose acetate 1.28

polyvinyl chloride 1.38

The densities of two liquids are:

• water 1.0g/cm3
• engine oil 0.92 g/cm3
Name one type of plastic from the table that will
a float in both engine oil and in water

b sink in engine oil but float in water

c sink in both engine oil and in water.

3 Forces and energy

2 Marcus has a model boat with a volume of 250 cm3.

Calculate the maximum mass of this boat that will float in water.
The density of water is 1.0g/cm3.

.......................g
3 A ship is built using a material called mild steel.
Mild steel has a density of 7.9 g/cm3.
Seawater has a density of 1.03 g/cm3.
Explain how a ship can be made from mild steel and safely float in seawater.

> 3.2 Heat and temperature

Exercise 3.2A Heat or temperature
Focus
In this exercise, you will decide whether examples describe heat or temperature.

1 Complete each of the sentences using the word heat or temperature.

a 1 00°C isthe at which water boils.

 3.2 Heat and temperature

b 25 000 J is the quantity o f ......................... needed to make cold

water warmer.

c 22 °C is often described as room ..........................

2 Sofia has two cups of coffee.

The volume of coffee in the cups is the same.
One cup of coffee is at 55 °C.
The other cup of coffee is at 30 °C.
Which statements are true?
Tick ( / ) two boxes.

The temperature of the coffee in each cup is different. Q

The temperature of the coffee in each cup is the same. □

The heat in the coffee in each cup is different. □

The heat in thecoffee in each cup is the same. □

3 Zara serves two bowls of soup.

In one bowl Zara puts 100 cm3 of soup at 60 °C.
In the other bowl Zara puts 200 cm3 of soup at 60 °C.
Which statements are true?
Tick ( / ) two boxes.

The temperature of the soup in each bowl is different. □

The temperature of the soup in each bowl is the same. □

The heat in thesoup in each bowl is different. □

The heat in thesoup in each bowl is the same. □

Exercise 3.2B Comparing heat and

temperature
Practice
In this exercise, you will describe the difference between heat and temperature.
3 Forces and energy

1 a Write down the unit of temperature...........................

b Write down the unit of heat...........................

2 Draw two straight lines to match the quantity with the correct
description.

Quantity Description

the total energy of particles in a substance

heat the maximum energy of particles in a substance

temperature the minimum energy of particles in a substance

the average energy of particles in a substance

3 Complete the sentences using the best words.

In a solid, the particles vibrate about......................... positions.

When a solid is heated, the particles vibrate..........................

When the temperature of a solid decreases, the particles vibrate

4 Two solid blocks of the same material are at 20 °C. One block has
double the mass of the other block.
Explain how the heat and temperature of the blocks compare.
Use ideas about particles.

heat......................................................................................................

temperature
 3.2 Heat and temperature

Exercise 3.2C Measuring heat and

temperature
Challenge
In this exercise, you will think about measuring heat and temperature.
1 Look at the list of equipment.

ruler thermometer protractor joule meter voltmeter

a Name the equipment from the list that can be used to measure
the temperature of water when it is being heated.

b Name the equipment from the list that can be used to measure
the quantity of heat added to water when it is being heated.

2 Marcus uses an electric immersion heater to heat water.

Marcus measures the heat supplied to the water and the temperature
of the water at regular intervals. His results are in the table.

quantity of heat supplied in J temperature of water in °C

0 10

1000 12

2000 14

3000 15

4000 18

5000 20

a Marcus thinks that one of his results is anomalous.

i State which result is anomalous..............................

ii Describe what Marcus could do about this result.